To explore the quality characteristics of biochemical components in natural hybrid progenies derived from several local landraces and tea cultivar Huangjinya, and to supply theoretical references for future novel tea cultivar breeding, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was adopted to quantify 28 biochemical components across 35 tea accessions conserved in the germplasm nursery of Guizhou Tea Research Institute. Multiple statistical approaches including genetic diversity analysis, correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were integrated to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of all tested accessions. The results revealed that the average coefficient of variation (CV) of the 28 biochemical components reached 43.04%. Cysteine (Cys) content exhibited the maximum CV of 117.40%, while caffeine (CAF) content showed the minimum CV of 14.55%. The mean value of the genetic diversity index was 1.81; phenylalanine (Phe) content possessed the highest index value of 2.09, and gallocatechin gallate (GCG) content had the lowest value of 0.66. Overall, amino acid components presented relatively high genetic diversity indexes. Seven principal components were extracted via PCA, accounting for a cumulative variance contribution rate of 78.451%. Total catechins (TC), arginine (Arg), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), glutamic acid (Glu), epicatechin gallate (ECG) and theanine (The) contents were identified as the core evaluation indicators. All tested accessions were divided into 4 groups by cluster analysis. Group Ⅳ, characterized by high amino acid contents as well as low alkaloid and catechin levels, obtained the optimal comprehensive score and possessed excellent suitability for manufacturing premium green tea. Based on the integrated evaluation results, 9 elite accessions represented by GT-AS-70 and GT-AS-83 were screened for developing green tea-specific cultivars.

Production records of 1 072 backcross binary sows from a breeding farm in Guizhou Province were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and correlation regression to evaluate the effects of backfat caliper score at day 110 of gestation and parities on reproductive performance of sows. The practical utility of the caliper scoring system in sow production management was further evaluated. The results showed that: 1) Parity significantly (p<0.05) influenced the reproductive performance of backcross binary sows, with optimal performance observed in parities 1-4 and marked declines after parity 7. 2) In primiparous sows, the group of caliper score ≤17 demonstrated the highest total number of born, number of born alive, and number of healthy born. This group also had significantly greater litter birth weight and weaning weight of piglets than the >22 group. Both the (17, 20) and [20, 22] groups exhibited significantly higher average piglet birth weight compared with the other groups. Additionally, their litter birth weight and piglet weaning weight were also significantly greater than those observed in the >22 group. For multiparous sows, the group of caliper score ≤17 had the highest reproductive performance, followed by the (17, 20) group. 3) Extremely significantly (p<0.01) negative correlations were observed between backfat caliper scores and litter birth weight, birth weight, and weaning weight of the piglets in primiparous sows, with optimal reproductive performance achieved at scores of 19-21. Whereas, the number of born alive and litter birth weight of piglets were significantly negatively correlated with the caliper score of multiparous sows, and the scores were better at 18-20 points. In conclusion, the reproductive performance of backcross binary sows is optimal during parities 1-4, and culling is recommended after parity 7; the backfat caliper score for primiparous sows should be maintained within 19-21, while that for multiparous sows should be kept at 18-20.

To investigate the effect of probiotic fermented feed on the nursery performance of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei, four experimental groups were established, fed with KB (basic feed), RS (feed fermented by Lactobacillus acidophilus), YB (feed fermented by Bacillus subtilis), and YR (feed fermented by compound probiotics), respectively. Juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei with uniform size (0.41±0.01)g were selected for a 32-day nursery test to evaluate the growth performance of the juvenile shrimp, and microbial composition in the aquaculture water and shrimp intestines. The results showed that the fermented feed groups significantly(p<0.05) increased the survival rate of the juvenile shrimp, and significantly (p<0.05) reduced the feed conversion ratio; in the aquaculture water of the fermented feed groups, the relative abundance of Xanthomonadales significantly(p<0.05) increased, while the relative abundances of Rhizobiales, Parvibaculales, and Vibrionales significantly (p<0.05) decreased. The results of this study indicated that although fermented feeds exerted no significant effect on the overall microbial community structure of aquaculture water, they reduced the relative abundance of Vibrionales, improved the survival rate of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei, optimized the composition of their intestinal flora, and thereby enhanced feed utilization efficiency and growth rate.

To investigate the protective effects and mechanisms of the aqueous extract of Ninghai Bai loquat leaves against acute pneumonia, a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute pneumonia was established. Cell viability assays, lung histopathological observation, wet-to-dry weight ratio (W/D) measurement, assessment of oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokine levels, and 16S rRNA sequencing-based gut microbiota analysis were performed. The results showed that the loquat leaf aqueous extract alleviated LPS-induced lung epithelial cell injury in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment with the extract (200, 400 mg·kg^-1) had no significant effect on organ coefficients in LPS-induced mice, but significantly (p<0.01) decreased the lung W/D and ameliorated pathological damage such as alveolar wall thickening and inflammatory cell infiltration. No significant changes were observed in malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in lung tissue, whereas myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were reduced, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity was increased. Gut microbiota analysis revealed that the loquat leaf aqueous extract ameliorated LPS-induced microbial dysbiosis by increasing the relative abundance of the phylum Bacillota, decreasing that of Bacteroidota, and augmenting the relative abundances of beneficial genera such as Allobaculum, Ileibacterium and Adlercreutzia. In conclusion, the aqueous extract of Ninghai Bai loquat leaves exerts a protective effect against LPS-induced acute pneumonia in mice, which may be associated with the inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses and the regulation of gut microbiota homeostasis.

To investigate seed morphological diversity in Luffa and its relationship with ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) content, this study analyzed eight seed traits—length, width, length-to-width ratio, circumference, area, thickness, hundred-seed weight, and color—of 175 Luffa cylindrica and 49 Luffa acutangula germplasm collected domestically and internationally. Based on seed color and clustering results, the RIP content of seeds from 21 randomly selected Luffa germplasm was subsequently determined. The results showed that most Luffa cylindrica germplasm had black seeds, accounting for 80.57% of the total, while all Luffa acutangula germplasm exhibited black seeds. Among the quantitative traits, seed width and hundred-seed weight showed the highest coefficients of variation in Luffa cylindrica, while the length-to-width ratio showed the lowest. For Luffa acutangula, hundred-seed weight and circumference had the highest and lowest coefficients of variation, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed extremely significantly (p<0.01) positive correlations among seed length, circumference, area and hundred-seed weight in both Luffa cylindrica and Luffa acutangula. Stepwise regression analysis further indicated that seed area and thickness together explained more than 50.0% of the variation in hundred-seed weight in both species. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis not only clarified the correlations among morphological traits but also classified Luffa cylindrica into four groups and Luffa acutangula into three groups. The RIP content in the Luffa acutangula was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that in the Luffa cylindrica, but no significant difference was observed among different groups of the same germplasm. Additionally, darker-colored Luffa seeds contained higher RIP contents than white ones. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for the evaluation, conservation, and innovative utilization of Luffa germplasm resources.

To gain deeper insights into the genetic characteristics of simple sequence repeat (SSR) across the whole genome of Asian lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), 33 representative accessions were used as materials. Whole-genome resequencing was used to analyze genome-wide SSR loci and their motif features, and to investigate the associations between SSR genetic variation and phenotypic traits including germplasm origin, flower color, petal type, and ecotype. The results showed that the average number of SSR loci in the Asian lotus genome was 64 253.8, with a range of 25 961 to 119 777. Among the eight SSR types, namely imperfect (c^*), compound (c), and mononucleotide (p1) to hexanucleotide (p6) repeats, p1 and p2 SSRs were the most abundant, accounting for 55.38% and 29.91% of the total, respectively. SSR counts exhibited a gradually increasing trend from wild types to modern cultivars and landraces; the number of SSR loci in double-petal lotus was 83 298.6, which was 1.6 times that of the single-petal type (51 874.6). No significant difference in SSR number was observed between temperate and tropical lotus. Perfect p1 to p6 SSRs contained an average of 2.0, 4.0, 10.0, 23.6, 49.8, and 88.6 motif types, respectively, with the three most abundant motifs being A/T (52.173%), AG/CT (16.971%), and AT/AT (11.358%) in descending order. This study delineated the detailed differences in genome-wide SSR counts and motif composition among representative Asian lotus individuals, revealed a highly conserved proportional pattern across the eight SSR types, and suggested that hybridization and artificial selection have promoted both an increase in the number of genomic SSR loci and an enrichment of their motif diversity.

To investigate the flower color phenotypic diversity of natural Tulipa iliensis populations, flower color phenotypic values were measured using a colorimeter for 315 individuals from 23 natural populations. One-way ANOVA, cluster analysis and correlation analysis were used to examine flower color phenotypic diversity across populations. Results showed that the values of lightness (L^*), redness (a^*), yellowness (b^*), chroma (C^*) and hue angle (h) varied to different extents among populations, with considerable differences observed between some populations. Across the 23 populations, L^* ranged from 45.64 to 67.19, mainly indicating medium lightness; a^* ranged from 2.43 to 14.95, biased towards red with low redness intensity; b^* ranged from 19.13 to 40.83, biased towards yellow with low-to-medium yellowness intensity; C^* ranged from 25.88 to 43.50, belonging to the medium-to-high saturation level; and h ranged from 24.82 to 78.27, corresponding to red, orange-red, and orange-yellow color types. Cluster analysis indicated that at a Euclidean average distance of 5, the 23 populations could be divided into three groups. Groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ each contained 10 populations(43.48% each), with the flower color of Group Ⅱ predominantly orange. Group Ⅲ comprised three populations (BDW, BSF and NLT), accounting for 13.04%, exhibiting substantial flower color variation and dominated by orange-red. Correlation analysis between flower color traits and geographic factors revealed that L^*, b^*, C^* and h were highly significantly positively correlated with latitude, whereas no significant correlations were found between L^*, a^*, b^*, C^*, h and either altitude or longitude. This study confirmed that under the influence of latitude, flower color phenotypes of natural T. iliensis populations within the sampling area are diverse, exhibiting rich variation.

This study aimed to elucidate the structure and protein function of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene (EmPAL), a structural gene in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in the medicinal plant Euphorbia maculata, and to provide a basis for further functional investigation of EmPAL. Using E. maculata as the material, the open reading frame (ORF) and promoter sequence of EmPAL were cloned based on transcriptome data combined with 3'-RACE and Tail-PCR techniques. Bioinformatics tools were employed to analyze the physicochemical properties, structural characteristics, and phylogenetic relationships of EmPAL. The expression pattern of EmPAL in different tissues of E. maculata was examined using quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). Furthermore, prokaryotic expression was performed and its catalytic function was validated through in vitro enzyme activity assays. The results showed that the ORF of EmPAL was 2 160 bp in length, encoding 719 amino acids. The promoter region contained cis-acting elements related to light response, stress response, and phenylpropanoid metabolism regulation. Tissue-specific expression analysis revealed that EmPAL expression was highest in the roots during the reproductive growth period. The molecular weight of EmPAL protein is 78.17 ku, and its isoelectric point is 6.34. The secondary structure was predominantly composed of alpha helix, the tertiary structure exhibited a typical “sea horse” shape, and the quaternary structure was a tetramer. Prokaryotic expression and in vitro enzyme activity assays confirmed that EmPAL could catalyze the conversion of phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid, with an optimal reaction temperature of 60 ℃. This study provides a theoretical foundation for further investigation into the function of EmPAL and its role in regulating the biosynthesis of flavonoids in E. maculata.

Long-term continuous cropping of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. cv. Hangbaiju has resulted in soil nutrient imbalance, microbial community disruption, and intensified pest and disease pressure, thereby constraining sustainable industrial development. This study established three rotation patterns: barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)-chrysanthemum, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-chrysanthemum, and bok choy [Brassica rapa var. chinensis(L.) Kitam.]-chrysanthemum, using continuous chrysanthemum cropping as the control, to systematically evaluate their effects on the growth, quality and rhizosphere soil environment of Chrysanthemum morifolium. The results showed that in the barley-chrysanthemum rotation, the flower number per plant, number of petals and dry weight of 10 flowers were significantly higher than those in other treatments, with all yield indicators superior to those in other treatments. Although the wheat-chrysanthemum rotation improved individual flower quality, it suppressed early-stage growth, resulting in a survival rate of only 80.63%. The effect of the bok choy-chrysanthemum rotation was similar to that of the control. No significant differences were observed in chlorogenic acid, luteolin-7-O-glucoside and 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid contents among treatments, all of which met the standards of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Rotation with gramineous crops significantly increased the contents of soil total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen and organic matter. Microbial diversity analysis revealed that barley-chrysanthemum and wheat-chrysanthemum rotations exhibited significantly higher Shannon indices compared with the control, with enrichment of beneficial genera including Burkholderia and Phyllobacterium, thereby optimizing rhizosphere microbial community structure. Comprehensive analysis indicated that the barley-chrysanthemum rotation significantly promoted the growth, development and yield formation of Chrysanthemum morifolium by improving soil fertility and optimizing the rhizosphere microbial community. It was a superior rotation pattern for alleviating the continuous cropping obstacles of Chrysanthemum morifolium, providing a theoretical basis and technical support for its sustainable production.

To identify the virus species infecting sponge gourd in Zhejiang Province, small RNA deep sequencing technology was performed on two diseased sponge gourd leaves exhibiting typical viral symptoms collected from Jia-xing and Shaoxing, Zhejiang. The results showed that Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) was detected in the Jiaxing sample, while ToLCNDV, Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV) and Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus(CCYV) were identified in Shaoxing sample. ToLCNDV was detected in both regions with high contig numbers and coverage. Phylogenetic analysis of the identified ToLCNDV DNA-A sequence indicated that the current pathogenic ToLCNDV in this study belongs to the Asian strain, with genetic evolution closely related to geographical regions, and cross-host transmission is widespread across regions. PCR detection of 37 samples from Zhejiang, Guangxi and Jiangxi revealed ToLCNDV detection rates of 87.5%, 60% and 100%, respectively. These results demonstrated that ToLCNDV had become a predominant virus in major sponge gourd production areas of Zhejiang and other provinces, warranting vigilance against the potential severe threat posed by its rapid spread and large-scale outbreaks to the luffa industry.

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is an important pathogenic fungus causing Sclerotinia disease, which poses serious threats to the production of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica). In this study, an endophytic bacterial strain XL-09 previously isolated from broccoli leaves was used as material. Its taxonomic status was determined through morphological observation, physiological and biochemical characterization, and molecular identification. The antagonistic effect of this bacterium against Sclerotinia disease was evaluated using plate confrontation and detached leaf inoculation methods. Furthermore, based on genome assembly, the composition of secondary metabolite gene clusters was analyzed. The results showed that strain XL09 formed creamy white colonies on LB solid medium, was Grampositive, and could utilize D-xylose, sucrose, and L-arabinose as carbon sources. It was positive for catalase, nitrate reduction, and Voges-Proskauer reaction. Phylogenetic analysis based on gyrA gene sequences revealed that XL09 clustered with Bacillus subtilis. Combining morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular identification results, the strain was identified as Bacillus subtilis. XL09 exhibited significant antagonistic activity against the growth of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, with colony diameter significantly smaller than that of the control and the number of sclerotia markedly reduced. Moreover, broccoli leaves treated with XL09 developed significantly smaller lesions after inoculation with S. sclerotiorum compared to the control. Genome assembly revealed that the complete genome of XL09 is 4.28 Mb in length, containing 4 525 genes, of which 4 308 are protein-coding genes. A total of nine secondary metabolite gene clusters were detected, involved in the synthesis of sporulation lethal factor, surfactin, and bacillocin, among others. The identification and whole genome sequence analysis of antagonistic bacterium XL09 lay a foundation for future studies on disease resistance mechanisms and biocontrol applications.

To explore the effects of different soil amendments on soil quality and grape quality in acidified vineyards, a field experiment was conducted in a vineyard of Pujiang area with five treatments, including control (CK), quicklime (QL), bamboo charcoal (BC), pig manure biochar (MB), and carbon-based fertilizer (CF). The results showed that compared with CK, all four amendment treatments significantly (p<0.05) increased soil pH value and reduced total exchangeable acidity of acidified soil, with the MB treatment exhibiting the highest reduction rate of 48.6%. The QL, BC, and MB treatments significantly decreased soil exchangeable H⁺ content by 28.9% to 55.1% than that of CK, while the QL, MB, and CF treatments significantly reduced soil exchangeable Al³⁺ content by 37.4% to 44.1%. Compared with CK, the four soil amendment treatments significantly increased the contents of soil exchangeable Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, as well as the cation exchange capacity, and the total base cations content and base saturation were significantly enhanced with increase ranges of 34.2%-80.5% and 18.2%-60.3%, respectively. In addition, the application of the four amendments significantly improved soil organic matter, total nitrogen, and available potassium contents, with increase rates of 13.8%-39.4%, 10.4%-30.1%, and 19.2%-67.1%, respectively. Obvious differences were observed in the β-diversity and community composition of soil bacteria and fungi among different treatments. In comparison with CK, the BC, MB, and CF treatments significantly increased the soluble solid content and solid-acid ratio of grape fruits by 1.91%-2.55% and 4.96-12.92 percentage points, respectively, significantly decreased titratable acid content by 14.6%-28.5%, and all four amendment treatments significantly elevated the contents of total sugar, total anthocyanins, and vitamin C in grape fruits, with increase ranges of 28.97%-34.99%, 8.63%-21.01%, and 57.50%-152.50%, respectively. In conclusion, pig manure biochar can effectively reduce soil acidity, increase the contents of soil exchangeable base cations, organic matter, and major soil nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium), and improve grape quality, presenting the optimal comprehensive improvement effect on acidified vineyard soil.

In this study, soil samples were collected from saline-alkali land in a wolfberry (Lycium barbarum) planting base in Ningxia, China. High-throughput sequencing was performed to analyze the characteristics of soil bacterial communities. Under the moderate saline-alkali culture condition (NaCl mass fraction of 8% and pH value of 8.5), the dilution plate coating method was adopted to isolate and purify culturable saline-alkali halotolerant/haloalkaliphilic bacteria from the soil samples. The taxonomic status of the obtained strains was identified, and their saline-alkali tolerance characteristics were determined. Furthermore, the biological characteristics and salt-alkali amelioration functions of the optimal strain were systematically investigated. The results showed that the dominant bacterial phyla in the saline-alkali soil samples were Actinobacteriota, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Gemmatimonadota. A total of 12 saline-alkali halotolerant/haloalkaliphilic strains were screened from the soil samples under moderate saline-alkali conditions. Among them, Bacillus haynesii nx-11 strain could grow under high-salt conditions (NaCl mass fraction of 8%-18%) or high-alkaline conditions (pH value of 9.0-12.0). Halobacillus andaensis nx-9 strain exhibited the strongest saline-alkali tolerance. It not only survived well under individual high-salt or high-alkaline environments, but also grew vigorously under combined high saline-alkali conditions (NaCl mass fraction of 8%-16%, pH value of 8.5-10.0). Its alkali reduction rate ranged from 12.17% to 18.25%, and its salt reduction rate was 4.88%-12.02%. This study enriches the understanding of microbial community characteristics in saline-alkali soils of Ningxia and provides valuable microbial resources for the biological improvement of saline-alkali land.

Aiming at the problems of complex detection scenarios and difficult detection of small-target diseases in strawberry leaf disease detection under natural environments, we propose a strawberry leaf disease detection algorithm based on a dynamic adaptive feature network (DAFNet) in this paper. Firstly, a multi-dimensional feature attention (MFA) mechanism is constructed in the backbone network to strengthen the model’s attention to disease features. Secondly, a semantic refinement module (SRM) and a texture refinement module (TRM) are designed in the neck network to enhance the model’s capability of extracting detailed information under complex backgrounds. Furthermore, the DySample upsampling module is adopted to adaptively optimize multi-level feature maps, so as to improve the recognition accuracy of small-scale disease targets. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed DAFNet achieves a mean average precision (mAP) of 91.6% on the strawberry leaf disease dataset, which is 2.0 percentage points higher than the baseline model. Meanwhile, it maintains favorable real-time detection performance, providing an effective solution for practical strawberry leaf disease detection tasks.

Rapid screening of yellowed plants is beneficial for the precise positioning and control of unhealthy plants in orchards. Deep learning based on RGB images of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) has been widely applied for rapid detection in agriculture, but there are few reports about the deep learning based on multispectral images of UAV. This study proposed a detection and analytical framework for citrus trees based on YOLOv8 network architecturfe and UAV multispectral data, and further optimized and compared the model’s performance via characteristic band screening. The results showed that the features differed between citrus plants and background, but could not differ between healthy plants and chlorotic plants. Detection model of based on RGB images of UAV performed well on healthy citrus plants, but not well on chlorotic citrus plants. By increasing spectral images channels of training images, the recognition accuracy of chlorotic plants was improved. Bands selection had impact on the accuracy. When the cumulative proportion of feature was greater than 90%, the model performed well in prediction. This study provided a basis for developing a widely used, stable and efficient rapid monitoring method for citrus chlorotic plants, as well as advancing the integrated application of multispectral remote sensing and deep learning in precision agriculture.

To obtain accurate discrete element simulation parameters of soil in safflower fields in Xinjiang and develop simulation models applicable to safflower field soil with different moisture contents, physical experiments combined with simulation tests were adopted. Soil samples with moisture contents of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% were prepared separately, and the repose angle was taken as the response value to conduct calibration of soil parameters. Firstly, the funnel method was used to establish a moisture content-repose angle model to acquire the mathematical relationship between repose angle and moisture content. Subsequently, based on the Hertz-Mindlin with JKR contact model, the Plackett-Burman design was carried out to screen nine initial parameters. It was found that soil shear modulus, soil-soil static friction coefficient, soil-soil rolling friction coefficient and JKR surface energy exerted significant (p<0.05) effects on the repose angle. Afterwards, the steepest ascent test was adopted to narrow the value ranges of key parameters. A regression model between repose angle and discrete element parameters was established based on the Box-Behnken design, and parameter optimization was performed on the regression model. Seven soil samples with different moisture contents were selected for parameter optimization. The comparison between simulation and physical test results showed that the relative error was less than 5%, which verified the applicability of the model for subsequent tests. By comparing the penetration resistance data obtained from confined compression physical tests and discrete element simulations, consistent variation trends of penetration resistance were observed. The relative error was lower than 10% within the penetration depth of 0-50 mm, while the error increased when the depth exceeded 50 mm. These results indicate that the model established in this study can effectively replace real soil for simulating mechanical behaviors of topsoil. The findings can provide data support and technical reference for the optimization of soil-engaging components of agricultural equipment and the improvement of field trafficability in further research.

This study investigated pesticide residues and dietary exposure risks in strawberries from Zhejiang Province. A total of 150 samples from 9 regions (Hangzhou, Huzhou, Jiaxing, Jinhua, Shaoxing, Taizhou, Wenzhou, Quzhou, Ningbo) were analyzed for 78 pesticide residues. The results revealed that 82.0% of samples contained detectable pesticide residues, with procymidone (45.3%) and boscalid (40.0%) demonstrated the highest detection rates. Multi-residue occurrence (≥2 pesticides) was observed in 58.67% of samples; in total, 30 pesticides were identified, of which 16 were not registered for use on strawberries. The chronic dietary exposure risk quotient (cRQ) ranged from 0.000 4% to 0.730 0%, and the acute dietary exposure risk quotient (aRQ) ranged from 0.025% to 18.600%; Hazard Index (HI) analysis indicated that long-term cumulative risks (insecticides: 0.03%-0.90%; fungicides: 0.30%-1.80%) and short-term cumulative risks (insecticides: 0.40%-9.60%; fungicides: 1.00%-19.90%) were far below 100%. These findings indicate the presence of multi-pesticide residues in Zhejiang strawberries, but the dietary exposure risks remain within safe limits, and the health risks to consumers are considered acceptable.

Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) is a plant of the Rosaceae family valued for both its nutritional and medicinal properties. Its fruits, leaves, seeds and flowers are rich in various bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, triterpenic acids, essential oils and polysaccharides. These substances confer multiple pharmacological activities to loquat, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, hypoglycemic, and lung-protective effects. The content and composition of these bioactive compounds are crucial determinants of loquat quality and efficacy, and their accumulation is jointly regulated by complex internal mechanisms and external environmental factors. This systematic review summarizes recent research progress on the types and functions of major bioactive compounds in loquat, focusing on advances in their biosynthetic pathways, key enzyme gene regulation, specific accumulation patterns, and molecular regulatory mechanisms. It highlights existing gaps in understanding, such as unclear mechanisms and insufficient investigation of multifactorial interactions, while outlining future directions including multi-omics integration analysis, gene editing applications, and industry-academia-research collaboration. These efforts aim to provide theoretical support for the efficient utilization of loquat bioactive components and industrial value enhancement.

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), as the fifth most important cereal crop worldwide, plays a significant role in addressing global food shortages. Breeding high-yield and high-quality sorghum varieties has become a core objective of modern sorghum breeding. Grain weight is one of the three major determinants of sorghum yield, and increasing grain weight through genetic improvement has become an important approach to enhancing yield per unit area. Therefore, strengthening research on the morphological and physiological processes of grain development, the genetic mechanisms underlying grain weight, and the exploration of grain weight gene resources is essential for breeding high-yielding varieties. Grain formation involves a series of coordinated physiological and biochemical metabolic networks and is a complex quantitative trait controlled by multiple genes. This paper reviews the morphological and physiological processes of sorghum grain development and the genetic characteristics of grain weight traits, summarizes the progress in mapping and cloning of quantitative trait loci (QTLs)/genes associated with sorghum grain weight, and identifies homologous genes of rice grain weight genes in sorghum. The aim is to provide a basis for future cloning of sorghum grain weight genes, genetic improvement, and molecular design breeding, thereby facilitating the transformation of high-yield breeding from traditional “experience-based breeding” to targeted and efficient “precision breeding”.