Saline-alkali land is occasionally accompanied by heavy metal pollution. Studying plant growth and physiological responses to combined salt and cadmium stress and identifying their common tolerance genes and regulatory pathways are of great significance for the genetic improvement of crop stress resistance. In this study, 50 soybean cultivars and wild soybean accessions were used as materials. They were cultivated under salt stress (200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl), cadmium stress (0.3 mmol·L^-1 CdCl₂), and normal conditions, respectively. Six indexes, including germination rate, plant height, root length, root-shoot ratio, and fresh weights of the aboveground and underground parts, were measured. Key tolerance indicators were screened through principal component analysis. The wild soybean accession W-3-12-90, which exhibited the strongest tolerance, was used to construct a full-length cDNA yeast expression library. Combined with the Full-length cDNA Over-expressor (FOX) gene hunting system and second-generation sequencing, genes related to co-tolerance to salt and cadmium were identified. Principal component analysis revealed that plant height, root length, aboveground fresh weight, and germination rate were the four key indexes for evaluating soybean tolerance to salt and cadmium. The wild soybean accession W-3-12-90 demonstrated the strongest tolerance under salt and cadmium stress. Using this material, a total of 109 common responsive genes to salt and cadmium were identified. Subcellular localization prediction showed that 39 of these genes encoded extracellular proteins, which respond rapidly and account for a high proportion. Proteins encoded by another 51 genes were distributed in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane, and were primarily involved in pathways related to protein metabolism, cellular signal transduction, defense and stress responses, and oxidoreductase activity. Gene expression analysis indicated that six candidate co-tolerance genes were significantly upregulated under both salt and cadmium stress. In summary, genes responding to salt and cadmium stress in plants primarily function by encoding extracellular proteins and coordinately regulate plant tolerance through interactions of these proteins with the plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm. This study provides new insights for elucidating the molecular mechanism of soybean tolerance to salt and cadmium, and provides gene resources and theoretical basis for breeding new salt- and cadmium-tolerant germplasms.

Amylose content (AC) is a key determinant of rice eating and cooking quality, primarily controlled by the Waxy gene (Wx). Based on association analysis results, two guide RNAs for the CRISPR/Cas9 system were designed to target exons 3 and 4 of the Wx gene. The cultivar Jiahexiang 1 was selected for genome editing. Four T₂ generation homozygous mutant lines with biallelic edits were obtained, as confirmed by PCR and Sanger sequencing, all exhibiting a waxy phenotype. The amylose content in these homozygous lines significantly decreased from 16.9% to 0.83%-1.23%, reaching glutinous rice levels. This study demonstrated that CRISPR/Cas9 is an efficient system for creating fragrant glutinous rice germplasm resources.

To investigate the genetic basis and phylogenetic relationships of maize landraces in Zhejiang Province, this study utilized 40 pairs of simple sequence repeat(SSR) primers to conduct genetic diversity analysis on 259 maize landraces from Zhejiang. The results showed that a total of 399 allele variations were detected by the 40 pairs of SSR markers, with the number of alleles detected per primer ranging from 4 to 22, with an average of 9.975. The effective allele number ranged from 0.818 5 to 1.000 0, with an average of 0.982 2. The gene diversity index ranged from 0.303 6 to 0.903 3, with an average of 0.717 1. The marker polymorphism information content ranged from 0.289 0 to 0.895 4, with an average of 0.686 8. The Shannon index ranged from 0.655 to 2.527, with an average of 1.615. UPGMA clustering analysis classified the 259 maize landraces into three groups. Group I consisted of 72 germplasm, accounting for 27.8%; Group Ⅱ consisted of 72 germplasm, also accounting for 27.8%; Group Ⅲ consisted of 115 germplasm, accounting for 44.4%. Principal component analysis revealed that individuals within each group were closely related, while there was a large distance between groups with no overlap, further confirming the reliability of the clustering analysis. The findings indicated that during the breeding process, maize landraces in Zhejiang Province have formed relatively independent and dominant groups, with rich genetic diversity, which laid a foundation for the exploration of superior genes, creation of excellent germplasm, and the development of new varieties.

The GRAS gene family plays an essential regulatory role in plant growth, development, and stress responses, but no relevant reports have been published on its function in the reproductive development of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa). Based on the latest quinoa genome data, this study systematically identified and analyzed the quinoa GRAS family (CqGRAS) members, focusing on their gene structures, promoter cis-acting elements, as well as their expression patterns and regulatory mechanisms during vegetative and reproductive growth stages. Additionally, a comparative analysis was conducted between the CqGRAS members and the GRAS genes of Arabidopsis thaliana and the diploid ancestral species of quinoa, Chenopodium watsonii(A genome) and Chenopodium suecicum(B genome). A total of 51 CqGRAS genes were identified. These genes generally contained few introns and exhibited high homology with the GRAS genes of Arabidopsis and the diploid Chenopodium species. Promoter analysis revealed that these genes were enriched with cis-acting elements responsive to plant hormones (such as gibberellin, abscisic acid, ethylene, and jasmonic acid), growth and development, as well as stress signals. Phylogenetic analysis classified the CqGRAS family into 10 subfamilies, among which HAM (CqHAM01), PAT1 (CqPAT1-06/07/08), DELLA (CqDELLA01/02), DLT (CqDLT01/02), and SHR (CqSHR05/06) showed relatively high expression levels in inflorescences and developing seeds. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) suggested that these CqGRAS genes associated with reproductive development might regulate the growth and development of quinoa flowers and seeds by integrating light signaling and hormone signaling pathways. This study provided novel insights into the role of the GRAS family in quinoa reproductive development and laid the foundation for further elucidation of its molecular mechanisms and breeding applications.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play a significant role in regulating plant cadmium (Cd) tolerance, but the molecular mechanisms underlying their effects on tomato growth and Cd accumulation remain unclear. To investigate the mechanisms by which AMF inoculation enhances tomato Cd tolerance, a sand culture experiment was conducted to study the effects of inoculating Rhizophagus irregularis (Ri) under 100 μmol·L^-1 Cd stress on tomato growth, Cd content, antioxidant enzyme activities, root cell ultrastructure, and gene expression. The enrichment characteristics of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed through GO (Gene Ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) analyses. The results showed that Cd stress inhibited tomato growth, significantly reduced root peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, and caused severe damage to cell ultrastructure. Compared with non-inoculated Ri treatment, under Cd stress, Ri inoculation significantly increased tomato aboveground biomass by 27%, significantly reduced root and shoot Cd content by 40% and 38%, respectively, significantly enhanced root ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and SOD activities by 45.27% and 46.35%, respectively, and alleviated cell ultrastructure damage. GO enrichment analysis revealed that DEGs from both comparison groups (control vs. Cd treatment alone and Cd treatment alone vs. Cd+Ri co-treatment) were significantly enriched in three branches: biological processes (metabolism, stress response, etc.), cellular components (membrane, organelles, etc.), and molecular functions (catalysis, transport, antioxidant activity, etc.). Cd+Ri co-treatment group involved a greater number of DEGs across all branches. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that DEGs from the control vs. Cd treatment alone comparison were significantly enriched in 110 metabolic pathways, while DEGs from the Cd treatment alone vs. Cd+Ri co-treatment comparison were significantly enriched in 118 metabolic pathways, primarily including key pathways such as phenylalanine metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction, and ABC transporters. Heatmap analysis showed that the specific high expression of genes containing LysM domains (upregulated 14-fold), PDR genes (upregulated 12.6-fold), and multiple kinase genes (upregulated>9-fold) were important molecular features of AMF-mediated heavy metal detoxification. This study suggests that Ri might enhance tomato physiological adaptation to Cd stress, thereby promoting growth and improving stress resistance, by coordinately regulating multiple key pathways such as phenylalanine metabolism, ABC transporters, plant hormone signal transduction, and defense responses, thereby constructing a systematic heavy metal stress response network. The findings provided a theoretical basis and candidate gene resources for the technical application of AMF in reducing Cd accumulation in crops.

To investigate the role of the chromoplast-associated carotenoid-binding protein (CHRC) gene in the fibrillin (FBN) family of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) in response to high-temperature stress, electrolyte leakage rate, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, antioxidant enzyme activities, ascorbic acid content, and the expression of heat-responsive genes were compared among flowers of wild-type tomato Micro Tom, SlCHRC gene-edited lines, and SlCHRC overexpression lines under high-temperature stress. The results showed that, compared with wild-type plants, under high-temperature stress, SlCHRC gene-edited lines exhibited a significant decrease in electrolyte leakage rate and MDA content, while the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), as well as ascorbic acid content, were significantly increased. Transcriptional levels of heat-responsive genes SlsHSP, SlHsfA2, SlHSP20, SlHSP70, and SlHSP90 were also significantly increased. In contrast, SlCHRC overexpression lines showed significantly reduced thermotolerance compared with wild-type plants. These results indicate that the tomato SlCHRC gene may be involved in regulating the response to high-temperature stress.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) coated with polysaccharides have been applied in disease control, crop pest management, and seed treatment. Chitooligosaccharide (COS), a natural polysaccharide, is recognized as a natural plant immune modulator. Additionally, COS has been utilized as a stabilizer for AgNPs. This study investigated the synthesis and antifungal activity of chitooligosaccharide-nano silver (COS-AgNPs), as well as their effects on safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed germination and seedling growth when used as a seed treatment agent. The results showed that a characteristic absorption peak at 431 nm was observed after the reaction between COS and silver nitrate, and the product exhibited infrared spectral characteristic peaks similar to those of COS, confirming the successful synthesis of COS-AgNPs. The average particle size of COS-AgNPs was 86 nm, and they possessed a typical face-centered cubic (FCC) structure. In vitro antifungal tests demonstrated that COS-AgNPs exerted inhibitory effects on the growth of Fusarium equiseti, Fusarium solani, and Mucor piriformis. When the mass concentration of COS-AgNPs was 100 μg·mL^-1, the maximum inhibition rates against these three pathogenic fungi all exceeded 73%. Treatment with 12.5 μg·mL^-1 COS-AgNPs could promote the germination of safflower seeds. Furthermore, treatment with an appropriate mass concentration of COS-AgNPs could increase the plant height, root length, number of lateral roots, and fresh weight of safflower seedlings, thereby promoting the growth of safflower seedlings.

In the present study, Codonopsis pilosula was selected as the test material. Different application rates of chemical fertilizers combined with γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) were set up as treatments, and the changes in growth indicators of C. pilosula, soil physicochemical properties, and microbial communities were determined, to explore the effects of combined application of γ-PGA and chemical fertilizers on the growth of C. pilosula and its potential mechanism. The results showed that compared with the control (CK) without chemical fertilizers and γ-PGA, the T1 treatment with only γ-PGA application had no significant differences in plant height, root diameter, root length, and root dry weight of C. pilosula. However, after the combined application of γ-PGA and chemical fertilizers, the root dry weight and root-shoot ratio of C. pilosula increased significantly (p<0.05) than those of the T1 treatment by 4.10%-21.92% and 2.45%-17.48%, respectively. The combined application of γ-PGA and an appropriate amount of chemical fertilizers significantly increased the contents of ammonium nitrogen, available potassium, and available phosphorus in the soil, but decreased the soil pH value. Regarding soil microorganisms, the combined application of γ-PGA and an appropriate amount of chemical fertilizers significantly increased the quantities of ammonifiers and aerobic azotobacter in the soil, enhancing the mineralization capacity of organic nitrogen and nitrogen-fixing capacity in soil. In conclusion, the combined application of γ-PGA and an appropriate amount of chemical fertilizers could promote the growth of C. pilosula by improving soil physicochemical properties, promoting the growth of beneficial microorganisms, and optimizing the rhizosphere soil microecological environment.

Bactrocera tau is a crucial quarantine pest. To clarify the biocontrol potential of the strain ZN-S21, which was isolated from the field, against B. tau, this study first identified the taxonomic status of strain ZN-S21 through morphological observations and multi-gene phylogenetic tree analysis. Subsequently, the cultural characteristics of strain ZN-S21 were systematically investigated, and its insecticidal activity against the 3rd instar larvae of B. tau under different environmental conditions was determined in the laboratory. The results showed that strain ZN-S21 was identified as Cordyceps javanica. When cultured on potato sucrose agar (PSA) medium, this strain exhibited a relatively fast colony growth rate and a high sporulation quantity under the conditions of 30 ℃ and pH value of 5.0. Additionally, the optimal conditions for the laboratory-based biocontrol of B. tau by C. javanica strain ZN-S21 were determined as follows: temperature of 30 ℃, spore concentration of 1×10⁸ mL^-1, soil relative water content of 90%, and soil pH value of 7.0. In conclusion, C. javanica strain ZN-S21 demonstrates strong insecticidal activity against the 3rd instar larvae of B. tau, thereby holding great potential for application in the population control of B. tau.

In order to identify the pathogenic fungus of hydrangea leaf spot disease and its biological characteristics, and explore suitable control methods, tissue isolation was conducted on leaf spot samples of hydrangea cultivar Mme E Mouilliere, and the pathogenic fungus was purified, and verified based on Koch’s rule. Phylogenetic tree analysis was constructed using multi-gene sequences (ITS, LSU, TEF1) to identify the pathogenic fungus. Meanwhile, the mycelial growth rate method was adopted to investigate the effects of temperature, culture media, pH value, carbon source, nitrogen source, and photoperiod on the mycelial growth of the pathogenic fungus, and its lethal temperature was determined. Additionally, the inhibitory effects of 7 chemical fungicides on the fungus were tested. The results showed that the pathogenic fungus causing hydrangea leaf spot disease was identified as Amanita shennongjiana. Its mycelia grew well under the following conditions: temperature of 25 ℃, potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium, pH value of 5, and 12 h light/12 h dark alternation daily. Its optimal carbon source was sucrose, with a preference for nitrogen-free conditions. The lethal temperature of the fungus was 65 ℃ for 10 minutes. Under laboratory conditions, 80% ethylicin and 80% Bordeaux mixture exhibited better inhibitory effects on the fungus, with their median effective concentrations (EC₅₀) being 1.948 9 mg·L^-1 and 1.591 8 mg·L^-1, respectively. This study is the first report of hydrangea leaf spot disease caused by Amanita shennongjiana in China.

To investigate the effects of green manure returning to the field on soil inorganic phosphorus (P) fractions and P uptake by wheat, a split-plot field experiment was conducted. The main plots were assigned to two chemical fertilizer application regimes: no chemical fertilizer (N0) and chemical fertilizer application with 157.5 kg·hm^-2 N and 78.75 kg·hm^-2 P₂O₅ (N1). The subplots were subjected to three green manure management practices: no green manure (G0), returning of the root stubble of green manure to the field (G1), and green manure incorporation (G2). Following wheat harvest in July 2024, the content of soil total P, available P, and various inorganic P fractions was determined, as well as soil phosphatase activities, wheat grain yield, and P accumulation in different parts of wheat. It was shown that returning the green manure to the field could enhance soil inorganic P content. Compared with the N1G0 treatment, the total soil inorganic P content in the N1G1 and N1G2 treatments increased significantly (p<0.05) by 16.4% and 18.9%, respectively. In comparison with the N0G0 treatment, the total soil inorganic P content in the N0G1 and N0G2 treatments was significantly elevated by 39.6% and 21.5%, respectively. Compared with the N1G0 treatment, the N1G2 treatment resulted in significant increases in the contents of dicalcium phosphate (Ca₂-P), octacalcium phosphate (Ca₈-P), apatite (Ca₁₀-P), aluminum-bound P (Al-P), and occluded P (O-P) by 25.6%, 48.8%, 11.9%, 16.3%, and 19.3%, respectively. Compared with the N1G0 treatment, the N1G1 treatment significantly increased the contents of Ca₈-P, Ca₁₀-P and O-P by 53.3%, 10.6% and 19.5%, respectively. With chemical fertilizer application, green manure returning to the field significantly improved the activities of soil neutral and acid phosphatases. Compared with the N1G0 treatment, the neutral phosphatase activity in N1G1 and N1G2 increased by 3.3% and 4.5%, respectively, while the acid phosphatase activity was enhanced by 19.3% and 31.2%, respectively. Without chemical fertilizer application, the N0G2 treatment significantly increased the activities of soil alkaline, neutral, and acid phosphatases by 21.7%, 6.0%, and 50.8%, respectively, as compared with the N0G0 treatment. Additionally, the N0G1 treatment led to a significant 12.0% increase in acid phosphatase activity compared with the N0G0 treatment. Green manure returning to the field also exerted a significant positive effect on wheat yield. Compared with the N1G0 treatment, the wheat yield in N1G1 and N1G2 increased by 5.8% and 8.7%, respectively. In contrast to N0G0, the wheat yield in N0G1 and N0G2 was elevated by 83.0% and 84.3%, respectively. Furthermore, appropriate treatments with green manure returning to the field facilitated P accumulation in different parts of wheat at both the flowering and maturity stages. In conclusion, green manure returning to the field promoted wheat P uptake by optimizing soil inorganic P fractions and enhancing soil phosphatase activity, thereby achieving the synergistic improvement of wheat yield and P uptake. Under the experimental conditions, green manure incorporration with chemical fertilizer application was the optimal choice for improving soil P availability and promoting wheat growth in Qinghai.

To solve the problems of nutrient loss and soil degradation caused by excessive application of chemical fertilizer in water bamboo (Zizania latifolia) fields, the effect of biogas slurry application with chemical fertilizer reduction on water bamboo production was explored. There were six treatments in this experiment, including blank control (CK, no fertilizer was applied), control (NPK, conventional fertilization), and test treatments (biogas slurry instead of 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% equivalent nitrogen fertilizer, denoted as 25%NP₁K₁Z₁, 50%NP₂K₂Z₂, 75%NP₃K₃Z₃, 100%NP₄K₄Z₄, respectively). The effects of these treatments were monitored on water bamboo yield and quality, soil basic physical and chemical properties, soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity. It was shown that there was no significant difference in water bamboo yield among treatments excluding CK. Compared with NPK treatment, the content of crude protein and vitamin C of water bamboo was significantly (p<0.05) increased under the treatments of 75%NP₃K₃Z₃ and 100%NP₄K₄Z₄, while the nitrate content of water bamboo was significantly decreased. Besides, the content of soil available phosphorus, available potassium, microbial biomass carbon and microbial biomass nitrogen and the activities of soil sucrase, urease and catalase under these two treatments were also significantly higher than those under NPK treatment. In conclusion, 75%NP₃K₃Z₃ treatment was the most suitable treatment under the test condition, as it not only improved the quality of water bamboo without yield reduction, but also improved soil properties, which achieved the goal of reducing chemical fertilizer application and increasing utilization efficiency of biogas slurry.

To investigate the effects of different new-type fertilizers on soil nutrients, soil microbial community, and crop yield in the typical ancient course area of Yellow River, a field location experiment was conducted in this study. Four treatments were set up, including CK (conventional fertilization), NM (additional application of nitrogen fertilizer at 187.5 kg·hm^-2 and microbial agent at 30 kg·hm^-2), F (application of bio-organic fertilizer at 6 000 kg·hm^-2), and FE (application of bio-organic fertilizer at 6 000 kg·hm^-2+soil enzyme preparation at 15 kg·hm^-2). After crop harvest, indicators such as soil physicochemical properties, soil enzyme activities, and crop yield were determined, and 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the composition of the soil bacterial community. The results showed that, compared with CK: the contents of soil organic matter and available phosphorus under the F and FE treatments increased significantly (p<0.05) by 16.90%-22.17% and 78.39%-207.70%, respectively; in contrast, the contents of soil organic matter and available phosphorus under the NM treatment decreased significantly by 22.64% and 24.91%, respectively. The soil pH values under the NM, F, and FE treatments all decreased significantly by 1.55%-2.46%. The activities of soil β-glucosidase and β-D-cellobiohydrolase under the NM treatment increased significantly by 56.42% and 139.26%, respectively; however, the activities of α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, and acid phosphatase under the F and FE treatments decreased significantly by 73.50%-78.42%, 33.15%-36.72%, and 23.72%-28.64%, respectively. In terms of soil bacterial community richness, the NM treatment showed a significant decrease compared with CK, while the F treatment showed a significant increase compared with CK. At the phylum level, compared with CK: under the F treatment, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria decreased from 33.3% to 27.8%, the relative abundance of Chloroflexi increased from 19.3% to 22.3%, and the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes increased from 7.3% to 9.2%; under the FE treatment, the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes increased from 7.3% to 8.4%. Compared with CK, all treatments could increase the yield of rice and wheat. Among them, the FE treatment had the largest yield increase and showed obvious advantages in improving yield components such as 1 000-grain weight.

To establish a simultaneous determination method for 16 anesthetic residues in fish muscle, a detection method for caine-type, benzodiazepines, and phenothiazine anesthetics in fish muscle was developed based on a QuEChERS pretreatment technique using magnetic nanomaterials as clean-up adsorbents, combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The effects of extraction solvent type, the dosage of magnetic nanomaterial Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@DVB-NVP(polyvinylphenylpyrrolidone, Fe₃O₄-PLS) and N-propylethylenediamine(PSA) on the recovery rate of the target substance were optimized. It was determined that 0.5%(volume fraction) acetic acid in acetonitrile was used as the extractant, sodium chloride (NaCl) and anhydrous magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄) were used as the salting out and water removal materials, and 20 mg Fe₃O₄-PLS and 10 mg PSA were used as the purification and adsorption materials. In the positive ion electrospray mode, the Luna Omega C₁₈ chromatographic column(100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.6 μm) was used for separation and quantification by the external standard method. The results showed that the 16 anesthetics had good linearity within the range of 0.5 to 200 μg·kg^-1, with correlation coefficient(r) ≥ 0.996, and the limit of detection(LOD) of the instrument was 0.08-0.57 μg·L^-1. At the addition levels of 1, 10, and 100 μg·kg^-1, the average spiked recovery rates of the 16 anesthetics ranged from 72.4% to 110.8%, with intra-day relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.4%-7.7%. In the analysis of real samples, the detection rates for tricaine and benzocaine were 26.1% and 39.1%, respectively, with detected mass fraction ranges of 2.07-6.34 μg·kg^-1 and 1.44-2.87 μg·kg^-1, respectively. This method has good practicability and can provide reference for the high-throughput residue analysis of the 16 kinds of anesthetics in fish muscle.

To achieve efficient radish production based on the integration of agricultural machinery and agronomy in the Liupan Mountain area of Ningxia, this study took Chunguan Qingcui No. 2 as the test material, with different powder ridge depths (20, 30, 40 cm), sowing methods(traditional manual sowing, seed rope sowing, and air suction sowing), and sowing depths (1.5, 2.0, 2.5 cm) as experimental factors. A three-factor, three-level quadratic regression orthogonal experiment was designed to analyze the effects of different factors on the comprehensive index of soil environment, radish germination rate and yield. The results showed that among all factors, sowing depth had a significant effect at p<0.01 level on both the comprehensive index of soil environment and radish yield, sowing method exerted a significant effect at p<0.01 level on the comprehensive index of soil environment, and yield and germination rate of radish, powder ridge depth had a significant effect at p<0.01 level on the germination rate of radish. The interaction between powder ridge depth and sowing depth, as well as the interaction between powder ridge depth and sowing method, had significant effects at p<0.05 level on the comprehensive index of soil environment, yield, and germination rate of radish. However, the interaction between sowing depth and sowing method had no significant effect on these indicators. Through comprehensive analysis, the optimal parameter combination was determined as follows: powder ridge depth of 30 cm, seed rope sowing, and sowing depth of 2.0 cm. Under this combination, the comprehensive index of soil environment was 14.91, the germination rate of radish was 92.13%, and the yield of radish was 81.15 t·hm^-2. The results of this study can provide a reference for improving local radish yield and promoting the standardized, mechanized, and efficient development of the radish industry.

To address high header loss rate in rapeseed combine harvesting, a pneumatic recovery device was designed using a “bidirectional air intake-centralized middle air supply” method. The device mainly comprises fan, transmission system, air supply unit, header, and splash guards. A stable air curtain generated by the air supply unit directionally recovers the shattered pods and dropped seeds on the header via airflow, enabling low-loss harvesting. The internal flow field of the air ducts was simulated and optimized with Fluent. Using the inner diameters of the main duct left/right inlets, the airflow reducer end, and the airflow branch duct outlet as the test factors, and the outlet wind velocity non-uniformity as the evaluation index, a ternary quadratic regression orthogonal simulation test was conducted. Results showed that the order of primary-to-secondary factors affecting outlet wind velocity non-uniformity was: inner diameter of airflow branch duct outlet, inner diameter of airflow reducer end, and inner diameter of main duct left/right inlet. The optimal duct parameters were: main duct left/right inlets inner diameter 63 mm, reducer end inner diameter 56 mm, and branch duct outlet inner diameter 14 mm. A bench test with fan speed, horizontal distance, and inclination angle as factors indicated optimal seed recovery at 3 000 r·min^-1, 350.5 mm, and 76.8°. A prototype low-loss rapeseed combine harvester was developed by adding a mechanical transmission driven by the existing threshing power to operate this pneumatic recovery device. The device achieved an outlet wind velocity non-uniformity of 1.19%, indicating good airflow stability. Field tests showed a header loss rate of 2.75%, which was 1.3 percentage points lower than that without the pneumatic recovery device, achieving effective low-loss combine harvesting.

With the acceleration of agricultural modernization, traditional manual picking methods can no longer meet market demands. The development of mechanized picking has become an inevitable trend in the modernization of orchard agriculture in China. The research and development of orchard picking machinery are of great significance for improving picking efficiency and reducing picking costs. This paper systematically elaborated on the importance of mechanized orchard picking, analyzed the classification and characteristics of orchard picking machinery, and reviewed the development history, current status, and features of semi-mechanized assisted picking equipment and fully mechanized picking robots both domestically and internationally. At the same time, against the backdrop of China’s main fruit tree planting patterns, fruit varieties, and cultivation areas, it pointed out some challenges and constraints currently facing orchard picking machinery. Finally, the paper provided an outlook on future development trends, aiming to offer reference for the improvement and advancement of orchard picking machinery in China.