In order to clarify the main agronomic traits and heterosis of indica-japonica hybrid rice combinations, 44 hybrid varieties were obtained by combining 22 indica restorer lines and 4 japonica sterile lines, and divided into four sets. Plant height, panicle length, effective panicle number per plant, number of filled grains per panicle, seed setting rate, 1 000-grain weight and yield per plant were analyzed, Yongyou 1540 was used as the control variety. The results revealed that all sets generally exhibited tall plant heights, with excellent performance in terms of the number of effective panicles per plant and 1 000-grain weight, but poor performance in panicle length, number of filled grains per panicle, and seed setting rate.The coefficient of variation of effective panicles per plant, number of filled grains per panicle and yield per plant in all sets were larger. The trait most closely related to yield was the number of effective panicles per plant, followed by the number of filled grains per panicle. Compared with the male parent, the heterosis of effective panicle number per plant was the best, and the panicle length, number of filled grains per panicle and seed setting rate were poor. Compared with the control Yongyou 1540, the heterosis of plant height was the best, and the number of filled grains per panicle, seed setting rate and yield per plant were poor. The results of this study could provide reference for the improvement of indica-japonica hybrid rice varieties.

The ADP-ribosylation factor guanine nucleotide exchange factor (ARF-GEF) gene family plays a crucial role in regulating vesicle transport and cytoskeletal dynamics in plant cells, which is essential for polarized cell growth. In this study, using the tobacco variety Zhongyan 100 (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Zhongyan 100), we identified a total of 10 ARF-GBF subfamily members in the tobacco genome through bioinformatics methods. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that NtGNL2a is a homolog of the Arabidopsis AtGNL2. The tissue expression pattern analysis showed that NtGNL2a is specifically expressed in tobacco flower, with the highest expression in pollen and trace expression in other tissues. A recombinant plant expression vector, pCambia1301-NtGNL2apro::GUS, was constructed and transformed into the wild-type Zhongyan 100. GUS histochemical staining results indicated that the NtGNL2a promoter drives GUS gene expression specifically in the pollen of transgenic tobacco. This study provides a basis for subsequent functional studies of the NtGNL2a gene and offers a new regulatory element for driving the specific expression of target genes in pollen through genetic engineering techniques.

In order to enrich the karyotype information of Acrossocheilus, morphological and karyotypic analyses of Acrossocheilus kreyenbergii were performed on wild individuals collected from Zhoucun River, Jiangshan City, Zhejiang Province of China. The morphological results showed that the body length is 2.73-4.66 times and 3.20-5.23 times as long as the body depth and head length, respectively. The head length is 1.50-3.47 times and 3.72-5.96 times as long as the snout length and the eye diameter, respectively. The number of gill rakers is 8-14. The main distinguishing features of A. kreyenbergii are as the following: the lower lip is separated by two lateral lobes, the posterior labial sulci interval is narrow, less than 1/3 of the mouth width. A. kreyenbergii has a diploid chromosome number of 50 and the karyotype formula is 2n=50=14m+8sm+8st+20t. The number of chromosome arms is 72. There are no heteromorphic sex chromosomes.

To investigate the effects of dietary steviol glycosides on the growth of yellow-feathered broilers, 240 healthy 36-day-old Lingnan medium-speed yellow-feathered female broilers with similar body weights were randomly allocated into 4 groups (control group, low-dose group, medium-dose group, and high-dose group), with 6 replicates per group and 10 chickens per replicate. The control group (CON) was fed a basal diet, while the low-dose (LSTE), medium-dose (MSTE), and high-dose (HSTE) groups received basal diet supplemented with 600, 800, and 1 000 mg·kg^-1 of steviol glycosides, respectively. After a 7-day adaptation period, the experiment lasted for 42 days. The average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded during 43-day-old to 84-day-old. Serum reproductive hormones, biochemical parameters, and antioxidant indices of broilers at 84-day-old were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and biochemical methods. The results showed that dietary supplementation with steviol glycosides had no significant (p>0.05) effect on ADFI, ADG, or FCR from 43-day-old to 84-day-old. At 84-day-old, the serum estradiol (E2) content in broilers fed steviol glycosides was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that in the control group, with the medium-dose group showing the highest E2 level. No significant differences (p>0.05) were observed in serum progesterone (P4) content among the groups. Compared with the control group, dietary supplementation with steviol glycosides significantly (p<0.05) increased serum albumin (ALB) and total protein (TP) levels and significantly (p<0.05) reduced uric acid (UA) content, with the medium-dose group exhibiting the most pronounced improvements. Additionally, the medium-dose group significantly (p<0.05) lowered serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels compared with the other three groups. Dietary supplementation with steviol glycosides significantly increased serum levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) (p<0.05). The superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) content in the medium-dose group was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that in the other groups. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with steviol glycosides can improve health status, increase serum estrogen levels, and improve antioxidant activity in yellow-feathered broilers. Under the conditions of this experiment, the addition of 800 mg·kg^-1 steviol glycosides to the diet produced the most favorable effects.

To establish a rapid and accurate method for detecting fowlpox virus (FPV) antibodies, this study cloned the antigenic epitope region of FPV ORF127 gene into the pET-28a(+) prokaryotic expression vector. The truncated FPV ORF127 protein was successfully expressed and purified. Using this recombinant protein as a coating antigen, an indirect ELISA was developed through systematic optimization of reaction parameters. The method was comprehensively validated, including specificity, sensitivity, repeatability tests, and clinical serum sample detection. The results showed that the optimal reaction conditions for the indirect ELISA were as follows: coating antigen concentration of 10 μg·mL^-1, serum dilution of 1∶100, and enzyme-labeled secondary antibody dilution of 1∶25 000. Specificity tests revealed that except for FPV-positive serum, no cross-reactions were observed with positive sera against six other viruses (Newcastle disease virus, H9 subtype avian influenza virus, infectious bursal disease virus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, fowl adenovirus type 4, and turkey herpesvirus). Sensitivity tests showed that FPV-positive serum remained detectable at a dilution of 1∶800. Reproducibility tests demonstrated that the intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 1.81%-7.07% and 2.12%-7.16%, respectively, both below 10%. Clinical serum sample testing showed a total positivity rate of 79.4% (143/180) among 180 samples. These results indicate that the established indirect ELISA method exhibits high specificity, sensitivity, reproducibility, and stability. It can provides a reliable tool for detecting FPV antibodies in vaccinated flocks and supporting FPV epidemiological investigations.

The effects of different application rates of potassium fulvate acid on the physicochemical properties of soil, soil microorganisms, soil enzyme activity, root morphological characteristics, and fruit quality in the root zone of melon were investigated, to determine the optimal application rate of potassium fulvate acid and provide a theoretical basis for the scientific and rational use of potassium fulvate acid fertilizer in melon production. Using the melon variety Huangmengcui as the test material, five levels of potassium fulvate acid application (0, 37.5, 75.0, 112.5, 150.0 kg·hm^-2, denoted as CK, KT1, KT2, KT3, KT4 respectively) were set on the basis of conventional fertilization, and topdressing was carried out during the seedling stage, vine extension stage, flowering stage, fruit expansion stage, and maturity stage. The results showed that compared with CK, the application of potassium fulvic acid significantly increased the content of organic matter and major nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the soil, enhanced the cation exchange capacity, and reduced the soil pH value, further improving the physicochemical properties and water and fertilizer retention capacity of the soil; the application of potassium fulvic acid continuously improved the functional capacity of microbial communities, with the total number of culturable microorganisms, bacteria, and fungi in the soil showing the pattern KT3>KT4>KT2>KT1>CK, and the KT3 treatment showed the best enhancement effect on soil enzyme activity in the root zone; the root morphology results indicated that potassium fulvic acid promoted the growth and development of melon roots, with the KT3 treatment showing the best effect, increasing root length, root volume, root diameter, root surface area, and root tip number by 36.27%, 85.92%, 39.59%, 80.54%, 83.80% respectively compared with CK; topdressing with potassium fulvate acid could improve the fruit surface brightness value, soluble solids content, soluble sugar content, and vitamin C content of melon, effectively enhancing fruit quality and market ability. However, when the application rate of potassium fulvic acid reached 150.0 kg·hm^-2, all indicators showed a decreasing trend. Therefore, based on comprehensive analysis, the most suitable application rate of potassium fulvic acid under the same soil conditions and cultivation practices in this experiment is 112.5 kg·hm^-2.

In order to find the optimal light environment for facility cultivation of Taxus wallichiana var. mairei, three light qualities, including pure red light (R), combinatin of red and blue light at the ratio of 2∶1 (R2B) and 1∶1 (RB) were set, as well as three supplementary lighting durations (4, 6, 8 h·d^-1), with natural light as the control (CK). The plant height, ground diameter, photosynthetic pigments content, color parameters, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and catalase (CAT) activity of the leaves were measured. The results showed that on the 71^st day of cultivation, the plant height was the highest under 8 h R treatment, and the ground diameter was the largest under the 6 h RB treatment, which were significantly (p<0.05) increased by 25.50% and 74.17% than those of CK, respectively. On the 71^st day of cultivation, the content of carotenoid in the leaves was the highest under the 8 h R treatment, and the contents of chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll in the leaves were the highest under the 4 h R treatment, which were all significantly higher than those of CK. Compared with the CK on the 71^st day of cultivation, the 8 h R treatment significantly reduced the lightness value (L^*) and the yellowness value (b^*) of leaves, yet significantly increased the redness value (a^*). The SOD activity in the leaves was the highest under the 4 h R treatment, which was significantly higher than that of CK. Under this experiment condition, the 8 h R treatment exhibited the best performance on promoting growth and enhancing resistance to stress of Taxus wallichiana var. mairei, which was revealed by the comprehensive membership degree.

To explore the biological functions of WRKY transcription factor under drought stress and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal influence, transcriptome sequencing was performed on Carex siderosticta inoculated with AM fungi and simultaneously subjected to drought stress. Members of the C. siderosticta WRKY (CsWRKY) gene family were identified, and their physicochemical properties, protein secondary structures, conserved motifs and expression patterns were analysed; candidate genes related to drought stress were screened and verified by qRT-PCR. In total, 41 CsWRKY genes were obtained and classified into three groups: group 1 had 7 members, group 2 had 24 members, and group 3 had 10 members. The encoded proteins contained 99-1 052 amino acids, with theoretical isoelectric points of 4.83-9.84; all members were hydrophilic proteins with negative hydrophilicity values. Gene Ontology (GO) annotation showed enrichment in three major biological functions: transcriptional regulation, regulation of metabolic processes, and regulation of biosynthetic processes. KEGG pathway analysis revealed significant enrichment in the plant MAPK signaling pathway, plant-pathogen interaction, and transcription factors related pathways. After AM fungal inoculation, 26 CsWRKY genes were up-regulated and 12 were down-regulated. By integrating transcriptomic data and homologous alignment, 13 CsWRKY genes were selected as potential participants in drought response. qRT-PCR demonstrated that 10 of these candidates were induced by drought, suggesting positive regulatory roles, whereas three were repressed, implying negative regulatory roles. This study provides valuable candidate genes and a theoretical basis for further investigation of drought-tolerance mechanisms in C. siderosticta.

To investigate the function of high-affinity K transporters (HKT) in the salt stress response of Populus species and to identify key genes for salt-tolerant breeding, a genome-wide identification of HKT gene family members was conducted in 11 Populus species, including Populus alba × P. glandulosa clone 84K (poplar clone 84K). Bioinformatics analyses were performed to characterize conserved domains, physicochemical properties, conserved motifs, chromosomal localization, and cis-acting elements. Additionally, the spatiotemporal expression profiles of HKT genes were analyzed using qRT-PCR and RNA-seq data from salt-treated poplar clone 84K. A total of 30 HKT family genes were identified, 29 of which were located on chromosome 18 across the species. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all 30 HKT genes belong to the HKT1 subfamily and were further divided into two subgroups: HKT1;4 and HKT1;5. Cis-acting element analysis indicated that the promoter regions contained important stress-responsive elements, such as TC-rich repeats, MBS, and G-box. Notably, PaghAHKT1;4 exhibited a significant upregulation in expression with prolonged salt stress in poplar clone 84K. In conclusion, 30 HKT genes were identified in Populus, which play important roles in salt stress response. Among them, PaghAHKT1;4 might serve as a potential target gene for salt-tolerant breeding in poplar clone 84K.

This study aimed to screen effective fungicides for kiwifruit canker, providing references for the prevention and control of this disease. The isolated strains were identified by morphological observation and rDNA gene sequence analysis. The pathogen causing kiwifruit canker in Lin’an mountainous area was identified as Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae.The bacteriostatic circle method and whole plant spraying method were used to preliminarily screen the indoor control effect, toxicity tests, and field control tests of 19 fungicides. The results of indoor toxicity tests and field control effect tests showed that 3% zhongshengmycin wettable powder(WP) and 10% zhongshengmycin·oligosaccharins WP had the best effect in biological fungicides, with median effective concentration (EC₅₀) of 1.502 8 mg·L^-1 and 64.378 3 mg·L^-1, respectively. The field control effects were 91.72% and 79.92%, respectively. Among them, 0.4% Verticillium dahliae Asp-f2 Like AS had no indoor antibacterial activity, but the field control effect was 78.12%. 33.5% oxine-copper suspension concentrate(SC) was the best agent, with the EC₅₀ of 94.050 5 mg·L^-1 and field control effect of 86.55% in organic synthetic fungicides. Among the biochemical+biological fungicides, 4% kasugamycin·zhongshengmycin WP had the best effect, with EC₅₀ of 49.185 0 mg·L^-1 and field control effect of 73.59%. In addition, the optimal concentrations of 10% zhongshengmycin·oligosaccharins WP, Bacillus subtilis WP, 33.5% oxine-copper SC and 0.4% Verticillium dahliae Asp-f2 Like aqueous suspension (AS) in the field were 800 times, 3 000 times, 800 times and 200 times, respectively. For the prevention and control of kiwifruit canker disease in mountainous area, the following fungicides can be used: biological fungicides(Bacillus subtilis WP, 3% zhongshengmycin WP, 10% zhongshengmycin·oligosaccharins WP), inorganic fungicides (46% copper hydroxide water dispersible granule WG), organic synthetic fungicides (33.5% oxine-copper SC), and biochemical+biological fungicides (4% kasugamycin·zhongshengmycin WP).

To investigate the characteristics of weed communities and effective control strategies in no-tillage rotary sown wheat fields after rice stubble in Sichuan, five weed management regimes were established during the wheat growing seasons from 2019 to 2021: no weed control throughout the growth period (CK), weed control at early tillering stage (T1), weed control before wheat seeding and at the early tillering stage (T2), weed control before wheat seeding (T3), weed control during wheat seeding and sprout (T4). The study analyzed species composition, population density, fresh weight of weed, and wheat yield. Results indicated that a total of 16 weed species were identified in the wheat fields, with 11 species recorded in 2019-2020 and 13 species recorded in 2020-2021. Polypogon fugax was the sole dominant grass weed, whereas Galium spurium and Cardamine occulta were the primary broadleaf weeds. The number of weed species per treatment ranged from 3 to 7, while T4 treatment consistently showed the lowest diversity, with only 2 to 4 species. Although total weed density varied significantly between the two years, both CK and T3 treatments showed peak weed density at the early jointing stage of wheat. T4 treatment maintained consistently low weed density and fresh weight, while T1 and T2 treatments effectively suppressed weeds after application. Wheat yield was primarily influenced by spike number and grains per spike. In 2020, T1, T2, and T4 treatments increased wheat yield by 5.85%, 15.92% and 14.42%, respectively, under higher weed pressure. In 2021, only T2 and T4 treatments showed yield improvements. For wheat fields employing the no-tillage rotary sowing after rice stubble, both T2 and T4 treatments demonstrated effective weed suppression and significant yield enhancement. The choice between these two methods should be based on the specific weed infestation conditions encountered during production.

To clarify the community characteristics and species diversity composition of summer weeds in paddy fields after continuous years of rotation, three rotation patterns, including rice-fallow rotation, rice-rape rotation, and rice-wheat rotation, were implemented. Surveys were conducted on the summer weed communities in fields, and the relative dominance of different weeds, species richness, Simpson index, Shannon-Wiener index, and Pielou evenness index were analyzed under each rotation system. Niche breadths of different weeds and correspondence analysis of different rotation systems were also performed. Results showed that under the rice-fallow rotation, there were 33 species of summer weeds, with dominant species including Alopecurus aequalis Sobol., Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fern., Rumex dentatus L., Cardamine occulta Hornem., Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers., Hemisteptia lyrata(Bunge) Fischer & C. A. Meyer, Cnidium monnieri(L.) Spreng., Mazus pumilus(N. L. Burman) Steenis, Stellaria aquatica (L.) Scop., Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Delarbre, Glyceria acutiflora subsp. japonica(Steud.) T. Koyana & Kawano, Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf., Stellaria alsine Grimm, Pseudognaphalium affine (D. Don) Anderberg, Symphyotrichum subulatum(Michaux) G. L. Nesom, Polypogon fugax Nees ex Steud., Geranium carolinianum L.. Under the rice-rape rotation, 18 weed species were identified, with dominant species including B. syzigachne, Vicia sativa L., A. aequalis, E. annuus, C. monnieri, G. carolinianum, Lapsanastrum apogonoides(Maximowicz) Pak & K. Bremer, H. lyrata, P. affine, S. aquatica, M. pumilus, Cerastium glomeratum Thuill., S. subulatum, S. alsine. The rice-wheat rotation had 22 weed species, dominated by B. syzigachne, Galium spurium L., A. aequalis, M. pumilus, E. annuus, L. apogonoides, C. monnieri, S. aquatica, C. occulta, P. affine, C. glomeratum, R. dentatus, H. lyrata, S. subulatum, Alopecurus japonicus Steud.. Niche breadth analysis indicated that A. aequalis, E. annuus, H. lyrata, C. monnieri, M. pumilus, S. subulatum, P. affine, B. syzigachne, R. dentatus, L. apogonoidesexhibited broader ecological niches among three rotation systems. Correspondence analysis revealed that V. sativa, G. carolinianum, and H. lyrata were better suited to rice-rape rotation fields, while G. spurium, M. pumilus, C. glomeratum thrived in rice-wheat rotation fields. Weeds like A. aequalis, M. aquaticum, and L. apogonoides adapted well to both rice-rape and rice-wheat rotation system. In northern Zhejiang Province of China, weed species richness in wheat and rape fields under rotation was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that in fallow fields. Furthermore, species richness in rape fields under rice-rape rotation was significantly lower than that in wheat fields under rice-wheat rotation.

Based on a 5-year positioning test, the distribution of organic carbon and nitrogen components in soil from 0 to 100 cm depth after straw returning was studied, as well as the changes of soil biological nitrogen fixation and denitrification potential, abundance, diversity and community composition of main microorganisms involved in nitrogen fixation and denitrification, by taking the soil without straw returning as the control (CK). The results showed that straw returning significantly (p<0.05) increased soil organic carbon (OC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) content in 0-60 cm soil layer by 13.1%-243.8% and 36.4%-143.8%, respectively, and mineral-incorporated organic carbon (MOC) content in>20-60 cm soil layer by 89.4%-272.9% than those of CK, yet it significantly decreased soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content in 0-60 cm soil layer by 40.6%-75.9%. Under straw returning, the total nitrogen (TN) content in 0-80 cm soil layer was significantly increased by 14.3%-90.3% than that of CK, but the alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (AN) and nitrate nitrogen ($\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}-\mathrm{N}$) contents in 0-60 cm soil layer were decreased significantly by 16.9%-64.8% and 12.9%-61.9%, respectively; the ammonium nitrogen ($\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}-\mathrm{N}$) content was significantly decreased by 11.6%-24.8% in the 0-40 cm layer, yet it was increased to the 1.4 times of the CK in the>40-60 cm layer. Compared with the CK, the biological nitrogen fixation potential in 0-20 cm soil layer was significantly enhanced by 25.2% with straw returning, but the denitrification potential in 0-40 cm soil layer was weakened by 7.8%-82.0%. The copy number of functional genes of nifH, nirS, nirK and nosZ was significantly increased with straw returning than that of CK, which indicated that the growth of nitrogen fixing and denitrifying bacteria was enhanced. The results of structural equation model analysis showed that the changes of soil DOC content, soil nitrogen fixing and denitrifying bacteria abundance had direct influence on the content and distribution of soil $\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}-\mathrm{N}$ and $\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}-\mathrm{N}$ after straw returning, and the abundance of nitrogen fixing bacteria had the largest direct effect value on the content and distribution of soil $\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}-\mathrm{N}$ and $\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}-\mathrm{N}$, which was 71.9% and -60.8%, respectively.

Based on the agro-industrial waste (vinasse, sawdust, by-product of monosodium glutamate, cow dung), mixtures with the initial pH of 6.00 (T1), 6.57 (T2) and 7.98 (T3) were prepared for composting. The field sampling, indoor physical and chemical analysis and high-throughput sequencing were combined to investigate the dynamic of physiochemical properties and microbial community during the composting. It was shown that the dominant bacteria phylum of T1 treatment changed from Actinobacteria to Firmicutes from temperature-rising stage to maturity stage, while the dominant bacteria genus remained as Brevibacterium. The dominant bacteria phylum of T2 treatment changed from Actinobacteria to Bacteroidetes from temperature-rising stage to maturity stage, and the dominant bacteria genus changed from Glutamicibacter to Corynebacterium. The dominant bacteria phylum of T3 treatment changed from Proteobacteria to Firmicutes from temperature-rising stage to maturity stage, and the dominant bacteria genus changed from Ignatzschineria to Bacillus. For fungi, Ascomycota was the dominant phylum for all treatments at the tempertaure-rising stage, high temperature stage and maturiy stage. At the maturity stage, the compost of T1 and T2 were acidic, while the compost of T3 was alkaline. The total nutrient (N+P₂O₅+K₂O) content, heavy metals content, pH value and germination index of the compost under T1, T2 and T3 all met the standards of Organic Fertilizer(NY/T 525-2021). The research could provide reference for the further production of special fertilizer with specific pH value according to the properties of agro-industrial waste.

To establish an accurate, rapid, and simultaneous analytical method for determining five bioactive substances in mulberry leaves: 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), rutin (VP), isoquercitrin (IQ), phenylalanine (Phe), and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), this study systematically investigated the effects of extraction solvent, solid-to-liquid ratio, and ultrasonic time on the extraction efficiency of these substances. An optimal sample pretreatment method was determined and coupled with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for analysis. The optimized sample pretreatment conditions were as follows: 90% aqueous methanol as the extraction solvent, a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1∶12 (g·mL^-1), ultrasonic extraction for 30 min, and two successive extractions. Under these conditions, the extraction efficiency of the five bioactive substances was significantly improved. Method validation results demonstrated excellent linearity for the target analytes within the concentration range of 1-200 μg·kg^-1 (r≥0.998 6). The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.47-0.93 μg·kg ¹ and 1.56-3.10 μg·kg^-1, respectively. The recovery rates ranged from 76.0% to 99.5%, with relative standard deviations (RSD) below 13%, indicating high sensitivity, accuracy, and precision. When applied to authentic mulberry leaf samples, the method revealed significant differences (p<0.05) in the contents of the five bioactive substances among leaf positions. DNJ, Phe, and GABA were most abundant in the bud tips and gradually decreased toward lower leaf positions, while VP and IQ exhibited the opposite trend. These findings demonstrate that the proposed method provides reliable technical support for accurately evaluating the distribution of bioactive substances in mulberry leaves and facilitating their targeted utilization.

In this study, five varieties of Auricularia cornea Ehrenb with representative morphological characteristics and nutritional value-Chuan’er 1967, Amber, Chuan’er 1985, Chuan’er 781 and Shanghai NO.1 were selected to determine the contents of protein, amino acid, crude polysaccharide, ash, vitamin B₂, calcium, potassium, iron and selenium in the fruit body. Amino acid score (AAS), Institute of Medicine (IOM) model score, amino acid ratio coefficient score (SRC), chemical score (CS), essential amino acid index (EAAI) and protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) were used to evaluate the nutritional value of these varieties. The results showed that the nutrients of these five varieties were diverse and the amino acids were rich, and the total essential amino acids contents were between 443.87 and 478.03 mg·g^-1 protein. It exceeds the balance model reference values recommended by the World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/United Nations University (WHO/FAO/UNU) in 2007, the model reference values recommended by the IOM and the egg protein improvement model values recommended by FAO, which can be used as a beneficial supplement to the body’s protein source. According to the comprehensive evaluation results of AAS, IOM model score, CS, EAAI and PDCAAS, Chuan’er 781 was the best protein source among the five varieties in terms of amino acid nutritional value. This study provided some data support and methods for the nutritional quality evaluation of Auricularia cornea Ehrenb.

To improve the detection accuracy of citrus leaf edge diseases and small-target lesions by models and enhance the performance of existing detection models, an efficient and lightweight citrus leaf disease detection model named YOLOv8-DTBI is proposed based on the baseline model YOLOv8n. Firstly, a more lightweight C2f_DT module is introduced into the backbone of the baseline model. This module adopts a combined structure of dual convolution and triplet attention to strengthen the model’s feature extraction capability. Secondly, a bidirectional feature pyramid network (BiFPN) is integrated into the baseline model, and a small-target detection layer is constructed. This not only reduces the number of model parameters but also improves the model’s ability to detect small targets of citrus leaf diseases. Finally, the model is trained based on the Inner IoU loss function to accelerate bounding box regression and enhance the model’s precision and recall. Experimental results show that the proposed YOLOv8-DTBI model demonstrates better detection performance on the citrus leaf disease dataset, as the precision, recall, and mean average precision (mAP) of the proposed YOLOv8-DTBI model reach 89.2%, 90.8% and 92.1%, respectively, which are 5.6, 5.3, and 1.4 percentage points higher than those of the YOLOv8n model, and the model size is reduced by 8.5%. This study provides a practical detection model for the accurate detection of citrus leaf diseases.

Past research has verified the importance of the single factor of rural tourism in achieving common prosperity from different perspectives, but it has overlooked the complex interaction mechanism within the influencing factors of rural tourism and the significant impact on rural common prosperity, resulting in significant differences or even contradictions in the research conclusions. Based on this, the implementation path of common prosperity in key rural tourism villages in Zhejiang Province of China was explored under the comprehensive influence of multiple factors from a holistic perspective by using the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) method. It was shown that a single conditional variable was difficult to impose significant effect on achieving rural common prosperity. Therefore, it was necessary to fully leverage the complex interaction of multiple factors to effectively achieve the goal of common prosperity. The deveopment of rural tourism could achieve higher level rural common prosperity goals through two pathways (pull driven type, push driven type), or the general level rural common prosperity goals by three pathways (lost direction type, inefficient integration type, and resource ineffective type). The participation of communities in rural tourism was identified as a key factor in achieving the goal of higher level rural common prosperity. Only when the participation of communities in rural tourism and other influencing factors were effectively combined in an appropriate way, the level of rural common prosperity could be promoted. The good rural tourism operation capability could attract tourists through its strong market influence, effectively compensating for the lack of attractiveness of rural tourism resources and inadequate implementation of rural tourism development policies, hence realize the higher level rural common prosperity. These findings could provide useful insight for the realization of common prosperity by the development of rural tourism in China.

As a power device for transportation in hilly and mountainous areas, mountain rail transporter can not only overcome complex terrain obstacles, effectively improve transportation efficiency, save costs, but also solve the problem of agricultural product transportation that traditionally relies on human and horse transportation in hilly and mountainous areas. This article aims to explore the research status and development trends of key technologies for mountain rail transporter, summarize the research background and working principle of mountain rail transporter, and elaborate on the research status of the main types and key technologies of mountain rail transporter in China and abroad, and summarize the problems and deficiencies in the key technologies of mountain rail transporter, such as low stability, poor environmental protection, high installation costs, and limited application areas in drive technology, vibration reduction technology, remote control technology, and safety devices. Based on the research status of key technologies, development suggestions such as strengthening technological innovation, accelerating the application of new energy, promoting multi industry cooperation, and deepening research in segmented fields were proposed. This article analyzed the future development trends of key technologies for mountain rail transporter, such as intelligence, environmental protection, and modular, to provide development ideas and theoretical support for rail transport operations in hilly and mountainous areas in China.

The whole process mechanization of tea refers to the adoption of mechanical equipment as a replacement for traditional manual labor across all stages of tea production, including tea garden management, tea harvesting and tea processing. In this paper, based on the promotion and application of mechanization in tea production, modification recommendations were put forward for machine-friendly tea garden construction, and the automation and mechanization technologies and equipments for key production processes were systematically reviewed. Furthermore, the smart tea garden model was elaborated, which integrated mechanization and intelligent technologies based on the Internet of Things (IoT), and successful cases of mechanized management and smart tea garden construction in major tea-producing regions were highlighted. Besides, the main bottlenecks in the development of mechanization technologies and equipments for tea garden were summarized, and targeted recommendations were suggested based on future trends.