Pot experiments were carried out to investigate effect of sterilization and application of amino acid fertilizer on growth of cucumber plants and soil microflora in a continuous mono-cropping soil. The soil which had been planted with continuous mono-cropping cucumber for 4 seasonal crops and had a severe continuous obstacle, was used in the experiment. The experiments had 6 treatments with 8 replicates for each treatment, including CK (Non-sterilized soil with no application of amino acid fertilizer), 0.5% AAF (Non-sterilized soil with the addition of 0.5% amino acid fertilizer based on soil dry weight), 1.0% AAF (Non-sterilized soil with the addition of 1.0% amino acid fertilizer based on soil dry weight)，S-CK (Sterilized soil with no application of amino acid fertilizer), S-0.5% AAF (Sterilized soil with the addition of 0.5% amino acid fertilizer based on soil dry weight) and S-1.0% AAF (Sterilized soil with the addition of 1.0% amino acid fertilizer based on soil dry weight). Uniform cucumber seedlings with two cotyledons were transplanted to pots (0.5 L, 400 g soil) at March 7, 2006, and harvested at May 10, 2006. The results obtained are listed as follows. Soil sterilization could improve growth of cucumber plants to greater extent, and, for example, SPAD value, plant height, leaf area and fresh weight of cucumber plants grown in sterilized soil were significantly higher than those in non-sterilized soil. The differences of cucumber growth between the sterilized soil and non-sterilized soil decreased with increase of AAF application, showing that the application of AAF could solve some problems coming from continuous mono-cropping system. SOD and POD activities in the leaves of cucumber plants grown in sterilized soil were higher than CK, but their activities became lower with increase of AAF application. CAT activities and soluble protein contents of all treatments in sterilized soil were significantly higher than those in non-sterilized soil while MDAs were significantly lower. The number of bacteria and fungi in sterilized soil was increased by 1.89-3.03 folds and 6.96-2.43 folds, respectively, compared with those in non-sterilized soil and the ratio of fungi to bacteria was significantly increased. In addition, Actinomycetes were slightly enhanced. The analyses of PCR-DGGE profiles showed that the number of bands on the lanes of DGGE profiles in sterilized soil was more than those in non-sterilized soil, with low similarities of DGGE profiles, and the diversities of soil microorganism in sterilized soil were increased compared to those in non-sterilized soil. The incidence of Fusarium wilt of cucumber plants grown in non-sterilized soil was up to 31.2%-68.8%, but no incidence in sterilized soil.

采用盆栽试验的方法，对黄瓜的生长状况、抗病相关酶及土壤微生物区系特征进行了测定。结果表明：连作土灭菌能在较大程度上改善黄瓜的生长，灭菌土上生长的黄瓜的叶绿素含量、株高、叶面积和鲜重均大于连作土，但随氨基酸肥料（AAF）施用量的增加，灭菌土与连作土之间的差异变小。黄瓜叶片的SOD和POD活性在不施用AAF条件下灭菌土显著高于连作土，然而随着AAF施用量的增加，活性则相反。CAT活性及可溶性蛋白含量灭菌土所有处理均极显著高于相对应的连作土，MDA含量则显著低于相对应的连作土。灭菌土的细菌、真菌数量分别比连作土增加1.89~3.03倍和6.96~2.43倍，放线菌的增加幅度相对较小，真菌/细菌比值也显著提高。随AAF施用量的增加，连作土中的黄瓜枯萎病的致病菌（尖孢镰刀菌）减少，而灭菌土的所有处理均未分离到。土壤细菌的PCR-DGGE图谱分析表明，灭菌土DGGE图谱带明显比连作土增加，土壤间带谱的相似性降低，土壤微生物多样性指数增加。灭菌土上的黄瓜未见枯萎病发生，而连作土的黄瓜发病率达31.25%~68.75%。

Two strains, Bacillus subtilis SQR9 and Trichoderma. harzianum T37 which are antagonistic to Fusarium oxysporum, were used in this study. Application of bioorganic fertilizers containing the antagonists either in nursery or in transplanted soils was carried out to investigate effects of three types of bio-organic fertilizers (BIOI, BIOⅡ and Ⅲ) made from these two antagonists on the control efficiency of Fusarium wilt of cucumber and plant growth. We also studied the colonization of the two strains on cucumber roots. Results of pot experiment showed that the incidence of Fusarium wilt in control was 100%, while the incidence rate of treatment BIO Ⅲ was only 13.73%. Meanwhile, the biomasses of cucumber treated with BIOⅠ, BIOⅡ and BIO Ⅲ, were 2.55, 2.46 and 2.58 times of the control, respectively. Application of BIOⅡ and BIO Ⅲ could reduce the quantity of Fusarium oxysporum in cucumber rhizosphere to 103 copies/g soil detected by real-time PCR, but 107 copies/g soil of Fusarium oxysporum was found in the control. SQR9 and T37 could effectively colonize on the cucumber root surface and thus occupied the ecological sites on the rhizoplane. These results illustrated that application of BIO could not only effectively suppress the Fusarium wilt of cucumber, but also promote the growth of cucumber plants.

本实验采用营养钵育苗和盆钵试验的方法，研究了以枯草芽孢杆菌SQR9和哈茨木霉T37这两株拮抗菌制成的三种生物有机肥（BIOI、BIOⅡ和BIOⅢ）对黄瓜生长及其土传枯萎病防治效果及其生防菌株在黄瓜根系中的定殖情况。结果表明：施用BIO处理都不同程度地降低了黄瓜土传枯萎病的发病率，施用BIOⅢ后发病率降至13.7%，而对照发病率为100%。BIOⅠ、BIOⅡ和BIOⅢ处理能够显著提高黄瓜生物量，分别是对照的2.55、2.46和2.58倍。荧光定量PCR（real-time PCR）测定黄瓜根际尖孢镰刀菌数量的结果表明，施用BIOⅡ和BIOⅢ能够将病原菌数量控制在103 copies/g土，而对照土壤高达107 copies/g土。定殖实验结果也显示菌株SQR9和T37能在黄瓜根系表面很好定殖，有利于抢占生态位点，保证其拮抗功能的实现。

As one of the vital natural resources, soil plays an important role in producing food and fiber for human beings, maintaining the terrestrial ecosystems and serving as a medium for plant growth, a sink for heat, water, and chemicals, a filter for water, and a biological medium for the decomposition of wastes. By interacting intimately with water, air, and plants, soil can buffer environmental fluctuations and regulate many ecological processes that control water and air quality and promote plant growth.The concept of soil quality defined as the capacity of a specific kind of soil to function, within natural or managed ecosystem boundaries, to sustain plant and animal productivity, maintain or enhance water and air quality and support human health and habitation. It was introduced to facilitate soil research by understanding soils more completely and by assisting the decision-making in the use and allocation of labor, energy, fiscal, and other inputs during the procedure of agricultural production. Consequently, soil quality provides a useful and universal concept for educating professionals, producers, and the public about the importance of soils. It also can be used to assess the impacts of management practices and land uses on soils. Basically, soil quality is comprised of soil physical, chemical, and biological properties. So it is necessary to develop soil quality indicators which describe soil functions in natural and agro-ecosystems: promoting plant growth, protecting watersheds by partitioning and regulating precipitation and preventing air and water pollution. Monitoring the changes in soil quality indicators can provide useful information on the dynamics and trends of soil quality. Many soil attributes could serve as indicators of soil quality. However, they are often highly correlated, making it difficult interpret the significance of changes in selected soil quality indicators. And also the scale problem should be taken into account. Indicators can be adjusted to match the scale of assessment or can be expanded to larger scales using various statistical procedures. A minimum data set (MDS) consisting of a set of soil attributes including soil chemical, physical and biological properties are selected to assess soil quality. The fitness of indicators used for soil quality assessment varies spatially depending on land types or land use, soil function and soil forming factors. Different land-use types may require adjusted critical limits and target values of certain soil functions, and require certain additional indicators for specific assessment. Various approaches, such as multiple-variable indicator kring (MVIK) method, integrated scoring method, dynamics method, and relative quality method, have been used to assess soil quality. Ecologically incompatible human land-use and management practices such as deforestation and soil fertility depletion, cultivation, and land conversion, have greatly altered the global biogeochemical cycles and the dynamics of soil characteristics. Worldwide concern about soil degradation has been given, since it greatly threatened the soil resources on which humans live. Based on the discussion of basic concepts, we synthesized the research advances in the impact of land use changes on soil physical, chemical and biological quality. The problems needed to be solved in soil quality research and key issues for future studies were then analyzed. Much attention should be paid on soil quality indicator and assessment method, mechanism of soil quality change, scaling issue, and the practices of soil quality maintenance in the future studies.

土壤作为一种重要的自然资源可以为人类生产食物和纤维，并维持地球生态系统。土壤也是植物生长的媒介、水、热和化合物的源、水分的过滤器和废物分解的生物介质。土壤与水、气和植物互作并抑制环境的波动。土壤可以调节很多控制水气质量和促进植物生长的生态过程。土壤质量概念的引入使我们更全面地理解土壤，也有助于合理地使用和分配劳力、能源、财政和其它投入。土壤质量也提供了一个通用的概念使得专业人员、生产者和公众明白土壤的重要性。此外，它也是一个评价管理措施和土地利用变化对土壤影响的评价工具。土壤质量由土壤的物理、化学和生物性质组成，MDS已被科学家们提出用于土壤质量评价。国际上比较常用的评价方法主要有多变量指标克立格法、土壤质量动力学方法、土壤质量综合评分法和土壤相对质量法。人类对土地不和谐地利用和管理可以导致全球生物地球化学循环发生改变和加快土壤性质变化的速度，当前世界各地土壤退化相当严重，已日益威胁到人类赖以生存的土地资源。在探讨相关概念的基础上综述了近年来土地利用变化对土壤理化质量和生物质量的影响进展，以引起国内外学者对土地利用变化对土壤质量影响研究的重视，从而为探讨土地利用对土壤质量影响的机理和规律以及退化土地的恢复和区域土地资源管理以及土地的持续利提供理论依据。土壤质量未来的研究应该集中在土壤质量指标与评价方法；土壤质量变化的发生条件、过程、影响因素及其作用机理与时空规律性；尺度问题的研究；土壤质量保持与提高的途径及其关键技术研究。

Trichoderma is widely used as a biocontrol microbe against plant diseases in the world, which is mainly applied for controlling a variety of soil borne plant diseases and some plant aboveground diseases. With the advent of MAMPs (microbe-associated molecular patterns) theory,the study on mechanism of plant disease control and improved plant resistance to stress factors with Trichoderma as a biocontrol agent has come into a new stage, especially as the development of technologies based on systems biology, it has become possible to understand the nature of interaction of plant- Trichoderma -pathogen from point of "omics" view, which therefore would intensively enrich the theory basis of Trichoderma as biocontrol agent. Meanwhile, a diversified technical system for applying Trichoderma products developed in national agricultural industry would provide great promotion to sustainable development of agriculture in the future. This review will focus on new research progress on biocontrol mechanism with Trichoderma against plant diseases at molecular level.

木霉菌 Trichoderma 是国际上应用非常普遍的生防真菌。随着植物免疫的MAMPs(微生物互作分子模式)理论的发展,利用木霉菌防治病害和提高作物抗逆性机理研究进入了一个新阶段,尤其是系统生物学方法的应用,使得人们在"组学"尺度上认识木霉菌与植物和病原菌互作的本质成为可能,这将极大丰富木霉菌生物防治植物病害的理论基础。在我国建立木霉菌多样化应用技术途径是发挥木霉菌在农业可持续发展中作用的重要发展方向。本文重点介绍木霉菌生物防治分子机理研究的新进展。

In order to determine the effect of vegetation restoration on soil enzyme activities of abandoned farmland under erosion environment,seven kinds of soil enzyme(urease,amylase,alkaline phosphatase,catalase,sucrase,polyphenol oxidase,and cellulase) activities of farmland with an abandoned age sequence of 0,1,5,7,10,15,20,25,30,40,and 50 years in Zhifanggou watershed(8.73 km 2 ),Shaanxi province were studied and 0-year abandoned slope farmland as CK.The results show that soil enzyme activities showed a fluctuant variation in the beginning,and then showed a stable increase or decrease tendency later(>25 a).Urease,alkaline phosphatase,catalase,sucrase,and polyphenol oxidase could be used as biological indicator to evaluate soil quality because of a significant correlation between those enzyme activities and soil physicochemical and microbiological properties.The activities of urease,amylase,alkaline phosphatase,sucrase,catalase,and cellulose increased along with increasing restoration age,while polyphenol oxidase decreased.Soil enzyme index could be used as a way to assess soil quality.

为了解侵蚀环境下植被恢复对土壤酶活性的影响,以典型侵蚀环境黄土丘陵区纸坊沟流域生态恢复1至50年撂荒地长期定位试验点为研究对象,选取坡耕地为对照,分析了植被恢复过程中土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶及理化性质的演变特征。结果表明,土壤酶活性前期变化波动较大,后期(20-30a)年变化趋于稳定;尿酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶与其他因子相关性相对较强,可以作为评价土壤质量的生物学指标;尿酶、淀粉酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和纤维素酶活性随恢复年限而增加,多酚氧化酶则减少;土壤酶指数可以作为评价土壤质量的方法。

In this paper, three main methods for studying soil microbial diversity ［biolog analysis, phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA) and nucleic acid-based analysis］ are briefly introduced and their advantages and disadvantages are evaluated. Fertilization-associated alteration in soil properties would have long-lasting effects on soil microbial community and the effects would depend on fertilization rates and fertilizer types. The response of soil microbial diversity and overall biological activities to tillage can be variable and will depend on other factors such as the cropping and abundance of residues. Under most experiment conditions, conservation tillage practices (i.e. no till with mulch) can potential increase soil microbial diversity and biomass compared to conventional tillage. Based on recent related research, perspectives for studying microbial diversity in soils are also presented.

本文主要介绍了运用Biolog GN、 磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）、核酸分析法进行土壤微生物群落分析的优缺点， 综述了施肥、耕作两种农业措施对土壤微生物多样性影响的研究进展。指出不同施肥处理对微生物影响效果不同，合理施用有机肥有利于维持土壤微生物的多样性及活性； 由于受其他环境因素（如土壤类型、农作制度、残茬量等）的影响，不同耕作措施对土壤微生物多样性影响有差异，但是大多试验结果显示免耕、少耕能增加微生物多样性和生物量，保持系统的稳定性。文章还指出了目前研究中存在的问题，并对今后的研究方向做了展望。

The yellow river irrigation areas in the central Gansu Province are the main potato growing and processing regions in China. However, continuous cropping has resulted in production losses and impaired the development of the potato industry in the region. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a combination of soil fumigation and bio-organic fertilizer application to increase yields through increased crop growth and suppression of soil-borne pathogens. Five treatment combinations including control (CK), soil fumigation using aqueous ammonia (SFA), soil fumigation plus lime and ammonium bicarbonate (SFB), a combination of SFA and bio-organic fertilizer application (SFA+BOF), and a combination of SFB and bio-organic fertilizer application (SFB+BOF), were utilised. Compared with CK, SFA+BOF and SFB+BOF treatments significantly increased tuber yield by 13.62% and 20.36%, decreased the incidence of diseased plants by 54.9% and 72.8%, and decreased the ratio of diseased tuber by 66.15% and 64.76%, respectively. Additionally, SFA+BOF and SFB+BOF treatments significantly increased leaf chlorophyll content and improved the morphological characteristics of potato roots. Compared with CK, SFA+BOF and SFB+BOF treatments increased soil bacteria and actinomycetes and decreased fungi populations. In particular, these treatments significantly decreased Fusarium sp. which reduced the incidence of diseased plants during crop growth and increased tuber yields. Neither treatment influenced soil enzyme activity but both treatments significantly increased soil phosphatase activity. Our results indicated that a combination of soil fumigation and bio-organic fertilizer application may potentially be used to control soil borne fungal diseases in potatoes.

甘肃省中部沿黄灌区是全国重要的加工型马铃薯生产基地，但因集约化种植带来的连作障碍问题已严重影响到产业的健康发展，因而寻求能够缓解或克服马铃薯连作障碍的有效措施。本研究评估了土壤熏蒸和微生物有机肥联用的方法对马铃薯连作障碍的防控效果，特别是对植株生长发育、土传病害抑制以及微生物区系和酶活性等土壤生化性质的影响。田间试验共设置5个处理:对照(CK)、氨水熏蒸(SFA)、石灰+碳铵熏蒸(SFB)、氨水熏蒸与微生物有机肥联用(SFA+BOF)、石灰+碳铵熏蒸与微生物有机肥联用(SFB+BOF)。结果表明，SFA+BOF和SFB+BOF处理较CK均显著增加连作马铃薯的块茎产量，增幅分别达到13.62%和20.36%，也显著降低植株的发病率(54.92%和72.82%)和收获后的病薯率(66.15%和64.76%)，并且提高叶绿素含量和改善根系形态结构。SFA+BOF和SFB+BOF处理显著影响土壤可培养微生物的数量，表现为增加马铃薯生育后期土壤细菌和放线菌的数量，降低真菌的数量，在土壤中维持一个更高的细菌/真菌。与CK、SFA和SFB处理相比，SFA+BOF和SFB+BOF处理大幅度降低了连作马铃薯生育期内主要土传致病菌——镰刀菌的数量，使植株发病率降低且块茎产量显著增加。SFA+BOF和SFB+BOF处理对连作土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、脱氢酶和过氧化氢酶的活性无显著影响，但显著提高磷酸酶的活性。因此，土壤熏蒸和微生物有机肥联用的方法在克服甘肃省中部沿黄灌区的马铃薯连作障碍上具有较大的应用潜力，且石灰+碳铵熏蒸与微生物有机肥联用的效果优于氨水熏蒸与微生物有机肥联用。

Fusarium wilt is a soil borne disease caused by plant continuous cropping in monoculture  Chrysanthemum morifolium ‘Youxiang’ monoculture not only declines plant quality and yield but also decreases soil enzymes and soil microbial diversity over successive cultivation. In this article, the effects of fungicide (Carbendazim MBC), antifungal enhanced bio-organic fertilizer (BOF), and their combined application on the quality and soil enzymes activities of  Chrysanthemum morifolium ‘Youxiang’ in continuous cropping systems were investigated. The results showed that both bioorganic fertilizer (BOF) and fungicide (MBC) single application could effectively prevent the occurrence of Fusarium wilt disease of cut chrysanthemum. Bio-organic fertilizer application was more effective on root activity, soil enzymes activities and quality(shoot height, stem diameter, leaf SPAD value, ray floret number, shoot fresh mass) improvement of cut chrysanthemum, while fungicide single application was responsible for soil enzymatic activities suppression to some extent. The combined application treatment (MBC+BOF) showed the best effects on quality improvement and soil enzyme activities promotion.  

由切花菊‘优香’长期连作导致的枯萎病不仅严重降低了切花菊的品质及产量，而且致使土壤酶活性降低，土壤微生物种群失调.本文采用大田试验，比较研究了切花菊‘优香’连作土壤中分别施用杀菌剂多菌灵(MBC)、添加有拮抗微生物的有机肥(BOF)及二者的联合施用(MBC+BOF)对切花菊‘优香’品质及土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明： 单独施用微生物有机肥(BOF)或多菌灵(MBC)均能有效防控切花菊连作枯萎病的发生；微生物有机肥(BOF)在增强切花菊‘优香’的根系活力、提高切花菊的主要品质(株高、茎粗、叶绿素含量、舌状花数、植株鲜质量)及切花菊土壤酶活性方面效果显著高于多菌灵(MBC)；多菌灵对土壤酶活性有一定抑制作用；二者联合处理(MBC+BOF) 对提高切花菊主要品质及土壤酶活性的综合效果最佳.