Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis

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2025, 37(5): 0-0.

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Screening and identification of soybean germplasm for low nitrogen tolerance during seedling stage

HE Guoxin, LI Sujuan, WANG Jian, TAO Xiaoyuan, YE Zihong, CHEN Guang, XU Shengchun

2025, 37(5): 965-976. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240119

Abstract ( 33 )

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To enhance the nitrogen use efficiency of soybean varieties tolerant to low nitrogen, it is crucial to screen and accurately identify the characters of germplasm resources. In this study, 557 soybean germplasms were used as experimental materials. Hydroponic experiments were conducted under normal nitrogen conditions (7.5 mmol·L^-1) and low nitrogen conditions (0.75 mmol·L^-1). Fourteen physiological indicators related to low nitrogen tolerance, including biomass, root length, and relative chlorophyll content, were measured. The low nitrogen characteristics of germplasm resources were evaluated using analysis of variance, correlation analysis, fuzzy membership function method, principal component comprehensive evaluation method, and clustering analysis. Under low nitrogen stress, except for no significant differences in the actual photosynthetic efficiency of the second trifoliate and the quantum yield of regulated energy dissipation in the first trifoliate, the other 12 indicators showed significant differences. Principal component analysis was used to transform the nitrogen tolerance coefficients of the 12 significantly changed traits into five comprehensive indicators, with a cumulative contribution rate of 80.87%. Based on the principal component comprehensive evaluation value (D), the 557 soybean germplasm resources were clustered into five types: low nitrogen-tolerant type, relatively low nitrogen-tolerant type, moderately low nitrogen-tolerant type, low nitrogen-sensitive type, and low nitrogen-sensitive type. Low nitrogen-tolerant types, including varieties such as Shidou 2, YJ002313, and AMURSKAYA 402, were identified, as well as low nitrogen-sensitive types, including varieties such as Kec14-705, Zhongye 1, 97 Jian 23, Piheidou, and Yongchengdazilvdou. Based on stepwise linear regression analysis, underground length, underground dry weight, root-to-shoot ratio (RL/SL), quantum yield of regulated energy dissipation in the second trifoliate, and relative chlorophyll content in the first trifoliate were identified as key important features for evaluating soybean low nitrogen tolerance characteristics. This study identified excellent soybean germplasm with low nitrogen tolerance, providing the material foundation for the breeding of soybean varieties with low nitrogen tolerance.

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Screening of proteins interacting with circadian clock gene ZmPRR1-2 in maize

WANG Wenqi, WANG Panpan, ZHANG Yanling, LIU Qingqing, HONG Shuangshuang, ZHAO Gaopeng, LIU Hongchang, WANG Cuiling

2025, 37(5): 977-986. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240204

Abstract ( 38 )

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The pseudo-response regulatory protein TOC1, one of the five members of the pseudo-response regulator (PRR) family proteins, as the core component of the central oscillator of clock, together with the MYB-like transcription factors LHY and CCA1, constitute the central negative regulatory feedback loop of the central oscillator of clock, which plays an important role in the circadian clock system. The ZmPRR1-2 gene is a homologous gene of TOC1 in Arabidopsis. In order to deeply explore the biological function of ZmPRR1-2, the proteins interacting with ZmPRR1-2 was screened from the yeast cDNA library of a tropical maize inbred line induced by long-day photoperiod treatment by yeast two-hybrid technique. The results showed that the bait vector PGBKT7-ZmPRR1-2 was not toxic to yeast strain and had no self-activation effect on the reporter gene. A total of 12 proteins containing the full length interacting with ZmPRR1-2 were identified. These candidate interacting proteins were involved in many pathways, such as response to oxidative stress, response to oxidative stress, response to aluminum ion, photosynthesis, electron transport chain, light harvesting, auxin-activated signaling pathway, regulation of DNA-templated transcription, tryptophan biosynthetic process, translation, immune response, positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway and proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process. It is speculated that ZmPRR1-2 protein may participate in multiple signal transduction and metabolic pathways by interacting with the identified interaction proteins. The results might improve our understanding of the further study of the molecular function and regulatory mechanism of ZmPRR1-2.

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Effects of nitrogen management on absorption and allocation of microelements in above-ground parts of dry direct-sowing rice

LIU Qihua, SUN Zhaowen, ZHENG Chongke

2025, 37(5): 987-997. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240412

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To investigate the effects of nitrogen(N) management on micronutrient absorption and utilization in aboveground parts of dry direct-sowing rice, this study examined how nitrogen application time and application rate influence the absorption-translocation efficiency and partition ratio of four microelements (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn) in above-ground parts. A split-plot design was adopted with nitrogen application stages as main plots (D1: basal application at sowing followed by topdressing at 3-leaf-1-heart stage, 7 days later, and panicle initiation; D2: initial application at 1-leaf-1-heart stage followed by topdressing at 3-leaf-1-heart stage and panicle initiation; D3: application at 3-leaf-1-heart stage followed by topdressing at panicle initiation) and nitrogen application rate as subplots (F1: 350 kg·hm^-2 pure N; F2: 297.5 kg·hm^-2 pure N; F3: 245 kg·hm^-2 pure N), each treatment had three replicates. The results showed that D2 treatment significantly enhanced Fe and Cu translocation efficiency in leaves compared to D1 and D3 treatments, with Fe efficiency 3.15 and 8.12 percentage points higher, and Cu efficiency 7.64 and 4.57 percentage points higher, respectively. F2 treatment significantly increased Fe and Zn contents in leaves at heading stage compared to F1 and F3. F2 also demonstrated significantly higher Fe, Cu, and Zn translocation efficiency in leaves and leaf sheaths, leading to greater spike partition ratio of these micronutrients. D1F2 combination achieved the highest spike partition ratio for Fe, Mn and Zn. These findings indicated that both nitrogen application time and application rate affect microelements absorption-translocation patterns in dry direct-sowing rice. Delaying initial nitrogen application to 1-leaf-1-heart stage followed by two topdressings enhanced Fe and Cu translocation in leaves. Application rate of 297.5 kg·hm^-2 pure N promoted Fe and Zn accumulation during heading and their subsequent translocation to spikes. The fertilization mode combining basal application at sowing with three subsequent topdressings (297.5 kg·hm^-2 pure N) effectively improves Fe, Mn and Zn distribution rates in spikes at maturity stage.

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Differential responses of yield, quality, and nitrogen use efficiency to nitrogen application rate in high- and low-oil content rapeseed varieties

DONG Zhichao, YUE Ningyan, LYU Wei, YU Xiaoyi, ZHENG Kaiwen, SONG Haixing, CHEN Haifei

2025, 37(5): 998-1008. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240387

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To compare the differences in yield, quality, and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) responses to nitrogen (N) application rate between high-and low-oil content rapeseed varieties, a field experiment was conducted using high-oil content variety E01 and low-oil content variety E08. Five N treatments (N0, N60, N180, N240, N360, representing 0, 60, 180, 240, and 360 kg·hm^-2 of pure N, respectively) were applied. Yield, total nitrogen content, oil content, and related indicators were measured at maturity, and NUE and oil yield were calculated. The results showed that the yield and NUE-related parameters of E01 were significantly higher than those of E08. Although N application significantly reduced the seed oil content of the high-oil content variety E01, the yield-enhancing effect of N on E01 far outweighed its inhibitory effect on oil content, resulting in significantly higher oil yield and protein yield in E01 compared to E08. Additionally, the maximum oil yields of 1 316 kg·hm^-2 and 602 kg·hm^-2 were achieved for E01 and E08 at N application rates of 245 kg·hm^-2 and 227 kg·hm^-2, respectively. Comprehensive analysis indicated that under the same N application rate, the high-oil content variety E01 exhibited higher oil yield and NUE, demonstrating greater potential for high efficiency nitrogen utilization in rapeseed production.

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Gastroprotective effect of polysaccharides extracted from Chimonanthus salicifolius on ethanol-induced gastric injury in rats

CHEN Lin, GU Qing

2025, 37(5): 1009-1016. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240827

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In this study, we established a rat model of ethanol-induced gastric ulcer, to examine the gastroprotective effect of polysaccharides extracted from Chimonanthus salicifolius(CSP), and reveal the related mechanism. It was shown that the main components of CSP were mannose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose and trehalose. Oral gavage with low (200 mg·kg^-1, based on body weight) or high (400 mg·kg^-1, based on body weight ) dose CSP for 28 days prevented the formation of gastric ulcer, as the ulcer index was significantly (P<0.05) decreased. Compared with the model group, high dose CSP treatment significantly enhanced the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the contents of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and epidermal growth factor (EGF), decreased the malonaldehyde (MDA) content, and inhibited the formation of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). CSP could relieve the gastric oxidative stress in rats by regulating the signaling pathways of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), hence protect rats from the ethanol-induced gastric damage.

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Development of a PCR-RFLP assay for differentiation between African swine fever virus genotypes Ⅰ and Ⅱ

SUN Renjie, XU Huiling, SUN Siqi, CHAI Juan, YU Yicong, XIE Ronghui, LI Xiaoliang, ZHAO Lingyan, ZHANG Chuanliang

2025, 37(5): 1017-1028. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20250064

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The aim of this study was to establish a PCR-RFLP assay for differentiating genotype Ⅰ and Ⅱ African swine fever virus(ASFV). By comparing the genomic sequences of ASFV genotype Ⅰ and Ⅱ, a pair of specific PCR-RFLP primers was designed targeting the conserved regions of the B385R and B125R genes, which showed no cross-reactivity with other nine important porcine viruses. The detection target was the specific amplification product covering the full length of the B646L gene. Combined with BmgBⅠ restriction enzyme digestion and subsequent RFLP analysis, this method effectively differentiated ASFV genotype Ⅰ and Ⅱ with a detection limit of 5 pg·mL^-1 of DNA. The results of detecting artificially spiked samples demonstrated that the developed method can effectively address co-infections of genotype Ⅰ and Ⅱ or contamination of their nucleic acids in field. In conclusion, the method described here is characterized by its simplicity, high accuracy, strong specificity, high sensitivity, and low cost. These attributes render it highly suitable for practical application. It provides a valuable tool for frontline veterinary technicians to conduct surveillance and epidemiological studies of African swine fever (ASF), thereby contributing to the effective monitoring and prevention of ASF outbreaks.

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Proteomic study of large and small testes in Ningdu Yellow chicken based on tandem mass tags(TMT) technology

MA Jing'e, WU Siqi, WAN Shumin, XIONG Xinwei, XU Jiguo, XU Jing, RAO Yousheng, ZHOU Min

2025, 37(5): 1029-1044. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240463

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This experiment aimed to investigate the protein expression profiles in testes of adult Ningdu Huang chickens, screen differentially expressed proteins and functional pathways between individuals with large and small testes, and provide foundational data for breeding selection of reproductive performance. Using testicular tissues from six 22-week-old Ningdu Huang chickens divided into large-testis(H-TES) group and small-testis(L-TES) group, tandem mass tags(TMT) technology was employed to conduct differential expression analysis, functional enrichment analysis, and gene interaction analysis of testicular proteins between the two groups. Candidate proteins were preliminarily screened, and correlations between the expression levels of these proteins in six individuals and six testicular trait indicators (left testis weight, right testis weight, total testis weight, left testis index, right testis index, total testis index) were analyzed to investigate protein functions. Results showed that 4 683 proteins were identified in Ningdu Huang chicken testes, with 144 differentially expressed proteins screened. GO analysis revealed that these differential expressed proteins primarily participate in sperm structural composition and possess functions including ubulin-glutamic acid ligase activity, thymine binding, and dehydroascorbic acid transmembrane transporter activity, etc. Significantly enriched KEGG pathways included arginine and proline metabolism, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, and β-alanine metabolism, etc. The protein interaction network contained 34 differential proteins, and 30 candidate proteins were preliminarily identified. Through correlation analysis and literature review, 16 key candidate proteins were screened: SPAG6, TPPP2, ENKUR, ODF2, SAXO1, TCP11, DNALI1, CCDC63, TSSK3, TEKT2, TEKT3, ALDH2, DNAH5, CCDC40, CCDC39, and DNAH10. Based on their functions, key regulatory KEGG pathways for testicular traits were identified as arginine and proline metabolism, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, β-alanine metabolism, tight junction, and gap junction. These findings provide fundamental data for breeding selection of testicular quality traits in local chicken breeds.

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Effect of Vibrio phage cocktail on the intestinal microbiota of Litopenaeus vannamei

WENG Xinzhi, DIAO Yixin, HE Jie, LIU Li, SHEN Haiyu, GUO Qi, SHEN Weifeng, HAN Mingming, LOU Bao, LYU Sunjian

2025, 37(5): 1045-1056. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240886

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This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of a phage cocktail preparation on the intestinal microbiota of Litopenaeus vannamei. Vibrio strains were isolated and identified from canvas-pond aquaculture environments, while the antibacterial efficacy of the phage cocktail against Vibrio was evaluated. Two experimental groups were established, each with three replicate culture tanks. The phage group was fed with a diet containing the phage cocktail preparation, while the control group was fed with a standard diet. Differences in intestinal microbiota were analyzed using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. Three Vibrio strains were isolated from the canvas ponds: DXA (Vibrio owensii), DXD (V. harveyi), and DXF (Vibrio sp. VibC-Oc-076), with the phage cocktail demonstrating effective inhibition against all three strains. Shrimp fed the phage cocktail exhibited significantly increased intestinal microbial richness and more stable bacterial community structures. At the phylum level, Bacteroidota, Proteobacteria, and Verrucomicrobiota dominated both groups, with no significant change observed in Bacteroidota abundance in the phage group. At the genus level, Algoriphagus and Ruegeria abundances initially increased then decreased in the phage group, while Muricauda abundance showed an opposite trend. The Vibrio genus abundance in shrimp intestines remained below 0.3%. Although Vibrio counts decreased on the second day of feeding with the phage cocktail, no significant difference was observed compared to the control group. In conclusion, the Vibrio-targeting phage cocktail enhanced the diversity of intestinal microbiota in L. vannamei and stabilized the gut microecological environment. However, its impact on Vibrio bacteria appeared related to baseline abundance levels, warranting further research to elucidate this correlation.

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Comprehensive evaluation of the texture quality of turnip succulent root based on principal component analysis and cluster analysis

YUE Li, ZHUANG Hongmei, ZULIPIYA· Maimaiti, WANG Jiamin, MAO Hongyan, ZHANG Yingxian, NIGARY· Yadikar, YU Ming

2025, 37(5): 1057-1071. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240416

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To scientifically evaluate the texture quality of succulent roots from different turnip cultivars and establish an evaluation method, this study measured succulent roots of 57 turnip cultivars using texture analyzer techniques including puncture method, shear method, and texture profile analysis (TPA). Correlation analysis among texture parameters was conducted, followed by comprehensive evaluation through principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis. Results revealed significant differences in texture quality among varieties: maximum adhesive force showed the greatest coefficient of variation (CV=84.98%), while elasticity exhibited the smallest difference (CV=7.74%). Correlations of varying degrees were observed among texture parameters. PCA simplified 12 texture indicators into five principal components, namely palatability factor, shear factor, puncture factor, adhesion factor, and epidermal hardness factor, a model for evaluating the textural quality of turnip succulent roots was developed. Cluster analysis categorized the 57 turnip cultivars into three groups: Group Ⅰ (low hardness with high adhesiveness), Group Ⅱ (high hardness with low adhesive force), and Group Ⅲ (high gumminess and chewiness).

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Comparative study on the sensitivity of different detection techniques for major viruses in vegetables

CHEN Wei, YAO Jie, FENG Mingfeng, LI Shuai, JIANG Xizi, JIANG Lei, JIANG Tong

2025, 37(5): 1072-1081. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240150

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To clarify the species of vegetable viruses, this study was designed to explore rapid, sensitive, low-cost and high-throughput virus detection methods. The plasmid DNA of cp genes of ten vegetable viruses containing Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), Cucumber mosaic virus(CMV), Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), Broad bean wilt virus(BBWV), Turnip mosaic virus(TuMV), Zucchini yellow mosaic virus(ZYMV), Tomato chlorosis virus(ToCV), Potato virus Y(PVY) and Tomato zonate spot virus(TZSV) were fixed on a same nitrocellulose membrane(NC membrane) in order. The DIG-labeled specific probes based on the sequences of the cp genes of these ten vegetable viruses were separately prepared, and these ten viruses could be simultaneously detected by dot-Southern blot. Thereafter, TMV was detected by dot-Southern blot, dot-Northern blot, PCR, and ELISA methods to compare the sensitivities of the diverse methods. The results revealed that the plasmid DNA of cp genes of ten vegetable viruses could be detected on the same NC membrane by dot-Southern simultaneously. The minimum detectable concentration (MDC) of plasmid DNA and the cDNA of TMV-cp gene by dot-Southern was 5 ×10^-2 ng·μL^-1 and 5×10^-1 ng·μL^-1 respectively. The MDC of the total RNA extracted from TMV-infected vegetable by dot-Northern blot was 5×10^-2 ng·μL^-1. The MDC of TMV plasmid DNA by PCR and TMV cDNA RT-PCR approaches was 5×10^-3 ng·μL^-1 and 5×10^-2 ng·μL^-1 respectively. The MDC of extracted diseased saps from TMV-infected vegetable samples by dot-ELISA and TAS-ELISA assays was 9.8 ng·μL^-1 and 78 ng·μL^-1, respectively. The results indicated that the various viruses could be detected by dot-Southern blot in this experiment at a time, which should be adaptable to detect the mixed infection of diverse vegetable viruses. The nucleic acid detection methods such as dot-Southern blot, dot-Northern blot, RT-PCR and PCR have higher sensitivity, but the sensitivity of the ELISA detection method is relatively low.

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Predation and preference of Nesidiocoris tenuis for three vegetable insect pests

HOU Qihua, SHANG Yingjie, WANG Sudan, LIU Yinquan, CHEN Rui

2025, 37(5): 1082-1086. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240400

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To explore the control potential of the mirid bug Nesidiocoris tenuis in vegetable pest management, the predation and preference of N. tenuis to three vegetable insect pests were tested via non-choice and choice experiments in the laboratory. The non-choice experiments showed that the predation of N. tenuis male adults on Bemisia tabaci adults, 1^st-2^nd instar nymphs of Myzus persicae and 2^nd instar larvae of Plutella xylostella were 15.6,11.2 and 13.2, respectively. The highest predation was found on B. tabaci, which was significantly higher than the others. In choice experiments, N. tenuis preferred to feed on B. tabaci adults, followed by the 2^nd instar larvae of P. xylostella and 1^st-2^nd instar nymphs of M. persicae. The results showed that for the three common pests in vegetable, N. tenuis could be preferentially used for the biological control of B. tabaci.

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Biological characterization of black spot pathogens in Rosa chinensis and evaluation of varietal resistance

WANG Chao, LI Yanjie, NIU Yun, WEN Lianhao, CHEN Jingjing, WU Hongzhi, YANG Yuyong, WU Yandi

2025, 37(5): 1087-1096. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240194

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To characterize the biological characteristics of two pathogens of black spot disease of Chinese rose (Rosa chinensis) and to identify the disease resistance of 32 varieties of Chinese rose, two pathogens, Alternaria alternata and Gnomoniopsis rosae, were isolated as the pathogen materials. The mycelial growth rate method was used to characterize the biological properties of the two pathogens, and the disease resistance experiments were carried out on 32 Chinese rose varieties individually using the isolated leaf inoculation method. The results showed that temperature, pH, carbon source, nitrogen source and light condition, as well as culture media affected the mycelial growth of the two pathogens. The optimal growth conditions for A. alternata was as follows: 25 ℃, pH of 6, carbon sources of glucose, nitrogen source of protein peptone, 12 h light-12 h dark or 24 h full light, decoction medium of rose leaves. The optimal growth conditions for G. rosae was as follows: 25 ℃, pH of 6, carbon source of sucrose or glucose, nitrogen source of glycine, 12 h light-12 h dark, decoction medium of rose leaves or PDA (potato dextrose agar) medium. The lethal temperature of mycelium was 55 ℃ (10 min) for both A. alternate and G. rosae. Among the 32 Chinese rose varieties, 12 varieties, including New York and Fulu Comedian, were identified as immunity varieties, with strong resistance and immunity to the two pathogens; while five varieties, including Ivory Fashion and Gypsy Boy, were identified as susceptible or severely susceptible varieties, with poor resistance to the two pathogens. These results could provide reference for the prevention and control of black spot disease and the cultivation of disease-resistant rose varieties in Yunnan Province of China.

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Identification of etiological bacterium causing leaf spot disease on Ficus carica

JI Mengting, CHEN Changjiang, ZHU Ling, ZHAN Menglin, XIAO Shun, CAI Xueqing

2025, 37(5): 1097-1106. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240149

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From 2021 to 2023, a new bacterial leaf spot disease on Ficus carica was found in Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China, with an incidence above 50%. To clarify the cause of the disease, symptomatic leaf samples were collected and taken back to the laboratory to isolate the bacteria. The pathogenicity of the isolated strains were determined via Koch's rule, and its taxonomic status was confirmed based on the bacterial biological characteristics, physiological and biochemical characters, and multi-gene phylogenetic analysis. The results showed that 6 bacterial strains were obtained by isolating and purifying from the diseased leaves, and all the bacterial strains could cause the same disease on Ficus carica. The bacterial colonies were round and bulged with milk white. The bacterial cells were rod-shaped and had 1-6 flagella on polar. The Gram staining reaction was negative. The test results regarding 27 biological and biochemical characters of the isolated strains were consistent with Pseudomonas syringae strain DC3000. The bacterial cells could produce green water-soluble fluorescent on King's B medium. They were capable of hydrolyzing starch and had hydrogen peroxide activities. Meanwhile, they were not capable of potassium nitrate reduction, arginine hydrolysis, indole production or fructan utilization, and had no oxidase activities. They could utilize glucose, mannitol, sodium malonate, glycerol as carbon sources. As revealed by the constructed phylogenetic trees based on the sequences of 16S rDNA, and gyrB, rpoD, cts genes, the isolated strains were clustered with P. syringae pv. syringae. Above all, the isolated bacterial strains were identified as P. syringae pv. syringae. This was the first report that P. syringae pv. syringae could naturally cause leaf spot disease on Ficus carica in China.

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Potential geographical distribution of Cryptolestes turcicus (Grouville) in China based on MaxEnt model

LI Tao, JIANG Haiyan, ZHANG Yuanpeng, ZHAO Qin, WU Fang, ZHU Yanguang, LI Dandan, HE Yang

2025, 37(5): 1107-1120. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240522

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To predict and analyze the potential geographical distribution of Cryptolestes turcicus(Grouville) and investigate the impact of climatic environments on its distribution across different periods, based on the actual distribution data of C. turcicus and the environmental variables of the current period (1950—2000) and the future period (2021—2040 and 2041—2060) with 4 climate models (BCC_CSM2_MR, IPSL_CM6A_LR, MIROC6, MRI_ESM2_0) and two shared socioeconomic pathways (ssp245 and ssp585), this study used the MaxEnt model to predict the potential distribution area of C. turcicus in China. The results indicated that the current most suitable area for C. turcicus reached to 66.35×10⁴ km², primarily covering most regions of Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu, and Hubei provinces, as well as coastal areas of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The highly suitable area (116.53×10⁴ km²) was mainly distributed in western Heilongjiang, border regions of Jilin, Liaoning, and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, southern Beijing, northern Hebei, southern Shanxi, central-southern Shaanxi, southwestern Henan, and northeastern Sichuan. Jackknife analysis identified the average minimum temperature in August (Tmin8), altitude, average precipitation in August (Prec8), and average precipitation in November (Prec11) as key factors influencing the C. turcicus distribution. High occurrence probability (>0.5) was observed under conditions of altitude 0-300 m, Tmin8 20-29 ℃, Prec8 100-550 mm, and Prec11 15-108 mm. Under different future climate scenarios, both highly suitable area and most suitable area are projected to expand.Compared with the current period, the average increases in total suitable area under the two shared socioeconomic pathways (ssp245 and ssp585) were 8.5% and 4.1%, respectively. Regions such as Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Hong Kong SAR, Macao SAR, Guangdong, Fujian, western Inner Mongolia, eastern Sichuan, and western Chongqing are expected to show increased suitability levels. Additionally, the most suitable area may shift southward from Henan, Anhui, and Jiangsu toward Hunan, Jiangxi, and Shanghai under future climate changes.

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Comparison of properties between soils developed from eluvium and deluvium in subtropical low mountain forest land

ZHUO Wenqi, MA Wanzhu, ZHUO Zhiqing, ZHU Kangying

2025, 37(5): 1121-1129. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240469

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Parent material is one of the five major factors influencing soil formation. Eluvium and deluvium are two major types of parent materials which form mountainous soils, yet there are relatively few studies on the differences between the soils derived from them. By taking the Qianjiangyuan National Forest Park in western Zhejiang, China, as an example, the differences in the properties of woodland soils developed from eluvium and deluvium in low mountainous area were comparatively examined through experimental analysis of soil color, particle composition, organic carbon content, total nitrogen content, weathering intensity and iron activation degree in soil profiles. The results indicated that the weathering and leaching intensities of soils developed from deluvium were lower than that of soils developed from eluvium. The former had higher gravel content throughout the entire profile and a higher weathering and leaching coefficient. The soil morphology developed from deluvium exhibited less differentiation between upper and lower layers, with deeper distribution of fine soil organic carbon and a larger organic carbon pool. Meanwhile, the fine soils developed from deluvium had a lower bulk density, higher permeability and greater water storage potential. Soils developed from eluvium showed significant isotopic δ¹³C differences between upper and lower layers, while soils developed from deluvium displayed smaller differences, indicating that the age of soil organic carbon formation in the lower layers of soil profiles developed from eluvium was older. In conclusion, there are significant differences in the properties of soils developed from eluvium and deluvium in low mountain forest land, therefore, they should be treated differently in soil type classification.

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Effects of microbial fertilizer on soil properties and leaf nutrition of Dongkui bayberry

CHEN Mengwei, LIANG Xu, ZHANG Chenglei, LIANG Jing, XU Yingzi, XIANG Dandan, YANG Zhaoqu, XIE Yongdong

2025, 37(5): 1130-1138. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240432

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In order to explore the application effect of microbial fertilizer in the cultivation of bayberry, Dongkui bayberry was used as the test material, and four treatments were set up, including control (no microbial fertilizer, CK), treatment A (containing Bacillus mucilaginosus LXB4001 and new Bacillus subtilis), treatment B (containing Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) and treatment C (containing LV Bacillus subtilis), to study the effects of microbial fertilizers on the pH value, enzymes activities, soil fertility in 0-20 cm soil layer and leaf chlorophyll, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content. The results showed that the treatment C could significantly (P<0.05) reduce soil pH value than the CK. Compared with the CK, application of microbial fertilizers could improve soil nutrients, with the contents of soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium significantly increased by 18.2%-45.0%, 43.7%-156.3%, 24.0%-40.8%, respectively. It could also promote the accumulation of chlorophyll and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in leaves. Except for the leaf phosphorus content of treatment B, the contents of total chlorophyll, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the other treatments were significantly increased by 27.5%-42.4%, 17.5%-33.2%, 11.7%-13.6% and 14.6%-32.9%, than the CK, respectively. Based on the comprehensive evaluation by principal component analysis, it was shown that the comprehensive score of four treatments was decreased as treatment A > treatment B > Treatment C > CK. In summary, microbial fertilizer was helpful to improve soil properties, enhance soil fertility, improve soil sustainable production capacity, which was beneficial to plant growth. Under the experiment conditions, treatment A exhibited the best effect.

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Effects of synergistic enhancement of straw returning to the field with decomposition agent and biochar on soil quality and rice growth

SU Yang, SHANG Xiaolan, QIAN Zhongming, WU Lingen, HUANG Jiaqi, ZHUANG Haifeng, ZHAO Yufei, DANG Hongyang, XU Lijun

2025, 37(5): 1139-1148. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240427

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In order to investigate the synergistic effects of decomposition agents and biochar on soil quality and rice growth with straw returning to the field, five treatment groups were designed: control group (S1); straw return group (S2); straw return with decomposition agent (S3); straw return with biochar (S4); straw return with both decomposition agent and biochar (S5). A field experiment was performed to analyze the impacts of different treatments on soil physicochemical properties, enzymatic activities, microbial community structure, and rice growth and development. It was shown that the combined application of decomposition agent and biochar significantly (P<0.05) increased the contents of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, organic matter, available phosphorus, available potassium in soil as compared with the S2 treatment. The soil catalase activity and sucrase activity were significantly increased by 16.06% and 19.11%, respectively, at the rice maturity stage under the S5 treatment than those under the S2 treatment. Besides, the combined application of decomposition agent and biochar positively enhanced the soil microbial diversity, abundance. Additionally, compared with the S2 treatment, the rice yield and aboveground biomass were significantly increased by 11.42% and 11.74%, respectively, under the S5 treatment, while the total uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the aboveground part of rice was significantly increased by 24.00%, 26.12% and 13.21%, respectively. These findings demonstrated promising practical benefits of decomposition agent and biochar in enhancing nutrient uptake and increasing rice yield, highlighted the synergistic effects in promoting efficient straw incorporation and improving the soil ecosystem, provided scientific basis for the practical application of new technologies for the efficient utilization of agricultural waste such as straw.

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Preparation and quality of oat chickpea compound rice by squeezing

ZHU Xiao, ZHU Ying, LI Hongjun, CHEN Shanfeng

2025, 37(5): 1149-1158. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240338

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In order to develop a dietary fiber-rich compound rice by squeezing, broken brown rice, chickpea and oats were used as raw materials, the extrusion process conditions were optimized by single-factor experiments and the response surface experiment with the comprehensive score as an indicator. It was shown that the optimal process parameters were as follow: screw speed of 160 r·min^-1, extrusion temperature of 140 ℃, moisture content of 33%, chickpea addition amount of 16%, oat addition amount of 19%, broken brown rice addition amount of 65%. Under the optimal conditions, the comprehensive score and the sensory score of the compound rice were 75.96±0.50 and 92.85±2.11, respectively, and the content of dietary fiber was 12.65%, the soluble dietary fiber content was 6.93%, which was in accordance with the high dietary fiber standard of national standard GB 28050—2011 National food safety standard: general rules for nutrition labeling of prepackaged foods. There was no significant difference in hardness between the compound rice and the commercial rice, yet the chewiness, springiness, cohesiveness and resilience of the compound rice were significantly (P<0.05) higher.

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Rapid detection of contents of different types of nitrogen in substrates using near-infrared spectrum and machine learning

WU Haolin, WANG Shuzhen, ZHU Zhujun, HE Yong

2025, 37(5): 1159-1171. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240379

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To establish near-infrared(NIR) models for determining ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen contents in common substrates(peat, vermiculite, and perlite), exogenous nitrate and ammonium nitrogen treatments were applied to the three substrates, and their NIR spectra were collected. Chemical methods were employed to measure ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen contents. Mathematical models for predicting ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen contents in the three substrates were constructed using partial least squares regression(PLSR) and support vector machine(SVM) model. The results demonstrated that for ammonium nitrogen content, the optimal spectral preprocessing method was first derivative+smoothing. For nitrate nitrogen content, the best preprocessing methods for peat, vermiculite, and perlite were multiplicative scatter correction(MSC)+smoothing, first derivative, and MSC+first derivative+smoothing, respectively. Both PLSR and SVM methods effectively established prediction models for substrate ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen contents. The SVM models exhibited higher coefficient of determination in prediction set( $R p 2$ ) and relative prediction deviation(RPD) values in the prediction set, along with lower root mean square error in prediction set(RMSEP) compared to PLSR models. For ammonium nitrogen content, the SVM models achieved $R p 2$ values of 0.983, 0.936, and 0.925 for peat, vermiculite, and perlite, respectively, with RMSEP values of 0.073, 0.528, and 0.540, and RPD values of 7.74, 4.50, and 4.80. For nitrate nitrogen content, the SVM models showed $R p 2$ values of 0.912, 0.956, and 0.921 for the respective substrates, with RMSEP values of 0.716, 0.933, and 0.976, and RPD values of 3.23, 3.75, and 3.30. The SVM models developed for peat, vermiculite, and perlite demonstrate reliability and can be effectively applied for analyzing ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen contents in these substrates.

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Effect of policy incentives on farmer's adoption behavior of conservation tillage technologies: based on the perspectives of factor quality and time preference

ZHU Zheyi, SHI Fang, NING Ke, ZHENG Shan

2025, 37(5): 1172-1181. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240385

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Adoption of conservation tillage technologies is recognized as important measure to improve soil quality, while the diffusion rate is different among technologies. In this study, the economic and environmental benefits of conservation tillage technologies were systematically examined. From the perspectives of factor quality and time preference, the mechanism of how policy subsidies influence farmer's adoption behavior of conservation tillage technologies was identified, and an empirical analysis was carried out with plots data obtained from the survey in four provinces of Heilongjiang, Henan, Sichuan and Zhejiang, China. It was shown that the yield and soil nitrogen content could be improved by the adoption of conservation tillage technologies. Policy incentives could increase the possibility of farmer's adoption behavior toward conservation tillage technology. The better soil quality and the weaker time preference would diminish the effect of policy subsidies. In order to improve the soil quality and ensure food security, it was suggested that the government should improve public policies based on the characteristics of soils and farmers to promote the diffusion of conservation tillage technologies.

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Effect of abiotic stress on growth development and response mechanism of Ganoderma

HU Xinrou, WANG Mei, ZHANG Yafen, CAI Weiming, JIN Qunli

2025, 37(5): 1182-1190. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231365

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During the growth and development of Ganoderma, it is subjected to various abiotic stresses such as high temperature, drought, light, and heavy metals. These abiotic stresses can affect the growth rate of Ganoderma, alter its phenotypic characteristics, and lead to changes in the content of osmotic regulators such as proteins and phosphatidic acid. They also modulate the antioxidant system to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and stimulate the synthesis of secondary metabolites like triterpenoids and polysaccharides to mitigate the damage caused by these stresses. Ganoderma responds to stress by regulating corresponding genes and physiological responses through various signaling pathways like ROS. The research results of temperature stress, water stress, light stress and heavy metal stress on Ganoderma is sorted out, and the effects of abiotic stress on the morphological characteristics, physiological and biochemical characteristics, metabolites and molecular responses of Ganoderma is analyzed. The aim of this study is to provide a theoretical reference for the study of the stress resistance mechanism of Ganoderma, the selection and breeding of resistant and high-yield active component varieties, and efficient cultivation practices.

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