控释氮肥减量对作物产量、氮素吸收与径流损失的影响

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230023

浙江农业学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (4): 846-858.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230023

控释氮肥减量对作物产量、氮素吸收与径流损失的影响

陈俊霖(), 蒋娜, 刘鑫, 卓红, 田昌, 韩永亮, 张玉平, 荣湘民()

湖南农业大学资源学院,土壤肥料资源高效利用国家工程实验室,植物营养湖南省普通高等学校重点实验室,湖南长沙 410128

收稿日期:2023-01-06 出版日期:2024-04-25 发布日期:2024-04-29
作者简介:陈俊霖(1997—),男,吉林吉林人,硕士研究生,主要从事面源污染源头治理研究。E-mail:623793550@qq.com
通讯作者: *荣湘民,E-mail:rongxm2005@126.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金区域创新发展联合基金项目(U19A2050)

Effects of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer reduction on crop yield, nitrogen absorption and runoff loss

CHEN Junlin(), JIANG Na, LIU Xin, ZHUO Hong, TIAN Chang, HAN Yongliang, ZHANG Yuping, RONG Xiangmin()

National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition in Common University, College of Resources, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China

Received:2023-01-06 Online:2024-04-25 Published:2024-04-29
Contact: RONG Xiangmin

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

玉米-蔬菜轮作是我国南方丘陵山地农区一种主要的旱地种植方式。为指导施肥,减少农业面源污染,于2020—2021年持续开展定位试验,探究控释氮肥及减氮处理对玉米-小白菜轮作体系作物产量、氮素吸收残留、氮素径流损失的影响。试验共设置6个处理:CK,不施氮肥;U,常量施用普通尿素;CRU,施用等氮量的控释氮肥;90%CRU,施用控释氮肥,并较常量减氮10%;80%CRU,施用控释氮肥,并较常量减氮20%;70%CRU,施用控释氮肥,并较常量减氮30%。结果表明,与U处理相比,玉米在减氮20%条件下未显著减产,小白菜在减氮30%时均未显著减产。与U处理相比,合理施用控释氮肥可使总氮流失量显著(P<0.05)降低25.3%~43.5%,以70%CRU处理的总氮流失量最少。径流水中的氮素流失主要以颗粒氮为主,占比60.0%~67.0%。与U处理相比,除70%CRU处理外,其他施用控释氮肥处理的玉米地上部氮素积累量无显著差异;80%CRU处理的氮肥利用率显著提高9.4百分点。与U处理相比,施用控释氮肥0~80 cm各土层的总氮、铵态氮、硝态氮含量均未显著增加,不会提高土壤无机氮的流失风险。综上,在该试验条件下,与U处理相比,80%CRU处理可以在确保产量不降低的同时,减少氮素投入,降低氮素径流损失,提高肥料利用率,是试验条件下较为合理的施肥方式。

关键词: 控释氮肥, 产量, 径流损失, 氮肥利用率, 土壤氮素

Abstract:

Maize-vegetable rotation is one of the main dryland cultivation methods in hilly and mountainous farming areas in southern China. In order to guide the rational fertilization, reduce agricultural non-point source pollution, a field experiment was conducted in 2020-2021 to explore the effects of controlled-release nitrogen (N) fertilizer reduction on crop yield, N absorption, and N runoff loss in the maize-pakchoi rotation system. There were six treatments in this experiment: CK, No N fertilizer supplied; U, conventional fertilization with urea; CRU, application of controlled-release N fertilizer with the same N input amount as U treatment; 90%CRU, application of controlled-release N fertilizer with the 90% N input amount as U treatment; 80%CRU, application of controlled-release N fertilizer with the 80% N input amount as U treatment; 70%CRU, application of controlled-release N fertilizer with the 70% N input amount as U treatment. The results showed that compared with the U treatment, there was no significant reduction in maize yield or cabbage yield with 20% or 30% N reduction, respectively. Compared with the U treatment, application of appropriate amount of controlled release nitrogen could significantly (P<0.05) reduce the total nitrogen loss by 25.3%-43.5%, and the the total nitrogen loss was the least under 70%CRU treatment. The main nitrogen loss in runoff water was particle nitrogen, which accounted for 60.0%-67.0%. Compared with the U treatment, there was no significant decrease in the nitrogen accumulation in shoot with application of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer except the 70%CRU treatment, yet 80%CRU treatment significantly increased the nitrogen use efficiency by 9.4 percentage points. Compared with the U treatment, application of f controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer did not significantly increse the contents or the loss risk of total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in soil layers within 0-80 cm. In general, under the experiment conditions, 80%CRU treatment could reduce N input and N runoff loss, enhance nitrogen use efficiency and ensure yield as compared with the U treatment, which exhibited reasonal application potential.

Key words: controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer, yield, runoff loss, nitrogen use efficiency, soil nitrogen

中图分类号:

S147.2

陈俊霖, 蒋娜, 刘鑫, 卓红, 田昌, 韩永亮, 张玉平, 荣湘民. 控释氮肥减量对作物产量、氮素吸收与径流损失的影响[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2024, 36(4): 846-858.

CHEN Junlin, JIANG Na, LIU Xin, ZHUO Hong, TIAN Chang, HAN Yongliang, ZHANG Yuping, RONG Xiangmin. Effects of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer reduction on crop yield, nitrogen absorption and runoff loss[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2024, 36(4): 846-858.

图/表 13

图1 不同处理的玉米产量同一年柱上无相同字母的表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。图2和图6同。

Fig.1 Yield of maize under treatments Bars marked without the same letters indicate significant difference within treatments in the same year at P<0.05. The same as in Fig. 2 and Fig. 6.

表1 不同处理的玉米产量构成

Table 1 Yield components of maize under treatments

处理 Treatment	棒长 Maize cob length/cm	行数 Ear row number	行粒数 Kernels per row	百粒重 100-seed weight/g
CK	14.3±2.8 b	12.6±1.6 b	29.4±3.6 b	28.1±9.2 b
U	18.5±2.7 a	14.5±0.7 a	34.2±4.4 a	30.5±0.4 ab
CRU	18.6±0.7 a	14.3±0.5 a	33.4±1.1 a	35.9±2.2 a
90%CRU	19.6±1.8 a	14.7±0.8 a	35.9±3.8 a	36.5±2.4 a
80%CRU	19.5±1.3 a	13.2±2.4 ab	34.9±0.2 a	34.6±0.8 a
70%CRU	19.7±0.5 a	14.7±0.5 a	34.3±3.3 a	36.8±1.1 a

图2 不同处理的小白菜产量

Fig.2 Yield of pakchoi under treatments

图3 2020年(a)与2021年(b)玉米季不同处理的地表径流体积

Fig.3 Surface runoff volume under different treatments during maize growth in 2020 (a) and 2021 (b)

图4 2020年(a、b)、2021(c、d)年玉米季不同施肥处理地表径流总氮(a、c)与颗粒氮(b、d)的浓度

Fig.4 Concentration of total nitrogen (a, c) and particulate nitrogen (b, d) in surface runoff under treatments during maize growth in 2020 (a, b) and 2021 (c, d)

图5 2020年(a、b)、2021(c、d)年玉米季不同施肥处理地表径流硝态氮(a、c)与铵态氮(b、d)的浓度

Fig.5 Concentration of nitrate nitrogen (a, c) and ammonium nitrogen (b, d) in surface runoff under treatments during maize growth in 2020 (a, b) and 2021 (c, d)

图6 2020年(a)与2021年(b)玉米季不同处理地表径流的氮素流失量

Fig.6 Runoff losses of nitrogen under treatments during maize growth in 2020 (a) and 2021 (b)

表2 2020年不同处理玉米地上部的氮素累积

Table 2 Nitrogen accumulation in the shoots of maize under treatments in 2020

处理 Treatment	籽粒氮素积累量 Nitrogen accumulation in grains/ (kg·hm^-2)	秸秆氮素积累量 Nitrogen accumulation in stalks/ (kg·hm^-2)	地上部氮素积累量 Nitrogen accumulation in shoots/ (kg·hm^-2)
CK	22.10±1.91 c	34.60±1.49 c	56.70±2.52 c
U	96.44±7.30 ab	77.28±6.55 a	173.72±13.70 a
CRU	105.79±3.63 a	75.30±9.45 a	181.08±6.90 a
90%CRU	101.90±1.01 ab	67.75±6.26 ab	169.65±5.36 a
80%CRU	101.40±2.25 ab	67.02±7.44 ab	168.42±9.53 a
70%CRU	83.72±5.43 b	59.49±1.10 b	136.31±2.20 b

表3 2020年玉米季不同处理的氮素利用情况

Table 3 Nitrogen utilization status during maize growth under treatments in 2020

处理 Treatment	氮肥利用率 Nitrogen use efficiency/%	氮肥农学利用率 Nitrogen agronomic efficiency/(kg·kg^-1)	氮肥偏生产力 Nitrogen partial factor productivity/(kg·kg^-1)	土壤氮素依存率 Soil nitrogen dependency rate/%
U	48.8 b	20.9 a	28.8 a	32.7 b
CRU	51.8 ab	23.3 a	31.2 a	31.3 b
90%CRU	52.3 ab	24.6 a	33.4 a	33.4 b
80%CRU	58.2 a	24.8 a	33.5 a	33.7 b
70%CRU	47.4 b	23.6 a	34.8 a	41.6 a

图7 2020年玉米季后不同处理的土壤全氮与碱解氮含量同一时间点柱上无相同字母的表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

Fig.7 Contents of soil total nitrogen and alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen after maize growth under treatments in 2020 Bars marked without the same letters indicate significant difference within treatments at P<0.05 at the same time.

图8 2020年(a)和2021年(b)玉米季后不同处理土壤剖面的总氮残留同一土层柱上无相同字母的表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。图9、图10同。

Fig.8 Total nitrogen residue on soil profiles after maize growth under treatments in 2020 (a) and 2021 (b) Bars marked without the same letters indicate significant difference within treatments at P<0.05 for the same soil layer. The same as in Fig. 9 and Fig. 10.

图9 2021年玉米季后不同处理土壤剖面的铵态氮残留

Fig.9 Ammonium nitrogen residue on soil profiles after maize growth under treatments in 2021

图10 2021年玉米季后不同处理土壤剖面的硝态氮残留

Fig.10 Nitrate nitrogen residue on soil profiles after maize growth under treatments in 2021

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控释氮肥减量对作物产量、氮素吸收与径流损失的影响

Effects of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer reduction on crop yield, nitrogen absorption and runoff loss

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