To further optimize the pressure-heat modification process of sweet potato puree, the effect of gelatinization degree on the starch properties of modified sweet potato puree was investigated by subjecting sweet potato puree with six gelatinization degrees to pressure-heat treatment. The results showed that with the increase in gelatinization degree of sweet potato puree, the contents of slow-digestible starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS) after pressure-heat modification significantly increased, and the anti-digestibility was significantly enhanced. Pasting property analysis revealed that the viscosity of pressure-heat modified sweet potato puree initially increased and then decreased with increasing gelatinization degree. Scanning electron microscopy observations indicated that the irregularity and flakiness of starch granules increased with higher gelatinization degree. Compared with only direct low-temperature retrogradation, the pressure-heat modified sweet potato puree exhibited increased RS and SDS contents to varying degrees, higher peak viscosity, lower final viscosity, larger and more irregular starch granules, enhanced aggregation, and improved stability. In summary, the gelatinization degree of sweet potato puree significantly influences the digestive properties, pasting properties, and microstructure of pressure-heat modified starch.

Rice bran, a by-product of grain processing, is rich in dietary fiber and possesses valuable nutritional and functional properties. This study aimed to evaluate the physiological effects of purified rice bran (PRB), produced via α-amylase hydrolysis, on behavioral function, antioxidant capacity, and gut microbiota composition in a murine model of subacute aging induced by D-galactose (D-gal). The results showed that D-gal treatment significantly (p<0.05) impaired locomotor and cognitive functions. In contrast, PRB supplementation effectively alleviated these deficits dose-dependently, with the high-dose group showing the most pronounced improvement. In terms of antioxidant capacity, PRB significantly increased the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione (GSH) content, yet reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content, thereby alleviating oxidative stress. Gut microbiota analysis revealed that PRB regulated microbial diversity, suppressed harmful bacteria such as Desulfovibrio, and promoted the growth of beneficial genera such as Bifidobacterium, Rikenella, promoting microbial homeostasis. Moreover, PRB significantly enhanced the production of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA), including acetic, propionic, butyric, and valeric acids, contributing to intestinal pH value regulation and homeostasis. Overall, PRB exerted synergistic effects on oxidative stress and gut dysbiosis in aging mice, suggesting its potential to promote gut health and overall well-being.

To investigate the types, dynamic variation patterns and regulatory metabolic pathways of metabolites during different developmental stages of Megalobrama terminalis embryos, a non-targeted metabolomic approach based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was employed to analyze embryo samples collected at the gastrula stage (17 h), neurula stage (25 h), somitogenesis stage (32 h), tail bud stage (41 h), muscular effect stage (50 h) and heart beating stage (58 h). The results showed that a total of 952 metabolites were detected, mainly including lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic acids and derivatives, and organoheterocyclic compounds. Comparative analysis of differential metabolites revealed that 9,11-tetradecadienedioylcarnitine and paraldehyde were unique to Megalobrama terminalis embryos at 32 h of development, while sepiapterin, stearaldehyde and β-nitropropionic acid were specific metabolites at 58 h. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that metabolic pathways such as nucleotide metabolism, ABC transporters and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis exerted important biological functions in the processes of genetic material and protein biosynthesis, energy metabolism and signal transduction during embryonic development of Megalobrama terminalis. The findings of this study can provide theoretical support for improving the hatching rate of fertilized eggs of Megalobrama terminalis.

To explore the feasibility of expressing the pseudorabies virus gD protein in rice cells and to lay a foundation for developing a pseudorabies virus subunit vaccine, this study optimized and artificially synthesized the pseudorabies virus gD gene based on rice codon usage bias, constructing the recombinant plant expression vector pCAMBIA1300-gD. This vector was introduced into rice callus via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, and resistant calluses were obtained after co-cultivation and dark culture screening. Callus genomic DNA was extracted using the CTAB method, and positive calluses were identified by PCR. Positive calluses were expanded in culture, ground, and added to liquid medium for shake-flask cultivation. Western blot was used to detect the expression of the gD protein. Based on the physicochemical properties of the target protein, purification conditions including pH value, cation exchange resin, and hydrophobic resin were screened and optimized. The results showed that 110 calluses were obtained after hygromycin screening, with 92 identified as positive by PCR, yielding a positive rate of 83.6%. Western blot analysis of 35 cell lines revealed successful gD protein expression in 15 lines. Purification via two-step chromatography using cation exchange resin 650F and hydrophobic resin GE Butyl 4FF yielded gD protein of certain purity. This study established a foundation for using rice as a bioreactor to produce pseudorabies virus subunit vaccines.

To investigate the potential mechanism by which Cornus officinalis extract alleviates acute kidney injury, male C57BL/6J mice were selected. An acute kidney injury model was established in mice via intraperitoneal injection of gentamicin. The mice were divided into a normal control group, a model group, and a Cornus officinalis extract intervention group. Body weight, organ coefficients, serum creatinine and urea nitrogen concentrations, and inflammatory cytokine mass concentrations were measured. Renal histopathological changes were observed by tissue sectioning, and the composition of the intestinal flora was analyzed. The results showed that, compared with the model group, the rate of body weight change was lower in the Cornus officinalis extract group; serum creatinine and urea nitrogen concentrations were significantly reduced; IL-6 and TNF-α mass concentrations were significantly decreased, while IL-10 mass concentration was significantly increased; pathological injuries such as renal tubular epithelial cell necrosis, inflammatory infiltration, and fibrosis were significantly alleviated; the abundance of beneficial bacteria in the intestine increased, while the abundance of harmful bacteria decreased. The results indicate that Cornus officinalis extract can exert a protective effect on acute kidney injury by regulating inflammatory responses and improving the intestinal microecology. This study elucidates the effects of Cornus officinalis extract on acute kidney injury from histological, immunological, and microbiological perspectives, providing a reference for the functional evaluation and precise application of Cornus officinalis extract.

To investigate key traits such as maturity, type, and resistance to leaf spot disease in different cultivars of water bamboo (Zizania latifolia), this study collected 116 water bamboo varieties from 13 provinces (municipalities) in China. Systematic investigations were conducted on the maturity and fleshy stem morphology of each variety, alongside the isolation and morphological identification of their endophytic Ustilago esculenta. Furthermore, resistance to water bamboo leaf spot (Bipolaris oryzae) was evaluated through artificial inoculation with physiological race LY-H1 and subsequent disease index rating. The results indicated that among the collected germplasm, there were 53 double-harvest varieties and 63 single-harvest varieties. Mid-maturing types were predominant in both groups. Double-harvest varieties primarily exhibited conical stems, whereas single-harvest varieties were mostly elongated. Meanwhile, 103 endophytic U. esculenta strains were successfully isolated, with colony morphologies primarily classified into dense mycelium-type and spore-type. The dense mycelium-type exhibited three morphologies: curly growth type, adherent growth type, and elevated growth type, while the spore-type exhibited two morphologies: granular type and wrinkled type.Additionally, single-harvest varieties generally demonstrated stronger resistance to B. oryzae than double-harvest varieties. This study provides valuable germplasm materials and a scientific foundation for the collection, conservation, evaluation, and disease-resistant breeding of water bamboo resources.

To investigate the relationship between environmental ecological factors and plant physiological ecology in modern greenhouse tomato production, temperature, solar radiation intensity, substrate parameters, and stemflow rate were monitored during winter, spring, and summer. Typical weather conditions were selected for analysis. The results showed that leaf temperature was similar to air temperature in winter, with a difference of only 0.5 ℃. At noon in spring and summer, leaf temperature was approximately 1.5 ℃ lower than air temperature. The diurnal variation of substrate temperature lagged behind that of air temperature, with a lag of 3 h in winter and spring and 1 h in summer. Moreover, the maximum substrate temperature in summer was about 2 ℃ higher than air temperature. Substrate moisture content varied consistently with temperature, whereas substrate electrical conductivity varied inversely with moisture content in spring and summer. Stemflow rate was lower in winter and spring and higher in summer, with its diurnal variation primarily dependent on air temperature changes. Compared with sunny days, the diurnal variation amplitude of all parameters decreased significantly on rainy days but still maintained consistent trends with air temperature and solar radiation intensity. Leaf temperature, substrate temperature, substrate moisture content, and stemflow rate were all significantly correlated with air temperature and solar radiation intensity at the statistical level of p<0.01, with correlation coefficients with air temperature exceeding 0.787. The segmented prediction models for leaf temperature and substrate temperature, based on environmental factors and weather conditions, had root mean square errors (RMSE) below 1 ℃ and coefficient of determination (R²) above 0.93. The accuracy of the prediction models was higher on rainy days. This study improves the understanding of greenhouse environmental factors and establishes prediction models for leaf and substrate temperatures, providing a theoretical basis for greenhouse environmental control.

With the development of modern agriculture, improving the yield and quality of melon while achieving sustainable planting has become an urgent problem in agricultural production. This study aimed to investigate the effects of microbial fertilizer on soil fertility, melon quality traits, and stress resistance. Different fertilization timings, dosages, and types were set up to measure melon growth traits (plant height, leaf moisture content, fruit moisture content, stem moisture content, chlorophyll content), antioxidant enzyme activities ( CAT, SOD, POD), quality traits (total sugar, reducing sugar, vitamin C, titratable acid, soluble solids content), soil nutrient contents (total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium, boron), and the disease and pest control efficacy. The results showed that the microbial fertilizer significantly(p<0.05) enhanced soil fertility and improved the melon quality. Compared with CK, the soil iron, zinc, calcium, boron, magnesium contents in BL3 treatment (applying 10 bags of bacterial fertilizer per 667 m² in early November) significantly increased and reached the highest level. Total sugar, reducing sugar, vitamin C, and soluble solids content all significantly increased and reached the highest level. BL3 treatment had the best disease and pest control efficacy, and the activities of CAT, POD, and SOD were also the highest. In summary, microbial fertilizer had advantages in soil fertility, quality traits, and stress resistance. This study provides scientific basis and technical support for efficient melon cultivation.

To explore the quality differences of introduced Wuyi rock tea germplasm resources in Guizhou, 19 Wuyi rock tea cultivars from the Yinguishan tea nursery in Meitan County, Guizhou, were taken as the research objects. Their eight functional components and aroma components were determined, and the quality of the rock tea samples was comprehensively evaluated through difference analysis, cluster analysis and principal component analysis. The results showed that the contents of free amino acids, tea polyphenols, caffeine, catechin (C), epicatechin (EC), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) varied significantly among different rock teas, with ranges of 1.26%-2.69%, 8.41%-21.93%, 1.54%-4.04%, 0.07% -0.34%, 0.13%-0.40%, 0.19%-1.64%, 0.22%-0.76% and 0.36%-2.33%, respectively. Principal component analysis results indicated that the two components with the greatest influence on rock tea quality were free amino acids and tea polyphenols. Using a Euclidean distance threshold of 10 for division, the 19 rock tea cultivars could be classified into four categories. Comprehensive scoring showed that Aijiao Wulong had the highest score, followed by Huangqi, with Shuijingui ranking third. The study on aroma components revealed that a total of 117 aroma components were detected in the 19 fresh rock tea cultivars, including alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ketones, acids, olefins, aromatics, alkanes, heterocycles, and others. Among the aroma components, alcohols had the highest content, followed by esters and olefins. Specifically, geraniol content was highest in Aijiao Wulong, linalool content was highest in Shuijingui, and methyl salicylate content was highest in Jinsuoshi. Linalool, geraniol, and methyl salicylate were identified as the key aroma components in the 19 rock tea cultivar. This study provides a scientific basis for the introduction and cultivation, quality evaluation, and product development of Wuyi rock tea in Guizhou, and has positive significance for promoting the sustainable development of the tea industry in Guizhou.

To investigate the impact of frost stress on the quality of frost mulberry leaves, this study systematically investigated the dynamic changes of seven key quality indicators (moisture content, fat content, flavonoids content, total phenols content, fiber content, tannin content and protein content) in mulberry leaves under different frost stress periods (6, 12, 18, and 24 d) using eight mulberry varieties. The results showed that most quality indicators (fat and moisture content) peaked under short-term stress (6 d, 5 ℃). Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant (p<0.05) correlations among these indicators. Based on principal component analysis, five key indicators, fat content, total phenols content, flavonoids content, fiber content, and protein content, were proposed. The comprehensive evaluation revealed that Jingbo mulberry achieved the highest score under 6-day (5 ℃) frost stress, followed by Jing mulberry under 24-day (0 ℃) frost stress. Hanza mulberry, Wubao mulberry, and Fengchi 2 exhibited comparable quality under short-term stress, ranking third, fourth and fifth, respectively. This study provides theoretical support for frost-resistant mulberry breeding and the precise harvesting of frost mulberry leaf.

Nitrogen-doped rice straw biochar activated by sodium bicarbonate was prepared using rice straw as the biomass precursor, with urea and sodium bicarbonate serving as the nitrogen source and chemical activator, respectively. A series of adsorption experiments were conducted to investigate the cadmium ions (Cd²⁺) adsorption in aqueous solutions using the prepared rice straw biochar. The effects of various factors, including solution pH value, biochar addition amount, initial Cd²⁺ mass concentration in solution, temperature, ionic strength and coexisting ions, on the adsorption performance were systematically examined. Additionally, the adsorption mechanism was explored from the kinetic perspective. The results demonstrated that the combined effect of urea doping and sodium bicarbonate activation enhanced Cd²⁺ adsorption. Compared with the conventional rice straw biochar (BC), the biochar prepared with a mixing ratio of 2∶1∶1 for rice straw powder, sodium bicarbonate and urea (marked as BC2-1-1) exhibited a maximum Cd²⁺ adsorption capacity of 45.322 6 mg·g^-1, which was 5.27 times as that of BC. The adsorption of Cd²⁺ by biochar fitted well with the Langmuir isothermal adsorption model, and followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation, indicating a monolayer adsorption mechanism dominated by chemical adsorption. This study provided theoretical basis and technical support for the high-value utilization of rice straw and the remediation of cadmium-contaminated water.

To understand the vertical variation characteristics of mountainous soils located in the transitional zone of the central and northern subtropical zones and with significant differences in terrain elevation, six representative soil profiles were collected at different altitudes in the Qingliangfeng, northwest Zhejiang Province of China. The vertical variation of the genesis characteristics of the mountainous soils was characterized in detail, and the taxonomy of the soils was explored according to the Chinese Soil Taxnomy. The results showed that with the increase of altitude, the effective soil layer thickness became thinner, the soil profile configuration changed from A-B-C to A-C, the soil color changed from 7.5YR to 10YR, the intensity of soil weathering gradually decreased, while content of sand particle and exchangeable aluminum, cation exchange capacity, and iron activity of the soils gradually increased, yet the content of clay, total iron, free iron, and iron free degree gradually decreased. At the same time, the ratio of silt to clay showed a gradual increase. The organic carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus in soil profiles exhibited surface accumulation, with most profiles having a deeper distribution of soil organic carbon. The content of organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus in the surface soils showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with altitude, reaching the highest value around 1 455 m above sea level. The clay minerals in the collected soil profiles were composed of kaolinite, illite, vermiculite, and gibbsite. From low altitude to high altitude, the content of kaolinite gradually decreased, while the content of vermiculite showed an increase followed by a decrease, and the content of illite showed a fluctuating increase. The diagnostic horizons that appeared in the collected soil profiles included cambic horizon, umbric epipedon, ochric epipedon. The diagnostic characteristics in the collected soil profiles included ferric properties, alic phenomenon, humus properties, thermal and mesic soil temperature regimes, and udic and perudic soil moisture regimes. There were two soil orders, namely Cambosols and Primosols. From the foot to the top of the mountain, there were three suborsers: Udic Cambosols, Perudic Cambosols and Orthic Primosols. Research has shown that due to the influence of new tectonic movements, the soil in Qingliangfeng is in a moderate to weak stage of desilication and aluminum enrichment process, and its degree of the desilication and ferrallitization does not match its location in the “Jiangnan Paleoland”.

To reveal the comprehensive characteristics of soil quality and its intrinsic correlation mechanisms in acidified cultivated lands of the red and yellow soil regions in southern China, and to provide a scientific basis for the precise amelioration of acidified soils, this study took 5 470 hm² acidified cultivated land in the core zone of soil amelioration Jinyun County, Zhejiang Province (a key national demonstration county for soil acidification amelioration) as the research object. The current status of soil acidification, soil fertility characteristics, microbial carbon and nitrogen contents, and enzyme activities were systematically analyzed, and their interrelationships were explored. The results showed that soil acidification in Jinyun County was severe. The average soil pH value was 5.6, ranging from 4.1 to 8.3, and 83% of the soil samples were categorized as acidic (4.5≤pH value≤5.5) or slightly acidic (5.5<pH value≤6.5). The average contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in the samples were 31.2 g·kg^-1, 1.76 g·kg^-1, 91 mg·kg^-1 and 156 mg·kg^-1, with their variation ranges being 3.1-60.2 g·kg^-1, 0.20-3.66 g·kg^-1, 0.3-531 mg·kg^-1 and 20-840 mg·kg^-1, respectively. The microbial activity of the soil samples was relatively low: the substrate-induced respiration rate ranged from 0.10 to 0.47 mg·kg^-1·h^-1, the microbial biomass carbon content varied from 180.30 to 357.84 mg·kg^-1, and the microbial biomass nitrogen content ranged from 4.50 to 26.72 mg·kg^-1. The maximum activity of nitrate reductase (20 μg·g^-1·d^-1) was 10 times of the minimum value, and the difference between the peak (305 μmol·g^-1·d^-1) and trough values of urease activity reached 6.8 times. Correlation analysis indicated that soil urease activity was positively correlated with soil pH value at the p<0.05 level. Soil pH value was negatively correlated with soil organic matter content and total nitrogen content at the p<0.01 level, and positively correlated with available potassium content at the p<0.05 level. This study uncovered the synergistic evolution pattern of soil acidification, fertility and microorganisms, which can provide theoretical support for the comprehensive management of acidified cultivated lands in the red and yellow soil regions of southern China.

Changes in soil microbial communities are one of the main factors affecting continuous cropping obstacles. This study, focusing on the protected tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivation area in Changxing County, used Illumina MiSeq technology to investigate the effects of different cropping systems—rice-tomato rotation (D treatment), continuous tomato cropping with microbial agent application (M treatment), and continuous tomato cropping (N treatment) on the rhizosphere soil microbial community. The results showed that compared with the N treatment, both D and M treatments altered the rhizosphere soil microbial community structure, but did not significantly affect microbial richness or diversity. The microbial community structures in the rhizosphere soil of tomatoes under D, M, and N treatments were similar, but significant differences existed in relative abundances at the phylum and genus levels. Differences in relative abundance at the phylum level mainly occurred between D and M treatments and between D and N treatments, whereas the bacterial community composition and abundance were relatively similar between M and N treatments. Differences in relative abundance at the genus level primarily appeared between D and M treatments, with some differences also observed between D and N treatments. Both D and M treatments significantly reduced soil organic matter, total nitrogen, and available phosphorus contents. The D treatment decreased exchangeable calcium content and increased exchangeable magnesium content, while the M treatment significantly reduced both exchangeable calcium and exchangeable magnesium contents. Soil nutrients had a greater influence on bacterial community structure than on fungal community structure. In conclusion, rice-tomato rotation is the primary factor influencing the rhizosphere soil microbial community structure in tomatoes, while microbial agent application has a certain effect on the fungal community structure. These measures contribute to alleviating soil salinization and continuous cropping obstacles in tomato cultivation.

To investigate the freshness-keeping effect of slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) and ε-poly-L-lysine hydrochloride (ε-PLH) on fresh lily bulb petals, fresh lily bulbs were manually segmented into petals and randomly divided into a control group (CK, sterile distilled water immersion) and a combined treatment group (MIX, 30 mg·L^-1 SAEW immersion for 10 minutes followed by 0.2% ε-PLH immersion for 10 minutes) in this study. And the physicochemical parameters of lily bulb segments during storage at 4 ℃ were measured. The results showed that the MIX treatment significantly (p<0.05) reduced weight loss,increased the whiteness and soluble solids content, and effectively inhibited malondialdehyde accumulation. Additionally, the MIX group significantly enhanced DPPH radical scavenging activity, suppressed polyphenol oxidase activity, and delayed the degradation of ascorbic acid in the petals. In conclusion, the combined SAEW and ε-PLH treatment efficiently delayed the quality deterioration of fresh lily bulb petals, providing a technical reference for the green preservation of fresh-cut vegetables.

In this study, quail eggs were taken as the research object, and the pulsed vacuum marination technology was used. The optimal parameters were optimized based on single factor experiments and response surface methodology, and the effects of different marination on the quality characteristics of marinated quail eggs were compared. The results showed that the sensory score, elasticity and protein content of marinated quail eggs were significantly (p<0.05) affected by marinating temperature, marinating time, pulse times and marinade salinity. The results of response surface methodology showed that the optimal parameters for pulsed vacuum marination of quail eggs were as follows: marinating temperature of 82 ℃, marinating time of 124 min, pulse times of 4, marinade salinity of 3.3%. Under these conditions, the sensory score of the marinated quail egg was 88.37, and the elasticity was 0.89. Compared with other marination technologies, pulsed vacuum marination could effectively enhance the salinity, protein content and texture characteristics of marinated quail eggs from elasticity, hardness and chewiness.

To address the challenges of high energy consumption, delayed response in multi-energy coordinated control, and poor alignment between energy supply and crop growth demand in multi-span greenhouses in northern China, this study takes an 11 000 m² Venlo-type multi-span greenhouse in Beijing as the research object. An integrated multi-energy complementary energy-saving system (IMCES) based on a photovoltaic-water source heat pump-phase change energy storage wall configuration and a “cloud-edge-device” distributed architecture are constructed. Through customized control algorithms for agricultural scenarios, an energy-environment-crop coupling model, and dynamic coordinated scheduling strategies, precise matching among energy production, storage, consumption, and crop growth demand is achieved. Full-year measurement results in 2024 show that the multi-energy coordinated response time of the system does not exceed 15 s, which is 87.5% shorter than that of traditional centralized control. Annual electricity savings amount to 32.45×10⁴ kW·h, with a comprehensive energy saving rate of 31.9%. The photovoltaic subsystem generates 147.84×10⁴ kW·h annually, meeting 97.3% of the greenhouse’s electricity demand, and the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) transmittance exceeds 85%. The single-season yields of tomato and lettuce were 78.5 t·hm^-2 and 32.8 t·hm^-2, respectively, showing no significant difference from those under traditional planting modes. The average coefficient of performance (COP) for heating and energy efficiency ratio (EER) for cooling of the water source heat pump were 4.2 and 5.0, respectively. The phase change energy storage wall reduces air conditioning load by 10.2%. The system reduces carbon emissions by approximately 1 415 t CO₂ annually. This study provides a replicable and scalable low-carbon and energy-saving technical solution for multi-span greenhouses. The core innovations include the customized distributed control optimization for agricultural scenarios and the coupling mechanism between the multi-energy system and crop growth demand, offering theoretical support and a technical paradigm for the green and low-carbon transformation of facility agriculture.

Barley malt, as the core raw material in beer brewing, directly determines beer quality. In this review, the composition of malt quality traits was systematically summarized, including malting extract yield, diastatic power, Kolbach index, α-amino nitrogen content, and wort viscosity, complex interactions among these traits were revealed, and critical impact factors affecting malt quality were analyzed. Moreover, effective strategies for malt quality improvement were further discussed. In genetic improvement, recent advances in the mapping and cloning of quantitative trait loci (QTL)/genes associated with malt quality traits were reviewed. Integration of multi-omics technologies and intelligent breeding strategies was proposed. Through decoding molecular networks underlying quality formation, stress-tolerant and quality-stable barley varieties could be directionally cultivated, thereby improving the yield and quality of barley in China and reducing dependence on imported malting barley.

Traditional hyperspectral imaging technology has been widely used in the nondestructive detection of crops in recent years. However, laboratory conditions can not fully simulate the field environment in which crops grow, leading to poor extrapolation performance of models. In contrast, in-situ sensing based on hyperspectral imaging technology directly collects spectral information from crops in the field without damaging samples, thereby preserving their state in real environments. This approach yields data that aligns more closely with actual agricultural production scenarios, enabling the development of more practical predictive models. Consequently, hyperspectral imaging technology holds great potential for in-situ sensing of crop quality and safety. This review briefly introduces the fundamental principles and processes of in-situ sensing based on hyperspectral imaging technology, focusing on its research progress in crop quality and safety. It further summarizes major challenges such as insufficient model generalization, difficulties in field deployment, and substantial environmental interference. Future research directions are discussed from the perspectives of hardware advancement, algorithmic innovation, and technological integration, aiming to support continued progress in this field.

Root-knot nematode is one of the most harmful plant pests. At present, chemical nematicides remain the predominant methods for controlling root-knot nematodes. However, due to challenges such as inadequate environmental compatibility, potential harm to non-target organisms, and the development of drug resistance, chemical nematicides can no longer meet the demands of modern agricultural and forestry production development. Extracting natural products with nematicidal activity from plants for the prevention and control of root-knot nematodes is a new strategy that conforms to the green prevention and control of crop diseases and pests. This article reviewed plant resources with nematode-killing effects, their active ingredients and their extraction methods, and discussed the physiological mechanisms and related evaluation methods of plant extracts in suppressing and killing root-knot nematodes. Meanwhile, in light of the existing problems, the following suggestions were put forward: expand the scope of screening and development of plant extracts, enhance the understanding of the active ingredients and mechanisms of plant extracts, improve and optimize the extraction methods of effective ingredients, and further promote the practical application of plant-derived nematicidal pesticides, so as to provide a scientific basis for the development of plant-derived nematicides and promote the sustainable development of agricultural ecosystem.