百里香酚对鱼源耐药性维氏气单胞菌的体外抑菌效果及其机制研究

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.07.08

浙江农业学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (7): 1412-1422.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.07.08

百里香酚对鱼源耐药性维氏气单胞菌的体外抑菌效果及其机制研究

吴玉如^a(), 梁天雨^a, 梁超^a, 谭媛元^a, 柳源^a, 潘星羽^a, 黄小丽^b, 陈德芳^b, 耿毅^a, 欧阳萍^a^,^*()

a.四川农业大学动物医学院,四川成都 611130
b.四川农业大学动物科技学院,四川成都 611130

收稿日期:2021-06-25 出版日期:2022-07-25 发布日期:2022-07-26
通讯作者: 欧阳萍
作者简介:* 欧阳萍,E-mail: ouyang.ping@live.cn
吴玉如(1999—),女,四川通江人,本科生,从事动物医学研究。E-mail: 1814106355@qq.com
基金资助:
四川省科学技术厅应用基础研究计划(21YYJC2011)

Antibacterial effect of thymol against fish-derived drug-resistant Aeromonas veronii in vitro and its mechanism

WU Yuru^a(), LIANG Tianyu^a, LIANG Chao^a, TAN Yuanyuan^a, LIU Yuan^a, PAN Xingyu^a, HUANG Xiaoli^b, CHEN Defang^b, GENG Yi^a, OUYANG Ping^a^,^*()

a. College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
b. College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China

Received:2021-06-25 Online:2022-07-25 Published:2022-07-26
Contact: OUYANG Ping

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探究百里香酚对鱼源耐药性维氏气单胞菌(Aeromonas veronii)的抑菌效果和作用机制,从患病黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)体内分离得到一株维氏气单胞菌,药敏试验结果显示,其对氟苯尼考、环丙沙星和恩诺沙星耐药。通过测定最低抑菌浓度(MIC)、最低杀菌浓度(MBC)和生长曲线来评价百里香酚对耐药性维氏气单胞菌的抑菌活性;通过测定百里香酚对其细胞膜通透性、可溶性蛋白、乳酸脱氢酶活性和DNA的影响,结合电镜观察细菌超微结构的变化研究其作用机制。结果显示,百里香酚对耐药性维氏气单胞菌的抑菌效果明显,MIC为256 μg·mL^-1,MBC为512 μg·mL^-1。经512 μg·mL^-1的百里香酚作用1 h后,维氏气单胞菌液电导率极显著(P<0.01)上升,DNA外渗量迅速上升至(115.6±0.5)mg·L^-1。经512 μg·mL^-1的百里香酚作用后,维氏气单胞菌的可溶性蛋白明显变少,细菌乳酸脱氢酶活性在2、4、6、8 h分别极显著(P<0.01)降低了(32.8±0.7)%、(46.2±0.3)%、(46.1±1.6)%、(60.0±1.0)%,DAPI(4',6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚)染色的荧光强度和密度降低,电镜下可见菌体表面溶解塌陷,皱缩变形,细胞壁和细胞膜分离,细胞质丢失,内部空化。上述结果表明,百里香酚对维氏气单胞菌具有较强的抗菌活性,主要通过增加细胞膜通透性导致胞内物质流失造成细菌死亡。百里香酚可以作为治疗耐药性维氏气单胞菌感染的备选药物进行研究。

关键词: 耐药性维氏气单胞菌, 百里香酚, 抑菌机制, 细胞膜通透性

Abstract:

In order to investigate the antibacterial effect and mechanism of thymol against fish-derived drug-resistant Aeromonas veroniae, a strain of A. veronii was isolated from diseased Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. Drug sensitivity test showed that this strain was resistant to florfenicol, ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin. The antibacterial activity of thymol against drug-resistant A. veronii was studied by determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and growth curve, and the mechanism was explored by measuring its influence on membrane permeability, soluble protein, lactate dehydrogenase activity, DNA and cell ultrastructural changes. The results showed that thymol had inhibitory effect on A. veronii with MIC of 256 μg·mL^-1 and MBC of 512 μg·mL^-1, respectively. After treatment with 512 μg·mL^-1 thymol for 1 h, the electrical conductivity in strain solution was significantly (P<0.01) increased, and the DNA content in strain solution was increased to (115.6±0.5) mg·L^-1. After treatment with 512 μg·mL^-1 thymol, the soluble protein of this strain decreased, the activity of lactate dehydrogenase significantly (P<0.01) decreased by (32.8±0.7)%, (46.2±0.3)%, (46.1±1.6)%, (60.0±1.0)% at 2, 4, 6, 8 h, respectively, the fluorescence intensity and density of DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining were also decreased, and the surface of this strain seemed to dissolve and collapse, shrink and deform, cell wall and membrane separated, with cytoplasm loss and internal cavitation under electron microscope. All these results suggested that thymol had strong antibacterial activity against A. veronii. The increase of membrane permeability with thymol treatment would cause the loss of intracellular substances, and result in bacterial death. Therefore, thymol could be used as a candidate for the treatment of antibiotics-resistant A. veronii infection.

Key words: drug-resistant Aeromonas veronii, thymol, antibacterial mechanism, cell membrane permeability

中图分类号:

S859.3

吴玉如, 梁天雨, 梁超, 谭媛元, 柳源, 潘星羽, 黄小丽, 陈德芳, 耿毅, 欧阳萍. 百里香酚对鱼源耐药性维氏气单胞菌的体外抑菌效果及其机制研究[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2022, 34(7): 1412-1422.

WU Yuru, LIANG Tianyu, LIANG Chao, TAN Yuanyuan, LIU Yuan, PAN Xingyu, HUANG Xiaoli, CHEN Defang, GENG Yi, OUYANG Ping. Antibacterial effect of thymol against fish-derived drug-resistant Aeromonas veronii in vitro and its mechanism[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2022, 34(7): 1412-1422.

图/表 8

表1 维氏气单胞菌SC株的耐药性

Table 1 Drug resistance of A. veronii SC strain

抗生素 Antibiotic	基于抑菌圈直径(mm)的耐药性判定标准 Criterion for drug resistance based on diameter (mm) of inhibition zone			抑菌圈直径 Diameter of inhibition zone/mm	判定结果 Result
抗生素 Antibiotic	R	I	S	抑菌圈直径 Diameter of inhibition zone/mm	判定结果 Result
环丙沙星Ciprofloxacin	≤15	16~20	≥21	12	R
氟苯尼考Florfenicol*	≤12	13~17	≥18	12	R
恩诺沙星Enrofloxacin*	≤13	14~27	≥28	13	R
庆大霉素Gentamicin*	≤12	13~14	≥15	14	I
美罗培南Meropenem	≤13	14~15	≥16	15	I
四环素Tetracycline	≤14	15~18	≥19	16	I
阿奇霉素Azithromycin	≤13	14~17	≥18	17	I
头孢克洛Cefaclor	≤14	15~17	≥18	18	S
头孢噻肟Cefotaxime	≤14	15~17	≥18	19	S
复方新诺明	≤15	16~23	≥24	20	I
Compound sulfamethoxazole
多黏菌素B Polymyxin B	≤8	8~11	≥12	21	S
磺胺异恶唑Sulfaisoxazole	≤18	19~31	≥32	22	I

图1 不同质量浓度的百里香酚对维氏气单胞菌SC株生长的影响

Fig.1 Effect of different concentrations of thymol on growth of A. veronii SC strain

图2 百里香酚(512 μg·mL-1)对维氏气单胞菌SC株菌液电导率的影响 “**”表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下同。

Fig.2 Effect of thymol (512 μg·mL-1) on conductivity of A. veronii SC strain solution “**” means significant difference at P<0.01. The same as below.

图3 百里香酚(512 μg·mL-1)对维氏气单胞菌SC株可溶性蛋白的影响 M代表Marker(蛋白质量标记),泳道1、3、5、7分别对应于对照组4、8、16、24 h的菌体蛋白,泳道2、4、6、8分别对应于添加百里香酚(512 μg·mL-1)处理组4、8、16、24 h的菌体蛋白。

Fig.3 Effect of thymol (512 μg·mL-1) on soluble protein of A. veronii SC strain M, Marker (protein weight marker); Lanes 1, 3, 5, 7, Proteins of SC strain in the control group at 4, 8, 16, 24 h, respectively; Lanes 2, 4, 6, 8, Proteins of SC strain in the experiment group (addition of 512 μg·mL-1 thymol) at 4, 8, 16, 24 h, respectively.

图4 百里香酚(512 μg·mL-1)对维氏气单胞菌SC株乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性的影响

Fig.4 Effect of thymol (512 μg·mL-1) on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity of A. veronii SC strain

图5 百里香酚(512 μg·mL-1)对维氏气单胞菌SC株DNA外渗量的影响

Fig.5 Effect of thymol (512 μg·mL-1) on DNA extravasation of A. veronii SC strain

图6 百里香酚(512 μg·mL-1)对维氏气单胞菌SC株DNA染色荧光强度的影响 A,对照组(0 h);B~D,分别对应于百里香酚(512 μg·mL-1)处理2、4、8 h。

Fig.6 Effect of thymol (512 μg·mL-1) on fluorescence intensity of A. veronii SC strain A, Control (0 h); B-D, Treatment with thymol (512 μg·mL-1) for 2, 4, 8 h, respectively.

图7 百里香酚(512 μg·mL-1)对维氏气单胞菌SC株菌体形态结构的影响 A~B,扫描电镜(SEM)观察结果;C~F,透射电镜(TEM)观察结果。A,对照组,4 h;B,百里香酚(512 μg·mL-1)处理4 h,箭头指示菌体表面溶解塌陷;C,对照组,8 h;D,百里香酚(512 μg·mL-1)处理8 h,箭头指示细胞染色不均,并开始出现空泡化;E,对照组,16 h;F,百里香酚(512 μg·mL-1)处理16 h,箭头指示细胞膜与细胞壁分离,细胞皱缩坏死。

Fig.7 Effect of thymol (512 μg·mL-1) on morphology of A. veronii SC strain A-B, Scanning electron microscope (SEM) result; C-F, Transmission electron microscope (TEM) result. A, Control group, 4 h; B, Treatment with thymol (512 μg·mL-1) for 4 h, arrow indicates the dissolution and collapse of the bacterial cell surface; C, Control group, 8 h; D, Treatment with thymol (512 μg·mL-1) for 8 h, arrow indicates that the cells are stained unevenly, and vacuoles have begun to appear; E, Control group, 16 h; F, Treatment with thymol (512 μg·mL-1) for 16 h, arrow indicates that the cell membrane is separated from the cell wall, with cell shrinking and necrosis.

参考文献 34

[1]	焦雪, 安俊花, 张翔宇, 等. 3种气单胞菌耐药性及致病性的研究进展[J]. 中国兽医杂志, 2016, 52(9): 69-71.
	JIAO X, AN J H, ZHANG X Y, et al. Research progress on drug resistance and pathogenicity of three Aeromonas species[J]. Chinese Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2016, 52(9): 69-71. (in Chinese)
[2]	康元环, 张冬星, 杨滨僮, 等. 维氏气单胞菌最新研究进展[J]. 中国人兽共患病学报, 2018, 34(5): 452-459.
	KANG Y H, ZHANG D X, YANG B T, et al. Latest research progress on Aeromonas veronii[J]. Chinese Journal of Zoonoses, 2018, 34(5): 452-459. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]	SHAMEENA S S, KUMAR K, KUMAR S, et al. Virulence characteristics of Aeromonas veronii biovars isolated from infected freshwater goldfish (Carassius auratus)[J]. Aquaculture, 2020, 518: 734819.
[4]	张彤, 李炳. 水环境中抗生素耐药性的科学研究前沿、环境健康风险评估和控制阻断策略[J]. 科学通报, 2020, 65(24): 2543-2554.
	ZHANG T, LI B. Antibiotic resistance in water environment: frontiers of fundamental research, risk assessment and control strategies[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2020, 65(24): 2543-2554. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]	黎炯, 叶星, 卢迈新, 等. 罗非鱼维氏气单胞菌的分离鉴定和药敏试验[J]. 水生态学杂志, 2011, 32(3): 132-136.
	LI J, YE X, LU M X, et al. Isolation and identification of Aeromonas veronii from infected tilapia fry and analysis of its drug sensitivity[J]. Journal of Hydroecology, 2011, 32(3): 132-136. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]	杨泽晓, 周亚, 任冉阳, 等. 白缘(鱼央)维氏气单胞菌的分离鉴定与药敏试验[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2012, 39(2): 92-96.
	YANG Z X, ZHOU Y, REN R Y, et al. Isolation, identification and drug susceptibility test of Aeromonas veronii from Liobagrus marginatus Günther[J]. China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2012, 39(2): 92-96. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]	林煜, 樊海平, 陈斌, 等. 大刺鳅致病性维氏气单胞菌分离鉴定及药物敏感性研究[J]. 农学学报, 2019, 9(11): 50-56.
	LIN Y, FAN H P, CHEN B, et al. Isolation, identification and drug sensitivity of Aeromonas veronii infected Mastacembelus aculeatus[J]. Journal of Agriculture, 2019, 9(11): 50-56. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]	ČÍŽEK A, DOLEJSKÁ M, SOCHOROVÁ R, et al. Antimicrobial resistance and its genetic determinants in aeromonads isolated in ornamental (koi) carp (Cyprinus carpio koi) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio)[J]. Veterinary Microbiology, 2010, 142(3/4): 435-439. DOI URL
[9]	张有林, 张润光, 钟玉. 百里香精油的化学成分、抑菌作用、抗氧化活性及毒理学特性[J]. 中国农业科学, 2011, 44(9): 1888-1897.
	ZHANG Y L, ZHANG R G, ZHONG Y. Chemical component, antimicrobial effect, antioxidation activity and toxicological character of thyme essential oil[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2011, 44(9): 1888-1897. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]	孙茂, 何学文, 邓嘉强, 等. 亚抑菌质量浓度的百里香酚对金黄色葡萄球菌α-溶血素表达的影响[J]. 云南农业大学学报(自然科学), 2019, 34(3): 414-419.
	SUN M, HE X W, DENG J Q, et al. The effect of thymol subinhibitory concentration on the secretion of α-hemolysin in Staphylococcus aureus[J]. Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University (Natural Science), 2019, 34(3): 414-419. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]	彭齐, 谢丽玲, 谢俊. 中药抑菌机制的研究方法[J]. 生物技术进展, 2015, 5(1): 66-69.
	PENG Q, XIE L L, XIE J. Research methods for antibacterial mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine[J]. Current Biotechnology, 2015, 5(1): 66-69. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]	李婷, 周月, 宋丽雅, 等. 植物抑菌剂抑菌机理的研究方法进展[J]. 北方园艺, 2016(4): 179-184.
	LI T, ZHOU Y, SONG L Y, et al. Research progress in methods of antibacterial mechanism of plant bacteriostat[J]. Northern Horticulture, 2016(4): 179-184. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]	张章, 肖春玲. 抗菌药物作用机制的研究方法[J]. 中国新药杂志, 2008, 17(7): 540-543.
	ZHANG Z, XIAO C L. Methods for researching mechanisms of antimicrobial agents[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs, 2008, 17(7): 540-543. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]	吴秋云, 黄琳, 皮真, 等. 中草药抑菌作用及其机制研究进展[J]. 中兽医医药杂志, 2018, 37(1): 25-29.
	WU Q Y, HUANG L, PI Z, et al. Research progress of antibacterial activity and mechanism of Chinese herbal medicine[J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, 2018, 37(1): 25-29. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]	翟贯星, 陆璐, 陈代杰, 等. 中药化合物的抗菌及增效作用[J]. 中国抗生素杂志, 2019, 44(12): 1366-1370.
	ZHAI G X, LU L, CHEN D J, et al. Antimicrobial and synergisicm effects of traditional Chinese medicine compounds[J]. Chinese Journal of Antibiotics, 2019, 44(12): 1366-1370. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]	李颖, 王贺, 张戈, 等. Sensititre YeastOne显色药敏板与微量肉汤稀释法检测曲霉体外抗真菌药物敏感性的一致性研究[J]. 中国真菌学杂志, 2020, 15(4): 197-201.
	LI Y, WANG H, ZHANG G, et al. Comparative evaluation of Sensititre YeastOne colorimetric panel with broth microdilution method for in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing of Aspergillus[J]. Chinese Journal of Mycology, 2020, 15(4): 197-201. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]	骆延波, 胡明, 张庆, 等. 高通量药敏试验接种仪的初步应用[J]. 中国家禽, 2020, 42(6): 52-57.
	LUO Y B, HU M, ZHANG Q, et al. Preliminary application of inoculation system for high-throughput drug susceptibility test[J]. China Poultry, 2020, 42(6): 52-57. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]	何学文, 戴雨芸, 李欣越, 等. 肉桂醛体外对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的抑菌机制[J]. 江西农业大学学报, 2020, 42(1): 150-156.
	HE X W, DAI Y Y, LI X Y, et al. Antibacterial mechanism of cinnamaldehyde on Salmonella typhimurium in vitro[J]. Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis, 2020, 42(1): 150-156. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]	HE N, WANG P Q, WANG P Y, et al. Antibacterial mechanism of chelerythrine isolated from root of Toddalia asiatica(Linn) Lam[J]. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2018, 18(1): 261.
[20]	GUNDRAN R S, CARDENIO P A, VILLANUEVA M A, et al. Prevalence and distribution of bla_CTX-M, bla_SHV, bla_TEM genes in extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing E. coli isolates from broiler farms in the Philippines[J]. BMC Veterinary Research, 2019, 15(1): 227.
[21]	刘钰妮, 王世恩, 汪湘, 等. Annexin V-FITC/DAPI细胞凋亡检测法[J]. 生物技术, 2020, 30(4): 352-361.
	LIU Y N, WANG S E, WANG X, et al. Annexin V-FITC/DAPI cell apoptosis detection method[J]. Biotechnology, 2020, 30(4): 352-361. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]	吕观, 石磊, 徐力文, 等. 广东省水生动物中的维氏气单胞菌和无乳链球菌的耐药性评估[J]. 现代食品科技, 2019, 35(5): 289-295.
	LYU G, SHI L, XU L W, et al. Antibiotic resistance of Aeromonas veronii and Streptococcus agalactiae in aquatic animals from Guangdong[J]. Modern Food Science and Technology, 2019, 35(5): 289-295. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]	EZZAT ABD EL-HACK M, ALAGAWANY M, RAGAB FARAG M, et al. Beneficial impacts of thymol essential oil on health and production of animals, fish and poultry: a review[J]. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 2016, 28(5): 365-382. DOI URL
[24]	TANG C L, CHEN J L, ZHANG L X, et al. Exploring the antibacterial mechanism of essential oils by membrane permeability, apoptosis and biofilm formation combination with proteomics analysis against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus[J]. International Journal of Medical Microbiology, 2020, 310(5): 151435.
[25]	甘盈盈, 袁中伟, 张天翼, 等. 香芹酚对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(USA300)抑菌机制的研究[J]. 四川农业大学学报, 2019, 37(2): 276-282.
	GAN Y Y, YUAN Z W, ZHANG T Y, et al. Antibacterial mechanism of carvacrol against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (USA300)[J]. Journal of Sichuan Agricultural University, 2019, 37(2): 276-282. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]	孙茂. 百里香酚抗小鼠金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎的药效学评价[D]. 雅安: 四川农业大学, 2018.
	SUN M. Pharmacodynamic evaluation of thymol against Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia[D]. Ya’an: Sichuan Agricultural University, 2018. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]	李振翼, 彭芳, 贺喜, 等. 百里香酚调控动物肠道菌群的可能机制及其在畜禽生产中替代抗生素的应用[J]. 动物营养学报, 2020, 32(7): 3072-3079.
	LI Z Y, PENG F, HE X, et al. Thymol: possible mechanisms of controlling intestinal flora of animals and application in antibiotic substitution of livestock and poultry production[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2020, 32(7): 3072-3079. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]	张猛, 陈健, 薛延丰, 等. 植物源化合物百里香酚对西瓜枯萎病菌的抑菌机制初探[J]. 江苏农业学报, 2013, 29(5): 1019-1024.
	ZHANG M, CHEN J, XUE Y F, et al. Inhibitory mechanism of botanical antifungal substance thymol to Fusarium oxyporum f.sp. niveum[J]. Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2013, 29(5): 1019-1024. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[29]	袁中伟, 谷可欣, 张天翼, 等. 松萝酸对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌作用机制研究[J]. 甘肃农业大学学报, 2019, 54(4): 22-29.
	YUAN Z W, GU K X, ZHANG T Y, et al. Antibacterial mechanism of usnic acid on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus[J]. Journal of Gansu Agricultural University, 2019, 54(4): 22-29. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[30]	郭越, 韩璐文, 齐志豪, 等. 细菌DNA损伤修复的诱导、调控及结局的研究进展[J]. 生物化学与生物物理进展, 2022, 49(2): 359-369.
	GUO Y, HAN L W, QI Z H, et al. Research progress of induction, regulation and outcomes of bacterial DNA damage repair[J]. Progress in Biochemistry and Biophysics, 2022, 49(2): 359-369. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[31]	WANG L H, ZHANG Z H, ZENG X N, et al. Combination of microbiological, spectroscopic and molecular docking techniques to study the antibacterial mechanism of thymol against Staphylococcus aureus: membrane damage and genomic DNA binding[J]. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2017, 409(11): 3055.
[32]	HAROONE M S, HU Y H, ZHANG P, et al. Fluorescence enhancement strategy for evaluation of the minor groove binder DAPI to complementary ssDNA sequence including telomere mimics in (ssDNA@DAPI/LDH)n ultrathin films[J]. Dyes and Pigments, 2019, 166: 422-432. DOI URL
[33]	YUAN Z W, OUYANG P, GU K X, et al. The antibacterial mechanism of oridonin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)[J]. Pharmaceutical Biology, 2019, 57(1): 710-716. DOI URL
[34]	蒋加鹏, 刘稳, 刘立鹤, 等. 百里香酚对黄颡鱼幼鱼组织中NPY基因表达的影响[J]. 武汉轻工大学学报, 2019, 38(2): 9-15.
	JIANG J P, LIU W, LIU L H, et al. Effect of the thyme of phenol on tissues’ NPY gene expression of yellow catfish juvenile[J]. Journal of Wuhan Polytechnic University, 2019, 38(2): 9-15. (in Chinese with English abstract)

百里香酚对鱼源耐药性维氏气单胞菌的体外抑菌效果及其机制研究

Antibacterial effect of thymol against fish-derived drug-resistant Aeromonas veronii in vitro and its mechanism

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

图/表 8

参考文献 34

相关文章 1

编辑推荐

Metrics

本文评价