In order to test the effects of molybdenum fertilizer sprayed on the tobacco leaves at different growth stages on the contents of aroma components in flue-cured tobacco, the flue-cured tobacco variety Zhongyan 100 was served as the test material. Four treatments were set up in the experiment: T1, control; T2, 0.10% molybdenum fertilizer sprayed at the resettling stage; T3, 0.10% molybdenum fertilizer sprayed at the topping stage; T4, 0.10% molybdenum fertilizer sprayed both at the resettling stage and the topping stage. Samples of tobacco leaves were treated by simultaneous distillation and extraction, and the types and contents of aroma components in tobacco leaves were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that there were 84, 89, 87, and 94 types of aroma components in B2F flue-cured tobacco under T1, T2, T3 and T4 treatments, respectively. The total content of aroma components (except neophytadiene) in B2F flue-cured tobacco reached the highest value under T2 treatment, which was followed by T4 and T3 treatments. The total content of aroma components (except neophytadiene) in B2F flue-cured tobacco under T2, T4 and T3 treatments was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that under the control by 27.76%, 7.76%, and 5.88%, respectively. The neophytadiene content of B2F flue-cured tobacco under T2 and T3 treatments was significantly higher than that under the control. There were 88, 102, 108, and 95 types of aroma components in C3F flue-cured tobacco under T1, T2, T3 and T4 treatments, respectively. The total content of aroma components (except neophytadiene) in C3F flue-cured tobacco reached the highest value under T3 and T4 treatments, which was followed by T2 treatment. The total content of aroma components (except neophytadiene) in C3F flue-cured tobacco under T3, T4 and T2 treatments was significantly higher than that under the control by 73.73%, 71.64%, and 62.17%, respectively. The neophytadiene content of C3F flue-cured tobacco under T2 treatment was significantly higher than the others. There were 70, 84, 67, and 81 types of aroma components in X2F flue-cured tobacco under T1, T2, T3 and T4 treatments, respectively. The total content of aroma components (except neophytadiene) in X2F flue-cured tobacco varied significantly among treatments as T2>T4>T1>T3, and the total content of aroma components (except neophytadiene) under T2 and T4 treatments were significantly higher than that under the control by 35.72% and 30.61%. The neophytadiene content of X2F flue-cured tobacco reached the highest value under T2 and T4 treatments, followed by T3 treatment, which were all significantly higher that of the control. Overall, spraying 0.10% molybdenum fertilizer at the resettling stage could significantly increase neophytadiene content and the total content of aroma components (except neophytadiene) in flue-cured tobacco.

To explore the effect of application of Brevibacillus laterosporus on potassium content of cured tobacco leaves and physiological characteristics of tobacco plants, four treatments were set up in the transplanting period of tobacco, including no application of B. laterosporus (T1), root soaking of B. laterosporus (T2), root irrigation of B. laterosporus (T3) and root soaking+root irrigation of B. laterosporus (T4). The changes of potassium content of cured tobacco leaves, and photosynthetic pigment content, antioxidant enzymes activities, disease resistance of tobacco plants were measured. It was shown that the best application mode of B. laterosporus was root soaking+root irrigation. Compared with the T1 treatment, T4 treatment significantly (P<0.05) increased the potassium content in the upper and middle cured tobacco leaves by 29.86% and 67.36%, respectively. The potassium content in tobacco root was significantly increased by 16.58%-28.85% under T4 treatment, and the incidence and disease index of tobacco weather fleck, tobacco anthracnose, tobacco brown spot and tobacco leaf spot were significanty decreased as compared with the T1 treatments. Besides, the chlorophyll content, carotenoid content, superoxide dismutase acitivity, peroxidase activity were significantly increased by 13.21%-18.81%, 21.01%-35.41%, 9.63%-18.31%, 11.62%-13.81%, respectively, and the malondialdehyde content was significantly decreased by 20.76%-30.99% under T4 treatment than those under T1 treatment. In general, application of B. laterosporu in the transplanting period by root soaking+root irrigation could enhance the resistance of tobacco plants and increase the potaasium content in cured tobacco leaves.

Eimeria tenella is a highly pathogenic protozoan that seriously endangers the healthy development of the chicken industry. Dense granule proteins (GRAs) are important intracellular parasitic functional proteins of the apicomplexan protozoa, which have high immunological application value. However, there is no exact report on the dense granule proteins of coccidia. In order to explore the GRAs of Eimeria tenella and study their functions, two hypothetical dense granule proteins (hEtGRA), hEtGRA12 and hEtGRA9, were identified from E. tenella Beijing strain by bioinformatics, molecular biology and immunology. The purified proteins were used to immunize mice to prepare polyclonal antibodies, and the antigenicity of the two proteins was detected by ELISA and Western blot. The results of molecular cloning showed that the coding regions of hEtGRA12 and hEtGRA9 genes were 1 188 bp and 1 110 bp in length, encoding 395 and 369 amino acids, respectively. The similarity of hEtGRA12 and hEtGRA9 with GRA12 and GRA9 of other apicomplexan protozoa was 28.8%-39.6% and 27.5%-29.5%, respectively. SDS-PAGE showed that the recombinant proteins rhEtGRA12 and rhEtGRA9 were 63.6 ku and 67.0 ku, respectively. The results of ELISA and Western blot showed that the recombinant proteins rhEtGRA12 and rhEtGRA9 could induce high antibody levels in mice, and could be recognized by chicken anti-E. tenella positive serum, indicating good antigenicity. In this study, two hypothetical dense granule protein genes hEtGRA12 and hEtGRA9 of Eimeria were identified, and recombinant proteins rhEtGRA12 and rhEtGRA9 were obtained, which laid a foundation for the study of gene function and immune application of dense granule protein of Eimeria.

By exploring the regulatory relationship between chicken adenylosuccinate lyase gene ADSL and its interaction genes, to provide reference for further study on the reason of high expression of ADSL in muscle and the mechanism of ADSL affecting muscle flavor. In this study, the recombinant eukaryotic expression vector pEGFP-C1-ADSL was constructed. The pEGFP-C1-ADSL and pEGFP-C1 plasmids were transfected into chicken myoblasts respectively, and the total protein of the successfully expressed cells was extracted. The cellular proteins interacting with chicken ADSL protein were identified by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP ) combined with mass spectrometry, and the results were analyzed by GO functional annotation, KEGG pathway and protein interaction network. RPL4, PDLIM5, ACTG1 and SRSF10 were screened, and the expression of RPL4, PDLIM5, ACTG1 and SRSF10 genes in myoblasts were detected under overexpression and silencing of ADSL gene. The results showed that 94 proteins interacted with ADSL. Bioinformatics analysis showed that these proteins were localized to cellular anatomical entity, intracellular and protein-containing complexs, and they were mainly involved in biological processes such as cellular processes, biological regulation, and stimulus responses. The results of indirect immunofluorescence showed that the recombinant protein pEGFP-C1-ADSL was mainly localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm. When ADSL was overexpressed, the expression of RPL4 and PDLIM5 genes in myoblasts was down-regulated, and the expression of ACTG1 and SRSF10 genes was up-regulated. When ADSL was silenced, the expression of RPL4 and ACTG1 genes in myoblasts was up-regulated. The results enriched the ADSL protein that regulates flavor, and provided a reference for further understanding the function of ADSL and the high expression of this gene in muscle.

The “curd sitting height” is one of the important agronomic traits for evaluating the suitability of cauliflower varieties for mechanized harvesting. In order to analyze the genetic pattern of the “curd sitting height” trait in cauliflower, the F₇ inbred line of cauliflower (ZAASC4101, early-maturing and compact type) and the F₆ inbred line of Chinese kale (ZAASJ1401) were used as parents to construct six combined populations including P₁, P₂, F₁, F₂, B₁ and B₂. The “curd sitting height” trait was anchored using two indicators: main stem height and leaf scar spacing. The results of this study showed that there was a significant correlation between the main stem height and the leaf scar spacing in the F₂ population (the correlation coefficient was 0.652). And the two indicators were both continuous and approximately normal distribution, which was consistent with the characteristics of quantitative inheritance. The genetic analysis of the six-generation populations for the main stem height and the F₂ population for the leaf scar spacing both showed that the optimal genetic model of “curd sitting height” trait in cauliflower was two pairs of additive-dominance-epistatic major genes + additive-dominance-epistatic polygenes genetic model, indicating that this trait was mainly controlled by two pairs of major genes + multiple minor genes, and the heritability reached 97.84%. Therefore, it is possible to use the linkage molecular markers to assist selection and genetic improvement of the “curd sitting height ” trait in cauliflower in early generations. In summary, the results of this study laid a preliminary research foundation for further locating and exploring the key genes controlling the “curd sitting height” of cauliflower, and ultimately using biotechnology to cultivate new varieties of cauliflower suitable for mechanized harvesting.

TCPs transcription factor regulates plant organogenesis and morphological configuration mainly through regulating cell proliferation and plant hormone pathways, so as to explore the sequence characteristics and expression characteristics of ZjTCP4 transcription factor of Chinese jujube, in order to provide reference for the mechanism study of TCP transcription factor response to drought stress, and lay a foundation for the subsequent molecular breeding of jujube tree. The novel-miR16 secondary structure has the typical hairpin structure of miRNA and is a member of the jujube miR319 family. Most of the degradation sites of target gene ZjTCP4 were located at the 10th and 11th nucleotides of the novel-miR16 binding sites. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the full-length cDNA sequence of ZjTCP4 gene was 1 386 bp, predicted to encode 452 amino acid polypeptide, isoelectric point (pI) of 6.51, molecular weight of 49 091.55 u. It should be an intramembranous or extracellular protein, a non-secretory protein, a hydrophilic protein, located in the nucleus. The amino acid sequence encoded by ZjTCP4 gene of Chinese jujube is most similar to AtTCP4 of Arabidopsis thaliana, and has high similarity to AtTCP17, AtTCP18 and AtTCP12 of Arabidopsis thaliana. Novel-miR16 was up-regulated in response to drought stress, while its target gene ZjTCP4 was down-regulated under drought stress. Novel-miR16 can regulate ZjTCP4 transcription factor in response to drought stress. Under drought stress, the up-regulated expression of novel-miR16 leads to down-regulated expression of target gene ZjTCP4 (CCG006181) to improve drought tolerance of Chinese jujube.

Waterlogging stress is one of the most severe abiotic stress that limits cultivational expansion, fast growth, and high yield of P.suffruticosa. In order to elucidate the mechanism of P.suffruticosa during waterlogging stress, transcriptomic analysis was performed and SSR markers were developed in this study. Six cDNA libraries constructed from mRNAs of waterlogging-treated seedlings and control were sequenced by using the Illumina sequencing platform. Totally, 73 925 unigenes were obtained by denovo assembly, creating an initial reference transcriptome dataset of P. suffruticosa. Among them, 780 were identified as response genes in early stage of waterlogging including 155 up-regulated genes and 625 down-regulated genes. Functional analysis showed that modifications in the expression of genes involved in signal regulation by transcription factors, DNA replication, ribosome and pyrimidine metabolism might play important roles in responses to waterlogging stress in P. suffruticosa. Based on these high throughput transcriptome sequencing data, 5 204 SSR markers were excavated. Among these markers, dinucleotide repeats were 58.13%, trinucleotide repeats were 27.11%, and tetranucleotide repeats were 7.24%. 110 pairs of SSR marker primers were found in the unigenes of functional annotation related to the target genes of waterlogging stress traits of peony, and 45 pairs of primers were screened, of which 12 pairs could amplify clear target bands, and the polymorphic SSR marker primers accounted for 26.67% of the total primers. This study provides the first large-scale transcriptome annotation of P. suffruticosa which may beneficially elucidate the waterlogging response mechanisms. Besides, it provides a valuable genomic resource and a scientific basis for molecular marker assisted selection breeding in waterlogging-tolerant species of P. suffruticosa.

Rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae has posed a serious threat to rice yield in China. Studying the gene functions of M. oryzae is beneficial for better understanding the pathogenic mechanism of M.oryzae and lays a foundation for the control of rice blast disease. In this study, a yeast ZDS1 homolog gene MoZDS1 was screened through genetic methods in M. oryzae. The gene deletion mutant ΔMozds1 was successfully obtained by gene knockout method, and it was found that the deletion of MoZDS1 seriously affected the vegetative growth. In order to explore the functions of MoZds1, this study analyzed the roles of Mozds1 in maintaining vegetative growth, conidiation, response to cell wall stress and autophagy. The results showed that MoZds1 positively regulated the mycelium growth and negatively regulated the conidia production. In addition, MoZds1 was also involved in the cell wall integrity pathway and regulated the glycogen degradation in conidia, however, the deletion of MoZds1 did not show a significant effect on the autophagy pathway. Overall, this analysis of the function of MoZds1 systematically in M. oryzae, may provide a theoretical basis for further in-depth research on the function of MoZds1.

In order to optimize the identification technique for stem rot resistance in sweet potato germplasm, this study analyzed the effects of different inoculation methods and bacterial liquid concentrations on the resistance of sweet potato germplasm. The aim was to establish a standardized identification criterion for stem rot resistance and lay a foundation for disease-resistant breeding in sweet potato. Using the inoculation method of scratching the surface of tissue-cultured sweet potato plantlets and the optimal bacterial liquid concentration (1.1×10⁷CFU·mL^-1), six representative sweet potato varieties were inoculated and identified. The results of indoor resistance identification were validated against field resistance performance and showed a high degree of consistency, indicating the accuracy and reliability of the newly developed identification technique. Furthermore, 65 sweet potato materials were identified for resistance to stem rot. Most of the materials were susceptible or moderately susceptible. However, seven germplasm resources (YD7002, DY7082-1, Zhezi No.1, TF1118, DY7032, Nanshu 88 and Zhezi No.4) exhibited stable resistance against stem rot in sweet potato. This study established a new identification technique for stem rot resistance in sweet potato and identified germplasm resources with stable resistance, providing important genetic materials for disease-resistant breeding. These findings are of significant importance for the prevention and control of sweet potato diseases.

Branch dieback of Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott is a serious disease that has occurred in the southern Xinjiang in recent years. To identify the pathogen of branch dieback in S. japonicum and its biological characteristics, we collected the samples with typical symptoms and the pathogen were isolated and purified. Based on the pathogenicity tests, morphological and molecular identification, we confirmed that the pathogen is Neoscytalidium dimidiatum. The results of biological tests showed that the optimal conditions for mycelial growth of N. dimidiatum were PDA medium (pH 5.0) at 34 ℃. The spore production was optimal on PDA medium (pH 7.0-9.0) at 34 ℃. The best C&N sources for mycelial growth were mannose and beef extract, respectively, while peptone was best for sporulation. In contrast, mycelial growth and spore production rate decreased when xylose and sorbose were used as carbon sources and nitrate nitrogen and urea as nitrogen sources.

In Yuzhong County, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, China, a 3-year consecutive experiment was carried out from 2018 to 2020 to monitor the impact of replacing chemical fertilizers with microbial fertilizer on the yield, quality and soil environment of cauliflower. There were three treatments: A, full amount of chemical fertilizer (commonly used amount in local, 100% chemical fertilizer); B: microbial fertilizer (60 kg·hm^-2)+60% amount of chemical fertilizer commonly used in local; C, microbial fertilizer (120 kg·hm^-2)+40% amount of chemical fertilizer commonly used in local. The results showed that compared with treatment A, the yield of cauliflower under treatment B was 32.41, 33.61 t·hm^-2 in 2018, 2020, respectively, which was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that under treatment A by 7.7% and 2.1%, respectively. But, in 2019, the yield of cauliflower under treatment A was significanly higher than that under other treatments. Compared with treatment A, the vitamin C content under treatment B and treatment C in 2019 was significantly higher by 72.2% and 94.3%, respectively, and the nitrate content of cauliflower under treatment B was significantly decreased by 7.0%. After the test for 3 years, the soil sucrase activity and available phosphorus content under treatments of B and C were significantly increased thant those under treatment A, while the soil available potassiumn content under treatment C was decreased significantly, yet the soil total phosphorus content was significantly increased. Compared with the treatment of full amount of chemical fertilizer, the relative abundance of soil beneficial microorganisms, such as Planctomycetota, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Mortierella, was increased, and the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria, such as Olpidium and Spizellomyces, was decreased by 2.98%-42.97% and 80.69%-85.31%, respectively. In summary, application of appropriate amount of microbial fertilizer in place of chemical fertilizers could improve soil quality, balance microflora, and improve the quality of cauliflower in plateau planting areas. Under test conditions of this test, treatment B showed the best effect.

In the present study, a pot experiment was conducted to reveal the effects of application of Chinese milk vetch (GM), as well as the combination of Chinese milk vetch and lime (GM0HL), Chinese milk vetch and lime late application (GM5HL), Chinese milk vetch and reduced lime late application (GM5LL) on soil properties, root iron plaque and the uptake and transport of Cd in rice plants. The results showed that the soil organic matter content was significantly (P<0.05) increased by 2.1-2.7 g·kg^-1 after turning over of Chinese milk vetch than that of control (CK). Compared with the GM treatment, the soil pH was significantly increased by 0.38-0.78 pH units with application of lime, and the soil available Cd content was significantly decreased by 21.71%-41.28%. In the late stage of rapid decomposition of Chinese milk vetch, soil Eh of the treatments with lime (GM0HL, GM5HL, GM5LL) was significantly higher than that of GM. Compared with the CK treatment, the Fe content in root iron plaque of rice at the tillering stage was significantly reduced by 43.34%, 38.82% and 29.00% in GM0HL, GM5HL and GM5LL treatments, respectively, and the Cd content in root iron plaque was significantly decreased by 43.72%, 35.56% and 12.72%, respectively. The principal component analysis results showed that, soil pH and organic matter content were two key factors, which significantly affected the absorption of Cd by rice. Increasing of soil pH and organic matter content could reduce the availability of Cd in soil, increase the thickness of root iron plaque and the content of Cd in root iron plaque, thus inhibit Cd uptake by rice. In the experiment conditions, it could reduce Cd uptake and the cost in remediating Cd contaminated farmland by application of the reduced amount of lime 5 days after the overturning of Chinese milk vetch.

Biochar is a cost-effective material for soil heavy metal inactivation. To investigate the effects of application of biochar from different raw materials combined with zeolite-lime on soil cadmium (Cd) inactivation and Cd content in the edible part of crop, biochar was prepared from 7 easily obtained and large amount agricultural wastes, and a pot experiment using the typical greenhouse vegetable soil with moderate Cd pollution in southern China was conducted in this study. It was found that there were significant (P<0.05) differences in the microstructure and basic physicochemical properties among the 7 kinds of biochar. The combination of biochar with inorganic agents could increase soil pH, organic matter content, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, hydrolysable nitrogen content, available potassium content and available phosphorus content, reduce soil available Cd content, and significantly increase the shoot dry weight of pakchoi compared than the blank control without application of passivators, promote crop growth, and significantly decrease Cd content in shoot and Cd translocation factor. Compared to applying inorganic deactivators alone, application of biochar combined with inorganic amendments had better effects on improving soil physicochemical properties, promoting crop growth, and reducing Cd content in the edible part.

Blueberry is rich in bioactive substances such as anthocyanin and has high nutritional value. However, logistics vibration damage can accelerate the loss of nutrients such as blueberry anthocyanin and reduce nutritional quality. This article took the blueberry variety Lanmeiren as the experimental material and studied the effect of vibration stress on the anthocyanin components, metabolic enzymes activities, and genes expression of blueberry by simulating logistics vibration. The research results showed that blueberry contained 10 types of anthocyanin monomers, among which the content of quercetin-3-arabinose was the highest. In the early stage of blueberry storage, vibration stress accelerated the accumulation of anthocyanin, significantly increased the activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and flavonoid glycosyltransferase (UFGT), and induced the expression of genes related to anthocyanin synthesis, such as VcPAL1, VcDFR2, VcCHI1, and VcUFGT. In the later stage of storage, the activities of PAL, chalcone isomerase (CHI), dihydroflavonol reductase (DFR), and UFGT in the vibration stress group were significantly lower than those in the control group. Meanwhile, vibration stress also delayed the decrease in the activity of enzymes related to anthocyanin degradation, such as peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and anthocyanin-β-glucosidase, inhibited the expression of genes related to anthocyanin synthesis, and promoted the expression of genes related to anthocyanin degradation, such as VcPOD1, VcPOD2, VcPOD3, and VcPPO1. In summary, vibration stress accelerated the accumulation of anthocyanin in blueberry during early storage by increasing the activity of anthocyanin synthase and the expression of related enzyme genes. In the later stage of storage, vibration stress promoted the degradation of anthocyanin by delaying the decrease of anthocyanin degrading enzymes activities and related enzyme genes expression. The research results provided a theoretical basis for regulating the metabolism of blueberry anthocyanin.

In order to improve the easy oxidation of fat in the process of salting and storage of sauce duck, 15% rice bran was added in the process of salting sauce duck. The color, pH value, cooking loss, salt content, shear force and aerobic plate count in the process of salting sauce duck, and acid value, peroxide value, thiobaric acid (TBA) value and other indicators in the storage process were measured. The effects of adding rice bran on physical and chemical quality and fat oxidation during the storage period of sauce duck were studied. The results showed that during the curing process, the a^* value, b^* value, pH value, cooking loss, salt content and shear stress of the rice bran curing group were lower than those of the control group without adding rice bran, and the L^* value was higher, indicating that rice bran played a better role in retaining water during the curing process. In addition, at the end of curing and during the same storage period, the acid value, peroxide value and TBA value of the rice bran curing group were lower than those of the control group, indicating that the rice bran curing group could effectively improve fat oxidation of sauce ducks during curing and storage, and could be used as an auxiliary material in the production of pickling preparations. The results provided a theoretical basis for improving fat oxidation and quality of sauce duck during salting.

In order to control the accuracy of the detection results, the “Bottom-up” method and a national certified reference material [GBW(E)100779] were used to carry out the measurement uncertainty evaluation on the determination of fipronil-sulfone in egg powder by PAC cartridge-based cleanup and isotope dilution-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (ID-LC-MS/MS). The “fish-bone” diagram analysis showed that the main sources of uncertainty components were the sample weighing amount, the volume of internal standard solution added, the concentration of standard working solution and the volume taken. The uncertainty introduced by the addition volume of the internal standard solution was the largest, contributing 68.59% to the uncertainty of the detection results. The uncertainty introduced by the microbalance weighing, which is one in ten thousand, can be neglected. The addition process of the isotope internal standard is a key control point for the ID-LC-MS/MS method, and the reasonable selection of the reference benchmark and the complete extraction of the target substance are prerequisites for accurate measurement. Furthermore, the applicability of the reference material, diluent solvent, and internal standard solution was evaluated using LC-MS/MS method, and the extraction method was optimized based on the national certified reference material [GBW(E)100779]. The research results are beneficial to improving the detection quality and quality control level of egg food safety, and provide new ideas for the design of precise detection quality control schemes.

To explore the feasibility of quickly and non-destructively obtaining the relative chlorophyll content of the complete canopy of field cantaloupe, a self-made image acquisition vehicle equipped with a plane array camera was used in the present study to collect a total of 378 complete canopy images of field cantaloupe during the vine stretching stage, the flowering stage, and the fruit expansion stage, under different water and fertilizer treatments. After image processing, 32 color features and 6 texture features were extracted, and the correlation between image features and relative chlorophyll content of canopy was analyzed. After image features being preprocessed, principal components were selected as model inputs to establish multiple linear regression (MLR), support vector regression (SVR), and random forest (RF) prediction models for the relative chlorophyll content of field cantaloupe canopy at different growth stages. By comparison, it was found that the SVR models had the best performance, as the determination coefficients of the regression within the predicted values and the measured values were 0.73, 0.73 and 0.83, respectively, and the root mean squre errors were 0.90, 0.91 and 0.76 for the vine stretching stage, the flowering stage and the fruit expansion stage, respectively. It was proved that digital image technology may enable rapid and non-destructive detection of relative chlorophyll content of the field cantaloupe canopy at different growth stages, which could provide technical references for the field management of cantaloupe production.

Aiming at the problems of large model proportion, slow detection speed, and low accuracy in the current target detection algorithm for citrus leaf disease, a lightweight detection method based on improved single shot multibox detector (SSD) for citrus leaf disease was proposed. MobileNetV2, a lightweight convolutional neural network, was introduced as the backbone of the SSD network to reduce the model size and improve the detection speed. The RFB (receptive field block) was introduced into the shallow prediction feature map to expand its receptive field, so as to improve the detection effect of the model on small targets. Additionally, the coordinate attention (CA) was introduced to strengthen feature information at different depths, further enhancing the recognition accuracy of citrus leaf disease. The results showed that compared with the VGG16-SSD network, the improved model (MR-CA-SSD) achieved an mean average precision (mAP) increase of 4.4 percentage points in citrus leaf disease detection, reduced the model proportion by 52.3 MB, and improved the frames per seconds by 3.15. The comprehensive performance of MR-CA-SSD also outperformed algorithms such as YOLOv4, CenterNet, and Efficientnet-YoloV3. This improved model could achieve rapid and accurate diagnosis of citrus leaf disease, contributing to timely and precise pesticide application for diseased areas.

In order to further improve the efficiency of solar energy use in solar greenhouses and reduce the cost of heating, this study constructed a mathematical model of the system operation on the basis of the current active water circulation heat storage and release system for solar greenhouses, and used the model to optimize the design of the system parameters (the circulating water flow rate and the volume of the heat storage water tank). The results of the study showed that under the winter solar greenhouse production conditions in Lanzhou, when the system circulating water flow rate was 0.23 m³·h^-1 and the volume of the heat storage tank was 0.13 m³, the system performance was optimal, the heat collection and release efficiency reached 70.62% and 98.38%, and the average nighttime heat flux density of the heat collection/release unit reached 237.84 W·m^-2. Using the optimized parameters, the system can be optimized and the heat collection/release unit can be optimized and a set of solar active heat storage and release heating scheme was designed for the EPS assembled solar greenhouse in Lanzhou: 50 collector-explosive/heat release units (2.05 m in heigh, 1.105 m in width and 3 cm in thickness), 11.5 m³·h^-1 circulating water pump flow rate, and 6.5 m³ heat storage tank volume. This scheme can meet the overwintering production of solar greenhouse, save 2 collector/exothermic units and 8.5 m³ storage tank volume than before, and reduce the heating cost.

Under the “dual circulation” development pattern, moderate import has become the inevitable choice to alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand of domestic feed grain in China. Thus, it is both important and necessary to effectively utilize the international feed grain market and reduce the stability risk of feed grain import. Based on the accurate judgment of domestic feed supply and demand situation, the availability and supply of feed grain imports were comprehensively analyzed, and Shannon entropy index method was used to evaluate the stability of feed grain imports. The results showed that the supply and demand pattern of domestic feed grains in China became tighter and showed a normal development trend, and the supply and demand gap was constantly expanding. Moderate import of feed grains was the general demand. Furthermore, the world’s feed grain supply potential is huge, and the correlation between China and the international feed grain production fluctuation is weak, so it is feasible to use the international market to make up the domestic feed grain supply and demand gap. Further analysis showed that the stability degree of feed grain import in China was at a low level on the whole from 1992 to 2020, among which the fluctuation range of corn, wheat bran and barley showed a larger fluctuation, while the soybean showed a smaller fluctuation. Under the new round of high-level opening-up, it is urgent to improve the policy system, optimize the import structure, and improve import stability, to build an open national feed grain security system under the new development pattern of “dual circulation”.

Plants have evolved diverse architectures for adapting to the changing environment. Shoot branching is one part of plant architecture, and is closely related to the formation of product organs. On the other hand, changes in the allocation of photosynthates as a result of shoot branching also have large impacts on crop yield and quality. The formation of lateral branch is determined by several stages including the initiation of axillary meristem, the activation of lateral buds, and the sustained growth of lateral buds. These developmental processes are controlled by genetic, hormonal, metabolic and environmental regulation. In this review, we summarized how the initiation of axillary meristem and activation of lateral buds are controlled, including the critical transcription factors and their action modes, the function and signaling pathway of different plant hormones and their interactions, and the mechanisms by which sugar and light signals impinge on the hormonal signaling network to regulate shoot branching. Finally, we prospected the future research on the roles of circadian clock and epigenetic modifications in shoot branching, and the technologies of improving crop architecture by using gene editing and environmental control.

Sanghuang fungi are a general term of macrofungi belonging to Hymenochaetales with medicinal value and similar appearance. Because of their anti-tumor, anti-oxidation, liver protection, anti-inflammatory and other effects, they are highly favored by consumers, especially Asians. Polyphenols, as important secondary metabolites and one of the key active substances in sanghuang fungi, have been the focus of attention in the field of medicine and health care. On the basis of identifying the groups of sanghuang fungi, this paper reviewed the research progress of different polyphenols in sanghuang fungi, their pharmacological activities, extraction methods and metabolic regulation, and looked forward to the future research direction of sanghuang polyphenols.

Umami flavor is the most concerned flavor feature of pork. It is of great significance to analyze the material and mechanism of the formation of umami flavor for the improvement and regulation of pork flavor quality. In this paper, the contribution of free amino acids, flavor nucleotides and flavor peptides and their interactions to the formation of pork umami were reviewed from the perspective of food umami and perception process. The influences of protein amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism and muscle fiber type on the formation of pork flavor were analyzed from both in vivo and postmortem levels, and the related controlling genes and molecular pathways were also discussed. It is expected to provide new scientific basis and ideas for quality pork flavor breeding and nutrition regulation.