This paper reviewed the research progress of soil fauna ecology in China cropland ecosystems over the past 30 years, with the focus on the community diversity and geographical distribution of soil fauna, its responses to different tillage modes, cultivation practices (including fertilization and pesticide application), land-use change, and industrial pollution, and its indicative roles in assessing the health state of the cropland ecosystems. The problems in the current related studies in China were pointed out, compared with the researches abroad, and the possible hot issues and perspectives in the future researches of soil fauna in cropland ecosystems were put forward.

综述了我国近30年来农田生态系统土壤动物生态学研究进展，概述了我国农田土壤动物的群落多样性及其地理分布，总结了农田生态系统中土壤动物对不同耕作方式、施肥和喷洒农药等农业措施、不同土地利用方式以及工业污染的响应，并就土壤动物对农田生态系统健康状况的指示作用等研究的相关进展进行了讨论。通过与国外相关领域的研究进行比较，指出目前研究中存在的问题，提出农田生态系统未来研究的一些热点问题及展望。

An investigation was conducted on the soil meso- and micro-fauna in six representative sampling plots of three land-use types (forestland, grassland, and farmland) in Tianhe district, Guangzhou City. A total of 1623 individuals were collected, belonging to 26 groups. The dominant groups were Nematoda, Acarina,andTurbellaria, occupying 79.1% of the individuals collected. Both the group composition and the individual’s number of the soil animals differed in the six plots. Overall, the Shannon diversity index and complexity index of the soil animal community decreased in the order of forestland > farmland > grassland, and the Pielou evenness index and Margalef richness index were the highest in forestland. Through hierarchical clustering and non-metric multidimensional scaling, the soil meso- and micro-fauna in study area could be divided into four groups, and the first group was composed of three dominant species. Axis 1 and Axis 2 reflected the effects of soil physical/chemical properties and land-use type, respectively.

对广州天河城市化地区林地、草地和农田3种土地利用方式下，6个代表性的样地中小型土壤动物群落进行了调查，共捕获中小型土壤动物1623个，共26个类群，其中线虫纲(Nematoda)、蜱螨目(Acarina)和弹尾目(Collembola)为优势类群，共占总捕获量的79.1%。不同样地生境中土壤动物的类群组成以及个体数不同。总体来看，林地、农田、草地土壤动物群落的Shannon多样性指数、复杂性指数均依次降低，Pielou均匀性指数、Margalef丰富度指数均以林地为最高。对土壤动物的聚类和排序结果表明，研究区中小型土壤动物可划分为4大类，其中第1类由3种优势类群组成；第一、二排序轴分别反映了土壤理化性质、土地利用类型（以人类干扰程度不同为主要特征）对土壤动物组成及分布的影响。

In the last ten-day of April 2011, an investigation was conducted on the soil macrofauna in five different urban green spaces (poplar plantation, park green space, nursery, lawn, and rapeseed field) in Yancheng City of Jiangsu Province, aimed to understand the community structure and functional groups of soil macrofauna in the City in spring. There existed significant differences in the macrofauna group number and abundance among different green spaces. The number and abundance of the functional groups followed as phytophage > saprozoic > camivorous. An obvious surface assembly phenomenon of soil macrofauna was observed. Green space type,soil layer, and their interaction had significant effects on the group number and abundance of soil macrofauna. Among the green spaces except lawn vs. rapeseed field and nursery vs. park green space, there were significant differences in the abundance frequency distribution of phytophage and non-phytophage. Hierarchical clustering and non-metric two-dimensional scaling ordination showed that the soil macrofauna communities were similar between lawn and rapeseed field, but differed between other green spaces.

2011年4月下旬在江苏省盐城市5种城市绿地(杨树林、公园绿地、苗圃、草坪和油菜地)对春季大型土壤动物群落结构以及功能群进行了分析。结果表明：不同绿地中的类群数、丰度均存在显著差异；功能群类群数、丰度大小趋势为植食性>腐食性>肉食性；大型土壤动物群落表现出明显的表聚现象；绿地类型、土壤层及其交互作用对大型土壤动物类群数、丰度均存在显著作用；除草坪与油菜地、苗圃与公园绿地2组对比中的植食性与非植食性丰度数据频数分布无显著差异外，其他绿地间有显著差异；系统聚类及非度量多维排序分析结果显示，草坪和油菜地间群落较相似，其他群落间差异较大。

In May, July and September 2012, four treatment plots with different concentrations of effective microorganisms (EM) compost were established (control, low, medium, and high concentration) in a typical black soil farmland in Harbin. We investigated the effects of different EM compost concentrations on the composition, vertical structure, seasonal dynamics, and diversity of micro and mediumsized soil faunal communities. A total of 7860 individuals (with the average density of 49125 ind·m -2 ) were captured which were classified into 30 groups, belonging to ten classes and three orders. Overall, the number of group and density of fauna increased with the increasing concentration of EM compost. However, the density was lower in the low concentration plot than in the control. The vertical distribution of faunal communities was characterized by surface clustering and there was a strong seasonal variation. The diversity indices of faunal communities increased with increasing the EM compost concentration, and the soil organic matter had a relatively greater contribution to such diversity changes. The response of groups to EM treatment was speciesdependent. Frequent and dominant groups had strong adaptability to changes in the soil environment, while the rare groups were more sensitive. This study revealed that EM compost could promote the community structure and increase the diversity of the faunal community in the black soil farmland.

2012年5、7和9月在哈尔滨市典型黑土农田区,采用定点试验的方法设置空白对照、低浓度、中浓度和高浓度4个处理样地,分析不同浓度EM堆肥处理对中小型土壤动物群落组成、垂直结构、季节性动态和多样性的影响.结果表明: 不同浓度EM堆肥处理下共捕获中小型土壤动物7860只,平均密度49125只·m -2 ,隶属于3纲10目,划分为30个类群.EM堆肥处理增加了中小型土壤动物类群数量,低浓度处理中小型土壤动物个体密度低于空白对照样地,但随着EM堆肥浓度的增加，中小型土壤动物个体密度均有所增加;中小型土壤动物群落的类群数和个体密度的垂直分布具有表聚性特征;中小型土壤动物群落存在一定的季节变化特征;不同浓度EM堆肥处理样地中小型土壤动物群落多样性指数均有所增加,土壤有机质对这种多样性的变化影响相对较大;EM堆肥处理下中小型土壤动物对土壤环境因子的响应不同,常见类群和优势类群对土壤环境的变化有较强的适应性,而稀有类群相对敏感,受到特定的环境因子的影响.说明EM堆肥处理可在一定程度上改善黑土区农田中小型土壤动物群落结构、增加其多样性.

Investigations were made in May, June, and November 2007 and January 2008 to study the structural characteristics and their seasonal variations of soil meso- and micro-fauna communities in six habitats of three land use types (forest land, constructed grassland and farmland) in Tianhe District of Guangzhou City. The horizontal spatial distribution of soil fauna differed with habitat. During the investigation periods, the Botanical Garden of South China Agricultural University had the highest individual number (1286) of soil meso- and micro-fauna, while the farmland, especially in the Fenghuang Street area, had the lowest number of individuals and groups. The seasonal variation of the individual number was in  order of autumn (1815)>spring (1623)>winter (1365)>summer (1276). Hierarchical clustering and detrended correspondence analysis also showed that the community composition of soil meso- and micro-fauna in different habitats exhibited distinct seasonal variation. In the same seasons, the community structure and composition of soil meso- and micro-fauna in different habitats were correlated to the degrees of human interferences and the properties of soil environment.

2007年5月（春季）、7月（夏季）、11月（秋季）和2008年1月（冬季），对广州市天河区3种土地利用类型（林地、人工绿地、农田）下6个不同生境的中小型土壤动物群落的结构特征和季节变化进行了调查研究.结果表明：研究区不同生境下中小型土壤动物的水平分布有所不同.调查期间，华南农业大学树木园捕获的中小型土壤动物个体数最多，达1286个，农用地中捕获的个体数较少，以凤凰街农用地中小型土壤动物的个体数和类群数最低；研究区各样地中小型土壤动物的个体数总量有明显的季节消长，由高到低依次为：秋季（1815）>春季（1623）>冬季（1365）>夏季（1276）.聚类与排序结果也说明不同生境样地的中小型土壤动物的群落结构组成随季节不同而呈现出明显的变化规律，同一季节不同生境的中小型土壤动物群落的组成和结构差异与人为干扰程度、土壤环境因素等有关.

From June 2001 to October 2002, we investigated soil fauna in the loess soil croplands of Shaanxi Province under different fertilizer treatments. Based on a long-term fertilization experiment, we studied the effects of six types of treatments on soil fauna, including non-fertilizer (CK), abandonment (ABAND), N, P and K fertilizer combined (NPK), straw and NPK combined (SNPK), organic material and NPK combined（MNPK）, and 1.5 times of MNPK(1.5MNPK). Seventy-two soil samples were collected and 5495 soil fauna individuals were obtained by hand-sorting and the Cobb methods, belonging to 6 phyla, 11 classes, 22 orders, 61 families, 2 subfamilies, and 35 genera. The result showed that the number of individuals and groups of soil macrofauna reached their peaks in 1.5MNPK and SNPK treatment，respectively, while mesofauna peaked in SNPK and microfauna in 1.5MNPK treatments. Of the six treatments, the largest abundance of the dominant faunal group occurred in the NPK plot, the largest abundance of the most com-mon groups was in the CK plot, and the largest abundance of rare groups was found in the 1.5MNPK plot. Similarity coefficients were generally low among the soil fauna in the six treatments, especially that of the macrofauna between ABAND and other treatments, and that of mesofauna and microfauna between non-fertilizer treatment and other treatments. The results indicate that the soil fauna community was affected by different fertilizers.

为探明长期施肥与土壤动物群落之间的关系, 于2001年6月至2002年10月, 在陕西黄土区对不同施肥条件下的农田土壤动物类群的群落组成和结构进行了研究。在6种不同施肥处理的小区内, 即对照组(不施肥, 简称CK)、撂荒(不施肥、不耕作、不种植, 简称ABAND)、施氮磷钾(简称NPK)、施氮磷钾+秸秆(简称SNPK)、施氮磷钾+有机肥(简称MNPK)和施1.5倍MNPK(简称1.5MNPK), 两年4次共采集了72个定点土壤样品。采用手捡法和Cobb过筛法共获得农田土壤动物标本5495个, 隶属6门11纲22目61科2亚科35属。结果显示: 6种施肥处理中, 大型农田土壤动物的个体总数从多到少依次为SNPK＞1.5MNPK＞NPK＞ABAND＞MNPK＞CK, 类群数依次是1.5MNPK＞NPK＞SNPK＞CK＞ABAND＝MNPK。中小型农田土壤动物个体总数由多到少依次为1.5MNPK＞MNPK＞ABAND＞SNPK＞NPK＞CK, 类群数依次是SNPK＝MNPK＞CK＝NPK＝1.5MNPK＞ABAND。大型农田土壤动物个体数和类群数分布最多的分别是SNPK和1.5MNPK处理, 而中小型农田土壤动物则分别是1.5MNPK和SNPK处理。表明农田土壤动物类群分布与施肥处理有关。农田土壤动物优势类群分布以施氮磷钾(NPK)小区最多, 常见类群以对照组(CK)最多, 极稀有类群以施1.5倍MNPK小区最多。群落相似性指数分析结果表明, 在不同施肥处理之间, 农田土壤动物的相似性系数一般较低, 而其群落组成的异质性较高: 如大型土壤动物群落在撂荒地与其他施肥处理之间的相似性明显低于其他各施肥处理之间; 而中小型土壤动物群落在对照小区与其他施肥之间的相似性指数明显低于其他各施肥处理之间, 反映出不同施肥处理对土壤生态系统内部环境, 进而对土壤动物群落产生的影响。

Soil fauna regulate soil processes affecting soil organic matter decomposition, mineralization and nutrient cycling, and play an important role in terrestrial ecosystem nutrient cycling and energy flow. Management of cropland, especially long-term fertilization, has considerable impacts on soil properties, and also affects the composition of soil faunal communities. The Sichuan Basin is an important agribusiness area in southwestern China which occupies 7% of the national cropland and supplies 10% of the agricultural products of China. The typical soil in the study area is highly productive and is called "purple soil" locally. It is classified as a Pup-Orthic Entisol in the Chinese Soil Taxonomy and an Entisol in the U.S. Taxonomy. However, the influence of long-term fertilization regimes on soil faunal communities and how indices of these soil faunal communities respond to changes in soil properties are poorly understood. To investigate the effects of long-term fertilization regimes on the soil faunal communities and their inter-relationships, seven fertilization regimes, a control with no fertilization (Control Check, CK), nitrogen fertilizer only (Nitrogen, N), a mixed synthetic fertilizer (Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium, NPK), organic manure (Organic Manure, OM), organic manure plus synthetic fertilizer (Organic Manure Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium, OMNPK), crop residues returned to the soil as fertilizer (Returning Straw Decomposition, RSD) and crop residues plus synthetic fertilizer (Returning Straw Decomposition Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium, RSDNPK) were applied to the purple soil of the Sichuan Basin, China, and examined in May, July, September and November, 2008 using modified Tullgren and Baermann funnels. A total of 9,454 individuals were collected, and classified into seven phyla, 17 classes and 24 orders. Analysis of the data showed that the soil faunal communities were richer in the OM, OMNPK and RSDNPK plots, and that the greatest diversity of the soil faunal communities was found in the OM and RSDNPK plots, being significantly higher than those in the CK, N and NPK plots. Application of organic fertilizers promoted diversity and abundance of soil faunal communities, and was favorable for their survival and development. Analysis of variance indicated that different fertilization regimes had extremely significant impacts on the density of the main soil faunal groups ( F =42.412, P =0.0001) and led to imbalances being present in the soil faunal groups. Analysis of the relationships between the fertilization regimes and the main groups of the soil faunal communities, using Principal Component Analysis, showed that the different fertilization regimes primarily affected six indices of soil fauna; individuals in the soil faunal population, individual nematodes, individual megadriles, individual Oribatidas, the DG index (density-group diversity index) and total groups in the soil faunal communities. Therefore, we consider that changes in the cropland soil faunal communities have a relationship with differences in long-term fertilization management. These six indices of the individual soil fauna population; individual Nematodes, individual Megadriles, individual Oribatidas, the DG index (density-group diversity index) and total groups in the soil faunal communities can be used to predict changes of soil fertility caused by long-term fertilization application, and have great potential as bio-indicators of changes in soil quality.

土壤动物在陆地生态系统物质循环和能量流动中起着重要作用,直接或间接的参与土壤有机质的分解与矿化;长期施肥对土壤理化性质产生影响的同时,改变了土壤动物群落组成。为查明紫色土长期施肥对土壤动物群落的影响及其响应关系,于2008年的5、7、9和11月分别对紫色土农田无肥对照(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、常规化肥氮磷钾(NPK)、有机肥(OM)、有机肥与化肥氮磷钾混施(OMNPK)、秸秆还田(RSD)和秸秆还田与化肥氮磷钾混施(RSDNPK)等7种长期施肥定位试验地的土壤动物群落进行调查,采用改良的干漏斗和湿漏斗两种方法,共获得土壤动物9454只,隶属7门17纲24目。分析表明, OM和RSDNPK两种施肥方式下土壤动物群落的多样性显著高于CK、N和NPK等3种施肥方式,说明有机物料的长期投入有利于提高土壤动物群落丰富度和多样性。方差分析表明施肥方式对土壤动物主要类群密度的影响差异性极显著( F =42.412, P =0.0001),对土壤动物群落类群影响存在不均衡性。施肥方式主要影响农田土壤动物类群的种群个体数量、线虫动物门个体数量、大蚓类个体数量、甲螨亚目个体数量、密度-类群指数DG及土壤动物群落类群数等六个指标,初步认为这些主要类群因素能够预测长期施肥引起的土壤肥力变化,可能对指示土壤质量的变化具有一定潜力。

【Objective】 During Aug. 2003 to Sept. 2004, the long-term cultivation including abandonment, 10 years, 50 years and 100 years of cultivation in black soil of Jilin Province and grey dissert soil of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; abandonment, 20 years and 100 years of cultivation in red soil of Jiangxi Province and long-term fertilization including abandonment, K, N, NP, NK, NPK, MNPK and 1.5MNPK treatments of the three types of soil were chosen to study the relationship between cropland soil animals and long-term cultivation and long-term fertilization. 【Method】 The Modified Tullgren method was used to separate cropland soil animals from soil samples (0-20 cm). 【Result】 There were 26 571 individuals of cropland soil animals were collected, belonging to 4 Phylums, 5 Classes, 26 Orders. Among them, 1 632 individuals were macrofauna, 24 939 were meso and microfauna. Mite, springtails and hymenoptera were the most dominant species in the collection. Among the three types of soil, community evenness of cropland soil animals in the long-term cultivation was significantly different, and the number of individuals, the number of group and community diversity in long-term fertilization were significantly different by Kruskal-Wallis analysis. The number of group of cropland soil animals usually was the the most in abandonment in the long-term cultivation, and the mesco and microfauna group in early period of long-term cultivation was the least. The number of individuals and group of cropland soil animals were the most in abandonment and combined with application of organic-mineral fertilizers in long-term fertilization. Both of long-term cultivation and long-term fertilization had imbalance effect on cropland soil community, of which the effect on the number of individual of cropland soil animals, was the most and the effect on the community evenness of cropland soil animal was the least. The canonical relationship between soil organic matter, soil total nitrogen and cropland soil animal community in long-term cultivation was not significantly different (P＞0.05), while a significant difference was detected in long-term fertilization (P＜0.01). In long-term fertilization, soil total nitrogen had the most effect on mites, springtail, hymenoptera and the total individuals of cropland soil animals, the most effect of soil organic matter on mites, springtail, hymenoptera and the total individuals of cropland soil animal, group and community diversity of cropland soil animal was observed. The key group of cropland soil animal could be used to predict the change of soil organic and soil total nitrogen caused by long-term fertilization application. 【Conclusion】 The change of cropland soil animal community has relation with long-term cultivation and long-term fertilization. The key group of cropland soil animal factors can be used to predict the change of soil key nutrient caused by long-term fertilization application.

【目的】2003年8月至2004年9月,选取撂荒、耕作10年、50年与100年的吉林黑土、新疆灰漠土和撂荒、耕作20年与100年江西红壤及其长期定位施肥试验中的撂荒、CK、N、NP、NK、NPK、MNPK和1.5MNPK 处理,研究长期耕作、定位施肥与土壤动物群落多样性关系。【方法】采用改良干漏斗（Modified Tullgren）法分离土壤0-20 cm的土壤动物。【结果】共采集农田土壤动物26 571只,其中大型土壤动物1 632只、中小型土壤动物24 939只,隶属4门5纲26目。弹尾目、膜翅目、蜱螨目为农田土壤动物中的优势类群。Kruskal- Wallis 方差分析显示,长期耕作条件下不同土壤类型间仅农田土壤动物群落均匀性差异显著（x均匀性（2）=6.045,P＜0.05）;长期定位施肥条件下,不同土壤类型间农田土壤动物个体数、类群数以及群落多样性差异性（x个体数（2）=17.26, x类群数（2）=14.03,x多样性（2）=15.61,P＜0.001）。长期耕作条件下,土壤动物类群一般在撂荒处理中数量最多、耕作早期中小型土壤动物类群最少;长期定位施肥条件下农田土壤动物个体和类群数在撂荒、有机肥配施处理中最高。长期耕作与长期定位施肥对农田土壤动物群落影响不均衡,其中对农田土壤动物个体总数影响最大,对均匀性影响最小。研究时段,长期耕作条件下土壤有机质和全氮与农田主要土壤动物群落之间典型相关关系不显著（P＞0.05）;长期定位施肥条件下土壤有机质和全氮与农田主要土壤动物群落之间存在显著典型相关关系（P＜0.01）,其中土壤全氮对蜱螨目、弹尾目、膜翅目和土壤动物个体总数影响最大,而土壤有机质对蜱螨目、弹尾目、膜翅目、土壤动物个体总数、类群数和群落多样性影响最大。土壤动物主要类群因素对由长期定位施肥引起的土壤有机质和土壤全氮变化具有很好的预测能力。【结论】农田土壤动物群落多样性改变与长期耕作与长期定位施肥有 关。农田主要类群因素能够较好地预测长期定位施肥引起的土壤主要养分变化。

Soil meso and microfauna of four urban forest types in Shanghai were investigated in four months which include April 2014, July 2014, October 2014 and January 2015. A total of 2190 soil fauna individuals which belong to 6 phyla, 15 classes and 22 groups were collected. The dominant groups were Nematoda and Arcari, accounting for 56.0% and 21.8% of the total in terms of individual numbers respectively. The common groups were Enchytraeidae, Rotatoria, Collembola and Hymenoptera and they accounted for 18.7% of the total in terms of individual numbers. There was a significant difference ( P Metasequoia glyptostroboides  forest, the smallest in Cinnamomum camphora forest. The largest groupe number was found in nearnature forest, the smallest was found in M. glyptostroboides  forest. There was obvious seasonal dynamics in each urban forest type and green space which had larger density in autumn and larger groupe number in summer and autumn. In soil profiles, the degree of surface accumulation of soil meso and microfauna in  C. camphora  forest was higher than in other forests and the vertical distribution of soil meso and microfauna in nearnature forest was  relatively homogeneous in four layers. Densitygroup index was ranked as: nearnature forest (6.953)> C. camphora forest (6.351)>  Platanus forest (6.313)> M. glyptostroboides   forest (5.910). The community diversity of soil fauna in each vegetation type could be displayed preferably by this index. It could be inferred through redundancy analysis (RDA) that the soil bulk density, organic matter and total nitrogen were the main environmental factors influencing soil meso and microfauna community structure in urban forest. The positive correlations occurred between the individual number of Arcari, Enchytraeidae and soil organic matter and total nitrogen, as well as between the individual number of Diptera larvae, Rotatoria and soil water content.

于2014年4月(春季)、7月(夏季)、10月(秋季)和2015年1月(冬季)对上海市4种城市森林中小型土壤动物群落进行调查，共捕获土壤动物2190只，隶属于6门15纲22个类群，优势类群为线虫纲和蜱螨亚纲，分别占总密度的56.0%和21.8%，常见类群为线蚓科、轮虫纲、弹尾纲和膜翅目，共占总密度的18.7%.不同类型城市森林中小型土壤动物密度存在显著差异( P 香樟林(6.351)>悬铃木林(6.313)>水杉林(5.910)，该指数可以较好地表征各林地的群落多样性.冗余分析(RDA)显示，土壤容重、土壤有机质、土壤总氮等是影响城市森林中小型土壤动物群落结构的主要环境因子，其中蜱螨亚纲和线蚓科与土壤有机质和总氮呈正相关，双翅目幼虫和轮虫纲与土壤含水量呈正相关.

Previous studies have obtained a general conclusion that soil fauna is an important component in the eucalypt (Eucalyptus grandis) plantation and plays a crucial role in mass cycle and energy transfer. However, the structure and function of soil fauna is influenced by soil moisture and temperature caused by human disturbance. As yet, little information is available on the response of soil fauna to harvesting disturbance in the eucalypt (Eucalyptus grandis) plantation. Therefore, an investigation on soil fauna was carried out in the eucalypt (Eucalyptus grandis) plantation which was planted in 1997 and harvested in August 2006 in order to obtain an understanding of the response of soil animal community to harvesting disturbance and evaluate the ecology effect of the eucalypt plantation. Soil macro-fauna were picked up by hand. Nematodes and mesofauna were separated and collected from the soil samples by Baermann and Tullgren methods, respectively.4775 individuals of soil fauna, belonging to 4 phyla, 11 classes and 27 orders were collected before cutting disturbance and a total of 4640 individuals of soil fauna, belonging to 4 phyla, 10 classes and 23 orders were collected after cutting disturbance. Individuals and groups of soil fauna represented the same trend before cutting during the 4 seasons. After cutting disturbance, the ranked order of individuals of soil fauna was autumn > spring > winter > summer, and that of groups was autumn > spring > winter > summer. Soil fauna density decreased with the decrease of soil organic matter content. Cutting led to the decline of soil fauna density in each litter layer in the corresponding season in comparison with that before cutting. The composition of soil animal community in the 0-5 cm soil layer was significantly influenced by cutting in comparison with that in 5-10 cm and 10-15 cm soil layers resulting from more significant hydrothermal fluctuation in the 0-5 cm soil layer. Fluctuations on the common and rare groups also were easier affected by cutting disturbance in comparison with the dominant group. Omnivores and saprozoic soil fauna were the main guilds in the eucalypt plantation regardless of the cutting, and two guilds accounted for more than 90% of the total except in summer. The density-group index (DG) and diversity index (H′) had same trends, but which had the opposite trend compared with the results before cutting disturbance, indicating that harvesting disturbance has given a significant effect on the structure of soil fauna in the eucalypt (Eucalyptus grandis) plantation.

为了解采伐干扰对巨桉(Eucalyptus grandis)人工林土壤动物的影响，于2005~2007年采用手捡法和干湿漏斗法对四川省洪雅县巨桉人工林采伐干扰前和采伐干扰后土壤动物群落进行调查，采伐干扰前四季共获土壤动物4775头，分属4门11纲27目，采伐干扰后获土壤动物4640头，分属4门10纲23目。采伐干扰后秋季(10月)、冬季(1月)和春季(4月)土壤动物个体数较采伐干扰前分别上升224头、368头和443头，而夏季(7月)下降了1170头。采伐干扰前巨桉人工林土壤动物个体数与类群数季节变化趋势基本一致，而采伐干扰后土壤动物类群数变化受土壤动物个体数变化的影响较小。与采伐干扰前相比，采伐干扰后枯落物层各季节土壤动物密度均低于采伐前，0~5 cm土层土壤动物密度与干扰前呈相反的变化趋势，其波动较5~10 cm和10~15 cm土层大。采伐干扰后土壤动物类群数四季共减少4个，采伐干扰前后土壤动物优势类群类群数波动小，采伐后常见类群类群数上升(除冬季外)，稀有类群对采伐干扰较敏感，其类群数下降幅度较大。采伐干扰前后同功能种团均以杂食性和腐食性土壤动物为主，两者百分比之和均在89%以上。密度-类群指数(DG)和多样性指数(H′)的变化趋势相似，采伐干扰前后的变化趋势相反，表明采伐干扰对巨桉人工林土壤动物季节变化有较大影响。

Recently, much attention has been given to soil animal because they play an important role in nutrient cycling as well as a potential bioindicator of soil fertility in the forest ecosystem. However, there is lack of the information on soil animal under the eucalypt (Eucalyptus grandis) plantation in Hongya County, Sichuan, which is difficult to meet needs of man-made forest management. The groups and the densities of soil animal communities in the eucalypt plantation and oak (Quercus acutissima) secondary forest were investigated here to understand the nutrient cycling, provide the information on changes in soil fertility, and evaluate the ecological effects of conversion of secondary forest to eucalypt plantation. Soil macrofauna were picked up by hand in the fields. Nematodes and mesofauna were separated and collected from the soil samples by Baermann and Tullgren methods, respectively. By preliminary identification, there were 1311 specimens of soil animals, which belonged to 6 phyla, 10 classes and 20 orders in the eucalypt plantation. Acarina, Collembola, Nematoda and Hymenoptera were the dominant groups in the eucalypt plantation. Although Acarina, Nematoda and Hymenoptera were the dominant groups in the oak forest, there was lack of Collembola. The results here indicated that soil animal community structure has changed with plant species composition when oak secondary forest was converted to eucalypt plantation. The groups and individual number were lower in eucalypt plantation than in oak secondary forest. Moreover, the Shannon-Wiener index and DG (Density-groups) index of soil animals in the eucalypt plantation were 1.818 and 4.002, which were also lower than those of oak secondary forest. It implies that soil biodiversity might decline when oak secondary forest was converted to eucalypt plantation. The percentage of saprozoic animal, which was used as a potential bioindicator of soil fertility, was 81.78% in the eucalypt plantation, and was higher than that in oak secondary forest (65.00%), resulting from higher organic material returns via litterfall in the former in comparison with the latter. The groups and individual numbers decreased with the increase of soil depth in two forest ecosystems. However, there was no significant difference in soil animal density between eucalypt plantation and oak secondary forest. There were higher Jaccard and Gower coefficients between the two studied forests, implying that the group composition of soil animal community was similar to a certain extent in the two forest ecosystems. The results indicated that soil animal community structure had not changed significantly although the soil biodiversity declined slightly when oak secondary forest was converted to eucalypt plantation. To deeply understand the ecological processes in the eucalypt plantation, soil ecological processes related to soil animal need to be performed in the future.

为深入了解巨桉人工林生物养分循环及土壤肥力变迁，客观全面地评价巨桉人工林的生态效益，对比研究了四川省洪雅县巨桉人工林和青冈次生林土壤动物群落结构特征。研究方法，大型土壤动物采用野外分层手捡计数，中小型土壤动物用取土器分层取土，带回室内分别用干湿漏斗分离并镜检。结果表明：（1）洪雅巨桉人工林共获1312头土壤动物，分属6门10纲21目，其优势类群分别为蜱螨目、弹尾目、线虫纲、膜翅目； （2）巨桉人工林土壤动物群落的类群数和个体数均低于青冈次生林，其Shannon-Wiener指数和密度-类群指数分别为1.818和4.002，低于青冈次生林的1.963和8.091；（3）巨桉人工林土壤动物群落中腐食性同功能种团比例为81.78% 高于青冈次生林的64.18%；（4）巨桉人工林与青冈次生林土壤动物密度剖面分布具明显表聚性，二者经F-检验无显著差异；（5）巨桉人工林与青冈次生林土壤动物群落有比较高的Jaccard相似性系数和Gower 系数，表明两类林分在土壤动物类群和个体数量分布上有比较大的相似度。

To understand the effects of slope location on the community structure of soil fauna in Eucalyptus grandis plantation, an investigation was made in the soil fauna in 3 E.grandis plantations at different slope locations in the hilly area of Sichuan Province from January to October 2009. A total of 392762 individuals were observed, belonging to 146 groups, 7 phyla, 16 classes, and 31 orders. The community composition, trophic group, diversity, and seasonal dynamics of soil fauna in the plantations all varied with slope. The abundance of macro-fauna, xeric meso- and micro-fauna, saprophagous macro-fauna, and omnivorous xeric meso-and micro-fauna increased with the decrease of slope, indicating that soil fauna had sensitive responses to the soil environmental factors affected by slope. Significant differences in the diversity of soil saprophagous macro-fauna and hygrophilous meso- and micro-fauna were observed at different slope locations, suggesting that these two faunal groups could be used as the indicators of the habitat heterogeneity of E. grandis plantations at different slope. Overall, slope location had definite effects on the community structure and distribution of soil fauna in the E. grandis plantations, but the effects were not statistically significant.

为了解坡位对巨桉人工林土壤动物群落结构的影响，2009年1—10月，调查了四川盆地低山丘陵区不同坡位巨桉人工林的土壤动物群落.从3个巨桉人工林共获取土壤动物34741只，鉴定出146个类群，隶属于7门16纲31目；巨桉人工林下土壤动物的群落组成、营养类群、多样性及其季节动态基本都存在坡位变化，大型和中小型干生土壤动物的个体数、大型土壤动物的腐食性类群和中小型干生土壤动物的杂食性类群数量表现出随坡位的下降而逐渐增多的趋势，说明土壤动物响应了坡位引起的土壤生态因子的变化.其中大型土壤动物的腐食性类群和中小型湿生土壤动物的多样性显示出显著的坡位差异，表明这两个指标能指示巨桉人工林不同坡位生境的异质性.总的看来，巨桉人工林坡位因子对土壤动物群落的分布及结构特征具有一定影响，但作用尚不显著.

【Objective】 During Aug. 2003 to Sept. 2004, the long-term cultivation including abandonment, 10 years, 50 years and 100 years of cultivation in black soil of Jilin Province and grey dissert soil of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; abandonment, 20 years and 100 years of cultivation in red soil of Jiangxi Province and long-term fertilization including abandonment, K, N, NP, NK, NPK, MNPK and 1.5MNPK treatments of the three types of soil were chosen to study the relationship between cropland soil animals and long-term cultivation and long-term fertilization. 【Method】 The Modified Tullgren method was used to separate cropland soil animals from soil samples (0-20 cm). 【Result】 There were 26 571 individuals of cropland soil animals were collected, belonging to 4 Phylums, 5 Classes, 26 Orders. Among them, 1 632 individuals were macrofauna, 24 939 were meso and microfauna. Mite, springtails and hymenoptera were the most dominant species in the collection. Among the three types of soil, community evenness of cropland soil animals in the long-term cultivation was significantly different, and the number of individuals, the number of group and community diversity in long-term fertilization were significantly different by Kruskal-Wallis analysis. The number of group of cropland soil animals usually was the the most in abandonment in the long-term cultivation, and the mesco and microfauna group in early period of long-term cultivation was the least. The number of individuals and group of cropland soil animals were the most in abandonment and combined with application of organic-mineral fertilizers in long-term fertilization. Both of long-term cultivation and long-term fertilization had imbalance effect on cropland soil community, of which the effect on the number of individual of cropland soil animals, was the most and the effect on the community evenness of cropland soil animal was the least. The canonical relationship between soil organic matter, soil total nitrogen and cropland soil animal community in long-term cultivation was not significantly different (P＞0.05), while a significant difference was detected in long-term fertilization (P＜0.01). In long-term fertilization, soil total nitrogen had the most effect on mites, springtail, hymenoptera and the total individuals of cropland soil animals, the most effect of soil organic matter on mites, springtail, hymenoptera and the total individuals of cropland soil animal, group and community diversity of cropland soil animal was observed. The key group of cropland soil animal could be used to predict the change of soil organic and soil total nitrogen caused by long-term fertilization application. 【Conclusion】 The change of cropland soil animal community has relation with long-term cultivation and long-term fertilization. The key group of cropland soil animal factors can be used to predict the change of soil key nutrient caused by long-term fertilization application.

【目的】2003年8月至2004年9月,选取撂荒、耕作10年、50年与100年的吉林黑土、新疆灰漠土和撂荒、耕作20年与100年江西红壤及其长期定位施肥试验中的撂荒、CK、N、NP、NK、NPK、MNPK和1.5MNPK 处理,研究长期耕作、定位施肥与土壤动物群落多样性关系。【方法】采用改良干漏斗（Modified Tullgren）法分离土壤0-20 cm的土壤动物。【结果】共采集农田土壤动物26 571只,其中大型土壤动物1 632只、中小型土壤动物24 939只,隶属4门5纲26目。弹尾目、膜翅目、蜱螨目为农田土壤动物中的优势类群。Kruskal- Wallis 方差分析显示,长期耕作条件下不同土壤类型间仅农田土壤动物群落均匀性差异显著（x均匀性（2）=6.045,P＜0.05）;长期定位施肥条件下,不同土壤类型间农田土壤动物个体数、类群数以及群落多样性差异性（x个体数（2）=17.26, x类群数（2）=14.03,x多样性（2）=15.61,P＜0.001）。长期耕作条件下,土壤动物类群一般在撂荒处理中数量最多、耕作早期中小型土壤动物类群最少;长期定位施肥条件下农田土壤动物个体和类群数在撂荒、有机肥配施处理中最高。长期耕作与长期定位施肥对农田土壤动物群落影响不均衡,其中对农田土壤动物个体总数影响最大,对均匀性影响最小。研究时段,长期耕作条件下土壤有机质和全氮与农田主要土壤动物群落之间典型相关关系不显著（P＞0.05）;长期定位施肥条件下土壤有机质和全氮与农田主要土壤动物群落之间存在显著典型相关关系（P＜0.01）,其中土壤全氮对蜱螨目、弹尾目、膜翅目和土壤动物个体总数影响最大,而土壤有机质对蜱螨目、弹尾目、膜翅目、土壤动物个体总数、类群数和群落多样性影响最大。土壤动物主要类群因素对由长期定位施肥引起的土壤有机质和土壤全氮变化具有很好的预测能力。【结论】农田土壤动物群落多样性改变与长期耕作与长期定位施肥有 关。农田主要类群因素能够较好地预测长期定位施肥引起的土壤主要养分变化。