农业女性化促进了农业机械服务外包吗?

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.01.20

浙江农业学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (1): 173-183.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.01.20

农业女性化促进了农业机械服务外包吗?

许慧^a^,^b(), 童俊皓^a, 陈光燕^c^,^d, 庄天慧^b^,^*()

四川农业大学 a. 经济学院
b.西南减贫与发展研究中心
c.管理学院
d.四川省农村发展研究中心,四川成都 611130

收稿日期:2020-11-20 出版日期:2022-01-25 发布日期:2022-02-05
通讯作者: 庄天慧
作者简介:* 庄天慧,E-mail: zhuangtianhui9@163.com
许慧(1994—),女,四川眉山人,硕士研究生,研究方向为反贫困与乡村振兴。E-mail: 969348312@qq.com
基金资助:
国家社会科学基金重点项目(20AZD079)

Does feminization of agriculture promote outsourcing of agricultural machinery services?

XU Hui^a^,^b(), TONG Junhao^a, CHEN Guangyan^c^,^d, ZHUANG Tianhui^b^,^*()

a. College of Economics
b. Southwest Poverty Reduction and Development Research Center
c. College of Management
d. Sichuan Rural Development Research Center, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China

Received:2020-11-20 Online:2022-01-25 Published:2022-02-05
Contact: ZHUANG Tianhui

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

从农业机械服务外包现象入手,基于相关理论分析,使用中国劳动力动态调查(CLDS)2016年数据,采用普通最小二乘(OLS)、两阶段最小二乘法(2SLS)、广义矩估计(GMM)等计量方法,分析农业女性化对农业机械服务外包的影响及其影响机制。结果表明:(1)农业女性化程度加深会明显促进农户选择农业机械服务外包。(2)当户主为小学学历、青年或中年,村庄处在西部或中部地区时,农业女性化对农户选择农业机械服务外包的影响更显著,且中年群体的激励效应大于青年,中部的激励效应大于西部。(3)农业女性化通过扩大农业劳动力约束和增加劳动力务农的机会成本来影响农户的农业机械服务外包选择。据此,提出加强对女性农业劳动力的技能资本投资,促进农机合作社发展,缓解农业劳动力约束,使机会成本转换为发展红利等对策建议。

关键词: 农业女性化, 劳动力约束, 机会成本, 农业机械服务外包, 农业发展

Abstract:

Based on the relevant theoretical analysis, the impact of feminization of agriculture on the outsourcing of agricultural machinery service, and its mechanism were analyzed by using China Labor-force Dynamics Survey (CLDS) 2016 data via ordinary least square (OLS), two stage least square (2SLS), generalized method of moments (GMM). It was shown that the deepening of feminization of agriculture would promote farmers to choose outsourcing of agricultural machinery service. When the household was youth or middle-aged, and the village was in the western or central region, with education level of primary school or below, feminization of agriculture had more significant impact on the outsourcing of agricultural machinery services. Feminization of agriculture affected farmers’ choice on outsourcing of agricultural machinery services by expanding agricultural labor constraints and increasing the opportunity cost of agricultural labor. Thus, it was suggested to strengthen the investment in skills capital of female agricultural labor, promote the development of agricultural machinery cooperatives, to alleviate agricultural labor constraints, and convert opportunity costs into development dividends.

Key words: feminization of agriculture, labor constraints, opportunity cost, outsourcing of agricultural machinery services, agricultural development

中图分类号:

许慧, 童俊皓, 陈光燕, 庄天慧. 农业女性化促进了农业机械服务外包吗?[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2022, 34(1): 173-183.

XU Hui, TONG Junhao, CHEN Guangyan, ZHUANG Tianhui. Does feminization of agriculture promote outsourcing of agricultural machinery services?[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2022, 34(1): 173-183.

图/表 6

参考文献 29

[1]	李琴, 李大胜, 陈风波. 地块特征对农业机械服务利用的影响分析: 基于南方五省稻农的实证研究[J]. 农业经济问题, 2017, 38(7): 43-52.
	LI Q, LI D S, CHEN F B. Analysis of the effect of plot characteristics on the utilization of agricultural machinery: based on the rice plots data of South China[J]. Issues in Agricultural Economy, 2017, 38(7): 43-52.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]	郑旭媛, 徐志刚. 资源禀赋约束、要素替代与诱致性技术变迁: 以中国粮食生产的机械化为例[J]. 经济学(季刊), 2017, 16(1): 45-66.
	ZHENG X Y, XU Z G. Endowment restriction, factor substitution and induced technological innovation: a case research on the grain producing mechanization in China[J]. China Economic Quarterly, 2017, 16(1): 45-66.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]	TAKESHIMA H, NIN-PRATT A, DIAO X S. Mechanization and agricultural technology evolution, agricultural intensification in sub-Saharan Africa: typology of agricultural mechanization in Nigeria[J]. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2013, 95(5): 1230-1236. DOI URL
[4]	张红宇. 中国现代农业经营体系的制度特征与发展取向[J]. 中国农村经济, 2018(1): 23-33.
	ZHANG H Y. Institutional features and development direction of China’s modern agricultural management[J]. Chinese Rural Economy, 2018(1): 23-33.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]	刘静, 李容. 中国农业生产环节外包研究进展与展望[J]. 农林经济管理学报, 2019, 18(1): 63-71.
	LIU J, LI R. The research of outsourcing of agricultural production links in China: progress and prospect[J]. Journal of Agro-Forestry Economics and Management, 2019, 18(1): 63-71.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]	胡新艳, 杨晓莹, 吕佳, 等. 服务外包与我国南方地区农业机械化发展: 理论逻辑与经验分析[J]. 中国农业资源与区划, 2016, 37(3): 162-168.
	HU X Y, YANG X Y, LYU J, et al. Service outsourcing and agricultural mechanization in China: theoretical logic and empirical analysis[J]. Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, 2016, 37(3): 162-168.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]	申红芳, 陈超, 廖西元, 等. 稻农生产环节外包行为分析: 基于7省21县的调查[J]. 中国农村经济, 2015(5): 44-57.
	SHEN H F, CHEN C, LIAO X Y, et al. Analysis on outsourcing behavior of rice farmers in production links: based on the survey of 7 provinces, 21 counties[J]. Chinese Rural Economy, 2015(5): 44-57.(in Chinese)
[8]	王水连, 辛贤. 土地细碎化是否阻碍甘蔗种植机械化发展?[J]. 中国农村经济, 2017(2): 16-29.
	WANG S L, XIN X. Does land fragmentation hinder the implementation of sugarcane planting mechanization?[J]. Chinese Rural Economy, 2017(2): 16-29.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]	纪月清, 钟甫宁. 农业经营户农机持有决策研究[J]. 农业技术经济, 2011(5): 20-24.
	JI Y Q, ZHONG F N. Research on the decision-making of agricultural management households holding agricultural machinery[J]. Journal of Agrotechnical Economics, 2011(5): 20-24.(in Chinese)
[10]	蔡键, 唐忠, 朱勇. 要素相对价格、土地资源条件与农户农业机械服务外包需求[J]. 中国农村经济, 2017(8): 18-28.
	CAI J, TANG Z, ZHU Y. The relative price of factors, land resources condition and farmers’ demand on agricultural mechanical service outsourcing[J]. Chinese Rural Economy, 2017(8): 18-28.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]	李宁, 汪险生, 王舒娟, 等. 自购还是外包: 农地确权如何影响农户的农业机械化选择?[J]. 中国农村经济, 2019(6): 54-75.
	LI N, WANG X S, WANG S J, et al. Self-purchasing or outsourcing: how does farmland right confirmation affect farmers’ choice of agricultural mechanization?[J]. Chinese Rural Economy, 2019(6): 54-75.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]	杨宇, 李容, 吴明凤. 土地细碎化对农户购买农机作业服务的约束路径分析[J]. 农业技术经济, 2018(10): 17-25.
	YANG Y, LI R, WU M F. The constraints of land fragmentation on farmers’ agricultural machinery services purchase[J]. Journal of Agrotechnical Economics, 2018(10): 17-25.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]	蔡弘, 黄鹂. 何谓“农业女性化”: 讨论与反思[J]. 农林经济管理学报, 2017, 16(5): 652-659.
	CAI H, HUANG L. What is feminization of agriculture: discussion and reflection[J]. Journal of Agro-Forestry Economics and Management, 2017, 16(5): 652-659. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]	高丽丽. 甘肃省农业劳动力女性化及其对农业生产的影响: 以402户样本农户为例[D]. 兰州: 西北师范大学, 2016.
	GAO L L. Feminization and its influence on agricultural production of agriculture labor force in Gansu Province: a case study of 402 farmers[D]. Lanzhou: Northwest Normal University, 2016. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]	DE BRAUW A, LI Q, LIU C F, et al. Feminization of agriculture in China? myths surrounding women’s participation in farming[J]. The China Quarterly, 2008, 194: 327-348. DOI URL
[16]	耿小娟, 柳建平. 贫困地区的农户农业女性化: 基于甘肃省14个贫困村调查数据的研究[J]. 人口与经济, 2020(3): 75-85.
	GENG X J, LIU J P. Feminization of farmers’ agriculture in the poverty-stricken areas: a study on the survey data of 14 poor villages in Gansu Province[J]. Population & Economics, 2020(3): 75-85.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]	关爱萍, 董凡. 农业女性化、女性农业化及对贫困的影响分析: 基于甘肃省14个贫困村的农户调查数据[J]. 人口与发展, 2018, 24(2): 54-64.
	GUAN A P, DONG F. Feminization of agriculture, agriculturalization of women and the impacts on poverty: based on the survey data of 14 poor villages in Gansu Province[J]. Population and Development, 2018, 24(2): 54-64.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]	向云, 祁春节, 胡晓雨. 老龄化、兼业化、女性化对家庭生产要素投入的影响: 基于全国农村固定观察点数据的实证分析[J]. 统计与信息论坛, 2018, 33(4): 109-115.
	XIANG Y, QI C J, HU X Y. The influence of aging, concurrent industry and feminization on the household production factors input: an empirical analysis based on national rural fixed observation point data[J]. Statistics & Information Forum, 2018, 33(4): 109-115.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]	WAN G H, CHENG E J. Effects of land fragmentation and returns to scale in the Chinese farming sector[J]. Applied Economics, 2001, 33(2): 183-194. DOI URL
[20]	罗必良. 论服务规模经营: 从纵向分工到横向分工及连片专业化[J]. 中国农村经济, 2017(11): 2-16.
	LUO B L. Service scale management: vertical division of labor, horizontal division of labor and specialization of connected farmland[J]. Chinese Rural Economy, 2017(11): 2-16.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]	张凤华. 乡村转型、角色变迁与女性崛起: 我国农村女性角色变迁的制度环境分析[J]. 华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2006, 45(4): 7-11.
	ZHANG F H. Transformation of village, alteration of status and improvement in women’s performance: analysis of social system contributing to the alteration of rural women’s status in China[J]. Journal of Huazhong Normal University (Humanities and Social Sciences), 2006, 45(4): 7-11.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]	LIU Q H, SHUMWAY C R. Geographic aggregation and induced innovation in American agriculture[J]. Applied Economics, 2006, 38(6): 671-682. DOI URL
[23]	文华成. 中国农业劳动力女性化: 程度、成因与影响: 基于历史宏观截面数据的验证[J]. 人口学刊, 2014, 36(4): 64-73.
	WEN H C. Feminization of the agricultural labor force in China: the extent, causes and impact[J]. Population Journal, 2014, 36(4): 64-73.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]	毕雪昊, 周佳宁, 邹伟. 家庭劳动力约束下经营规模对农户种植结构选择的影响[J]. 中国土地科学, 2020, 34(12): 68-77.
	BI X H, ZHOU J N, ZOU W. The effect of operation scale on farmers’ planting structure selection under the constraints of family labor[J]. China Land Science, 2020, 34(12): 68-77.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]	刘家成, 钟甫宁, 徐志刚, 等. 劳动分工视角下农户生产环节外包行为异质性与成因[J]. 农业技术经济, 2019(7): 4-14.
	LIU J C, ZHONG F N, XU Z G, et al. Heterogeneity and causes of farmer’s production link outsourcing behavior from the perspective of division of labor[J]. Journal of Agrotechnical Economics, 2019(7): 4-14.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]	曹阳, 李庆华. 我国农户劳动力配置决策模型及其应用[J]. 华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2005, 44(1): 48-53.
	CAO Y, LI Q H. A model on labor disposition of China’s peasant household and its application[J]. Journal of Central China Normal University (Humanities and Social Sciences), 2005, 44(1): 48-53.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]	陈江华, 罗明忠, 罗琦. 农地确权对农户参与农机服务供给的影响分析: 基于水稻种植户的考察[J]. 农林经济管理学报, 2018, 17(5): 508-519.
	CHEN J H, LUO M Z, LUO Q. Impact of farmland registration and certification on farmers’ participation in agricultural machinery service supply: based on investigation of rice growers[J]. Journal of Agro-Forestry Economics and Management, 2018, 17(5): 508-519.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]	王小鲁, 樊纲. 中国地区差距的变动趋势和影响因素[J]. 经济研究, 2004, 39(1): 33-44.
	WANG X L, FAN G. Analysis on the regional disparity in China and the influential factors[J]. Economic Research Journal, 2004, 39(1): 33-44. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[29]	花晓波, 阎建忠, 袁小燕. 劳动力务农机会成本上升对丘陵山区农地弃耕的影响: 以重庆市酉阳县为例[J]. 西南大学学报(自然科学版), 2014, 36(1): 111-119.
	HUA X B, YAN J Z, YUAN X Y. The impact of the rise of labor opportunity cost on farmers’ land abandonment behavior in hilly areas: a case study of Youyang County in Chongqing[J]. Journal of Southwest University (Natural Science Edition), 2014, 36(1): 111-119.(in Chinese with English abstract)

变量符号 Variable symbol	变量名称 Variable name	变量定义/赋值 Variable definition & assignment	均值 Mean	标准差 Standard deviation	最小值 Minimum	最大值 Maximum
Y	农业机械服务外包选择 Machinery-way	全部购买,1;部分外包,2;全部外包,3 Full purchase, 1; Partial outsourcing, 2; All outsourcing, 3	2.479	0.813	1	3
X	农业女性化 Female-rural	家庭从事农业女性人数/全部务农人数 Number of women working in agriculture/number of total farmers working in agriculture	0.515	0.341	0	1
C₁	性别Gender	男性,1;女性,0 Male, 1; Female, 0	0.926	0.261	0	1
C₂	年龄Age	户主年龄Age of household head	54.949	10.838	25	90
C₃	学历 Education	从未上过学,1;小学或私塾,2;初中,3;普通高中,4;职业高中,5;技校,6;中专,7;大专,8;大学本科,9;硕士及以上,10 Never went to school, 1; Elementary school or private school, 2; Junior high school, 3; General high school, 4; Vocational high school, 5; Technical school, 6; Technical secondary school, 7; Junior college, 8; University undergraduate, 9; Master’s degree and above, 10	2.561	0.956	1	9
C₄	农业劳动力 Agricultural labor	家庭从事农业总人数 Total number of households engaged in agriculture	1.740	0.822	1	6
C₅	农业收入占比 Agricultural income ratio	家庭去年农业收入/去年总收入 Last year’s agricultural income/last year’s total income	0.549	0.425	0	1
C₆	农业补贴 Agricultural subsidies	有,1;无,0 Yes, 1; No, 0	0.728	0.445	0	1
C₇	村离县城距离 Distance from county	实际距离 Actual distance/km	23.520	19.539	2	120
C₈	地区 Area	西部,1;中部,2;东部,3 West, 1; Central, 2; East, 3	2.247	0.782	1	3
Z₁	村农业女性化 Feminization of agriculture in village	根据村级问卷得到 Acquired from village questionnaire	0.532	0.177	0.017	1
Z₂	家庭女性占比 Female ratio in family	家庭女性数/常住人口 Number of female households/permanent residents	0.478	0.159	0	1

变量符号 Variable symbol	变量名称 Variable name	变量定义/赋值 Variable definition & assignment	均值 Mean	标准差 Standard deviation	最小值 Minimum	最大值 Maximum
Y	农业机械服务外包选择 Machinery-way	全部购买,1;部分外包,2;全部外包,3 Full purchase, 1; Partial outsourcing, 2; All outsourcing, 3	2.479	0.813	1	3
X	农业女性化 Female-rural	家庭从事农业女性人数/全部务农人数 Number of women working in agriculture/number of total farmers working in agriculture	0.515	0.341	0	1
C₁	性别Gender	男性,1;女性,0 Male, 1; Female, 0	0.926	0.261	0	1
C₂	年龄Age	户主年龄Age of household head	54.949	10.838	25	90
C₃	学历 Education	从未上过学,1;小学或私塾,2;初中,3;普通高中,4;职业高中,5;技校,6;中专,7;大专,8;大学本科,9;硕士及以上,10 Never went to school, 1; Elementary school or private school, 2; Junior high school, 3; General high school, 4; Vocational high school, 5; Technical school, 6; Technical secondary school, 7; Junior college, 8; University undergraduate, 9; Master’s degree and above, 10	2.561	0.956	1	9
C₄	农业劳动力 Agricultural labor	家庭从事农业总人数 Total number of households engaged in agriculture	1.740	0.822	1	6
C₅	农业收入占比 Agricultural income ratio	家庭去年农业收入/去年总收入 Last year’s agricultural income/last year’s total income	0.549	0.425	0	1
C₆	农业补贴 Agricultural subsidies	有,1;无,0 Yes, 1; No, 0	0.728	0.445	0	1
C₇	村离县城距离 Distance from county	实际距离 Actual distance/km	23.520	19.539	2	120
C₈	地区 Area	西部,1;中部,2;东部,3 West, 1; Central, 2; East, 3	2.247	0.782	1	3
Z₁	村农业女性化 Feminization of agriculture in village	根据村级问卷得到 Acquired from village questionnaire	0.532	0.177	0.017	1
Z₂	家庭女性占比 Female ratio in family	家庭女性数/常住人口 Number of female households/permanent residents	0.478	0.159	0	1

变量Variable	OLS(n=1 821)	2SLS(n=1 821)	GMM(n=1 821)
X	0.099^*(0.056)	1.084^***(0.330)	1.084^***(0.330)
C₁	-0.135^*(0.072)	-0.122^*(0.116)	-0.122^*(0.113)
C₂	0.008^***(0.002)	0.012^***(0.002)	0.012^***(0.002)
C₃	0.045^**(0.020)	0.018(0.023)	0.018(0.022)
C₄	-0.087^***(0.022)	-0.083^***(0.025)	-0.083^***(0.025)
C₅	-0.231^***(0.022)	-0.106^*(0.063)	-0.106^*(0.063)
C₆	0.077^*(0.041)	0.127^***(0.049)	0.127^***(0.049)
C₇	-0.006^***(0.001)	-0.006^***(0.001)	-0.006^***(0.001)
C₈	0.169^***(0.023)	0.158^***(0.026)	0.158^***(0.027)
常数项Constant	1.963^***(0.163)	0.966^***(0.372)	0.967^***(0.377)

变量Variable	OLS(n=1 821)	2SLS(n=1 821)	GMM(n=1 821)
X	0.099^*(0.056)	1.084^***(0.330)	1.084^***(0.330)
C₁	-0.135^*(0.072)	-0.122^*(0.116)	-0.122^*(0.113)
C₂	0.008^***(0.002)	0.012^***(0.002)	0.012^***(0.002)
C₃	0.045^**(0.020)	0.018(0.023)	0.018(0.022)
C₄	-0.087^***(0.022)	-0.083^***(0.025)	-0.083^***(0.025)
C₅	-0.231^***(0.022)	-0.106^*(0.063)	-0.106^*(0.063)
C₆	0.077^*(0.041)	0.127^***(0.049)	0.127^***(0.049)
C₇	-0.006^***(0.001)	-0.006^***(0.001)	-0.006^***(0.001)
C₈	0.169^***(0.023)	0.158^***(0.026)	0.158^***(0.027)
常数项Constant	1.963^***(0.163)	0.966^***(0.372)	0.967^***(0.377)

变量 Variable	学历Education			年龄Age			地区Region
变量 Variable	小学组 Primary school (n=878)	初中组 Junior school (n=743)	高中组 Hign school (n=200)	青年 Youth (n=337)	中年 Middle-aged (n=1 341)	老年 Elderly (n=143)	西部 West (n=388)	中部 Central (n=596)	东部 East (n=837)
X	1.276^*** (0.408)	0.651 (0.679)	0.925 (0.720)	1.289^* (0.748)	1.023^*** (0.394)	0.524 (0551)	1.673^* (0.912)	2.364^*** (0.844)	0.726 (0.455)
常数项 Constant	0.775 (0.507)	1.504^** (0.763)	1.377^* (0.741)	1.720^** (0.790)	0.667 (0.532)	2.266^** (1.025)	0.379 (0.851)	-0.003 (0.970)	2.008^*** (0.557)

农业女性化促进了农业机械服务外包吗?

Does feminization of agriculture promote outsourcing of agricultural machinery services?

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

图/表 6

参考文献 29

相关文章 5

编辑推荐

Metrics

本文评价

变量Variable	A₁(n=1 821)	A₂(n=1 821)	Y(n=1 821)	Y(n=1 821)
X	0.906^***(0.321)	0.536^***(0.161)	—	—
A₁	—	—	1.190^***(0.213)	—
A₂	—	—	—	0.734^**(0.313)
常数项Constant	0.755^**(0.361)	0.341^***(0.087)	0.073(0.369)	1.733^***(0.161)

变量 Variable	重新定义被解释变量 Redefine the explained variable		更换估计方法 Change estimation method
变量 Variable	A(n=574)	B(n=1 621)	Oprobit(n=1 821)	IV-Oprobit(n=1 821)
X	0.081(0.301)	0.409^**(0.208)	0.188^*(0.098)	1.339^***(0.388)
常数项Constant	-1.560^*(0.841)	-0.626(0.587)	—	—

[1]	李宝值, 钱文荣, 杨良山, 黄河啸, 朱奇彪. 加速现代小农培育的浙江实践与发展建议[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2018, 30(9): 1612-1616.
[2]	朱富云a，柯福艳b. 农业六次产业化发展现状与逆社会分工视角下的主要特征——日本案例及对我国农业发展的启示[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2015, 27(12): 2234-.
[3]	谭灵芝1，2. 适应性政策对区域农业产业结构调整与农业发展的影响[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2015, 27(10): 1850-.
[4]	胡豹;杨良山;王丽娟;章伟江. 浙江创意农业的实践模式、发展思路与战略对策[J]. , 2013, 25(6): 0-1416.
[5]	许朗;刘金金. 气候变化与中国农业发展问题的研究[J]. , 2013, 25(1): 0-199.