浙西北清凉峰土壤的发生学特征与系统分类研究

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20250534

浙江农业学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (5): 955-964.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20250534

浙西北清凉峰土壤的发生学特征与系统分类研究

袁杭杰¹(), 杨文叶¹, 章秀梅², 章明奎³, 王京文¹, 王忠⁴^,^*()

¹ 杭州市农业技术推广中心(杭州市植保植检中心), 浙江杭州 310020
² 杭州市农业农村事务保障中心, 浙江杭州 310020
³ 浙江大学环境与资源学院, 浙江杭州 310058
⁴ 杭州市临平区农业技术推广中心, 浙江杭州 311100

收稿日期:2025-08-13 出版日期:2026-05-25 发布日期:2026-06-02
作者简介:袁杭杰,主要从事土肥技术研究。E-mail:923406513@qq.com
通讯作者: *王忠,E-mail:wangzhong0613@163.com
基金资助:
杭州市财政专项“耕地土壤地力提升技术示范与推广”

Study on the genetic characteristics and taxonomy of soils in Qingliangfeng, northwest Zhejiang Province of China

YUAN Hangjie¹(), YANG Wenye¹, ZHANG Xiumei², ZHANG Mingkui³, WANG Jingwen¹, WANG Zhong⁴^,^*()

¹ Hangzhou Agricultural Technology Extension Center (Hangzhou Plant Protection and Plant Inspection Center), Hangzhou 310020, China
² Hangzhou Agricultural and Rural Affairs Guarantee Center, Hangzhou 310020, China
³ College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
⁴ Agricultural Technology Extension Center of Linping District, Hangzhou 311100, China

Received:2025-08-13 Published:2026-05-25 Online:2026-06-02

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了解地处中北亚热带过渡区、地势高差悬殊的山地土壤垂直变化特点,在浙西北清凉峰不同海拔采集了6个代表性土壤剖面,详细分析了山地土壤发生学特征的垂直变化,并按中国土壤系统分类的方法探讨了该山体土壤的分类地位。结果表明,随着海拔的增加,土体有效土层厚度变薄,土体构型由A-B-C型转为A-C型,土壤色调由7.5YR转为10YR;土壤风化强度逐渐减弱,土壤砂粒含量、阳离子交换量、交换性铝含量、铁活化度逐渐增加,黏粒含量、全铁含量、游离铁含量、铁游离度逐渐减少,土壤粉黏比逐渐增加。采集的土壤剖面中有机碳、全氮和全磷具有表聚特点,多数剖面土壤有机碳分布较深;表层土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷含量随海拔升高呈现先升高后下降的变化特点,在海拔1 455 m左右达到最高值。该山地土壤黏粒矿物由高岭石、伊利石、蛭石、三水铝石组成,由低海拔至高海拔,高岭石含量逐渐降低,蛭石含量先增加后下降,伊利石含量波动增加。采集的山地土壤剖面中出现的诊断土层有雏形层、暗瘠表层和淡薄表层,诊断特性有铁质特性、铝质现象、腐殖质特性、热性与温性土壤湿度状况、湿润与常湿润土壤水分状况,共存在雏形土和新成土2个土纲,从山脚至山顶依次出现湿润雏形土、常湿雏形土和正常新成土3个亚纲。研究表明,清凉峰因受新构造运动的影响,土壤处于中度至弱度富铝化阶段,其脱硅富铁铝化程度与其“江南古陆”的区位并不相配。

关键词: 清凉峰, 垂直变化, 诊断分类, 雏形土, 脱硅富铁铝化, 有机碳积累

Abstract:

To understand the vertical variation characteristics of mountainous soils located in the transitional zone of the central and northern subtropical zones and with significant differences in terrain elevation, six representative soil profiles were collected at different altitudes in the Qingliangfeng, northwest Zhejiang Province of China. The vertical variation of the genesis characteristics of the mountainous soils was characterized in detail, and the taxonomy of the soils was explored according to the Chinese Soil Taxnomy. The results showed that with the increase of altitude, the effective soil layer thickness became thinner, the soil profile configuration changed from A-B-C to A-C, the soil color changed from 7.5YR to 10YR, the intensity of soil weathering gradually decreased, while content of sand particle and exchangeable aluminum, cation exchange capacity, and iron activity of the soils gradually increased, yet the content of clay, total iron, free iron, and iron free degree gradually decreased. At the same time, the ratio of silt to clay showed a gradual increase. The organic carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus in soil profiles exhibited surface accumulation, with most profiles having a deeper distribution of soil organic carbon. The content of organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus in the surface soils showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with altitude, reaching the highest value around 1 455 m above sea level. The clay minerals in the collected soil profiles were composed of kaolinite, illite, vermiculite, and gibbsite. From low altitude to high altitude, the content of kaolinite gradually decreased, while the content of vermiculite showed an increase followed by a decrease, and the content of illite showed a fluctuating increase. The diagnostic horizons that appeared in the collected soil profiles included cambic horizon, umbric epipedon, ochric epipedon. The diagnostic characteristics in the collected soil profiles included ferric properties, alic phenomenon, humus properties, thermal and mesic soil temperature regimes, and udic and perudic soil moisture regimes. There were two soil orders, namely Cambosols and Primosols. From the foot to the top of the mountain, there were three suborsers: Udic Cambosols, Perudic Cambosols and Orthic Primosols. Research has shown that due to the influence of new tectonic movements, the soil in Qingliangfeng is in a moderate to weak stage of desilication and aluminum enrichment process, and its degree of the desilication and ferrallitization does not match its location in the “Jiangnan Paleoland”.

Key words: Qingliangfeng, vertical variation, diagnostic classification, Cambosols, desilication and ferrallitization, organic carbon accumulation

中图分类号:

S151

袁杭杰, 杨文叶, 章秀梅, 章明奎, 王京文, 王忠. 浙西北清凉峰土壤的发生学特征与系统分类研究[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2026, 38(5): 955-964.

YUAN Hangjie, YANG Wenye, ZHANG Xiumei, ZHANG Mingkui, WANG Jingwen, WANG Zhong. Study on the genetic characteristics and taxonomy of soils in Qingliangfeng, northwest Zhejiang Province of China[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2026, 38(5): 955-964.

图/表 7

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剖面编号 Profiles No.	海拔/m Elevation/ m	母质 Parent material	植被 Vegetation	发生层 Horizon	深度/cm Depth/ cm	颜色Color		结构类型 Structure type	新生体 New formation
剖面编号 Profiles No.	海拔/m Elevation/ m	母质 Parent material	植被 Vegetation	发生层 Horizon	深度/cm Depth/ cm	润态 Moisture state	干态 Dry state	结构类型 Structure type	新生体 New formation
Q1	450	凝灰岩坡积物	林地(青风)	Oi	+2-0	—	—	—	—
		Tuff colluvium	Woodland	Ah	0~17	7.5YR5/2	7.5YR6/1	团块状Blocky	—
			(Cyclobalanopsis)	Bw1	17~53	7.5YR6/8	7.5YR6/6	块状Angular blocky	—
				Bw2	53~86	7.5YR7/8	7.5YR7/6	块状Angular blocky	—
				BC	86~120	5YR7/6	5YR6/6	小块状	—
								Fine angular blocky
Q4	750	花岗岩坡积物	林地(木荷)	Oi	+3~0	—	—	—	—
		Granite	Woodland	Ah	0~19	10YR5/1	10YR5/3	团粒状Granular	—
		colluvium	(Schima)	AB	19~42	10YR5/3	10YR5/4	块状Angular blocky	—
				Bw	42~78	10YR6/6	10YR6/4	块状Angular blocky	—
				BC	78~120	10YR6/8	10YR7/6	小块状	—
								Fine angular blocky
Q5	960	花岗岩坡积物	林地(甜槠)	Oi	+2~0	—	—	—	—
		Granite	Woodland	Ah	0~23	10YR3/1	10YR4/1	团粒状Granular	—
		colluvium	(Castanopsis)	AB	23~39	10YR3/3	10YR4/3	块状Angular blocky	—
				Bw	39~58	10YR5/6	10YR5/4	块状Angular blocky	腐殖质淀积胶膜
									Illurial humus cutan
				BC	58~120	5YR5/8	5YR6/6	小块状	—
								Fine angular blocky
Q7	1 200	花岗岩坡积物	林地(黄山松)	Oi	+4~0	—	—	—	—
		Granite	Woodland	Ah	0~25	10YR3/1	10YR4/1	团粒状Granular	—
		colluvium	(Pinus	AB	25~39	10YR3/2	10YR4/2	团块状Blocky	—
			hwangshanensis)	Bw	39~61	10YR5/6	10YR5/4	块状Angular blocky	腐殖质淀积胶膜
									Illurial humus cutan
				C	61~120	10YR6/6	10YR7/4	小块状	—
								Fine angular blocky
Q8	1 455	花岗岩坡积物	林地(黄山松)	Oi	+3~0	—	—	—	—
		Granite	Woodland	Ah	0~25	10YR2/1	10YR3/1	团粒状Granular	—
		colluvium	(Pinus	AB	25~36	10YR3/1	10YR4/3	团块状Blocky	—
			hwangshanensis)	Bw	36~53	10YR6/5	10YR6/4	块状Angular blocky	—
				BC	53~100	10YR6/6	10YR6/5	小块状	—
								Fine angular blocky
Q10	1 720	花岗岩残积物	疏林地(箭竹)	Ah	0~18	10YR4/2	10YR4/3	团块状Blocky	—
		Granite	Open woodland	AC	18~35	10YR6/3	10YR7/3	块状Angular blocky	—
		residuum	(Fargesia)	C	35~100	10YR7/3	10YR7/2	屑粒状Crumb	—

剖面编号 Profiles No.	海拔/m Elevation/ m	母质 Parent material	植被 Vegetation	发生层 Horizon	深度/cm Depth/ cm	颜色Color		结构类型 Structure type	新生体 New formation
剖面编号 Profiles No.	海拔/m Elevation/ m	母质 Parent material	植被 Vegetation	发生层 Horizon	深度/cm Depth/ cm	润态 Moisture state	干态 Dry state	结构类型 Structure type	新生体 New formation
Q1	450	凝灰岩坡积物	林地(青风)	Oi	+2-0	—	—	—	—
		Tuff colluvium	Woodland	Ah	0~17	7.5YR5/2	7.5YR6/1	团块状Blocky	—
			(Cyclobalanopsis)	Bw1	17~53	7.5YR6/8	7.5YR6/6	块状Angular blocky	—
				Bw2	53~86	7.5YR7/8	7.5YR7/6	块状Angular blocky	—
				BC	86~120	5YR7/6	5YR6/6	小块状	—
								Fine angular blocky
Q4	750	花岗岩坡积物	林地(木荷)	Oi	+3~0	—	—	—	—
		Granite	Woodland	Ah	0~19	10YR5/1	10YR5/3	团粒状Granular	—
		colluvium	(Schima)	AB	19~42	10YR5/3	10YR5/4	块状Angular blocky	—
				Bw	42~78	10YR6/6	10YR6/4	块状Angular blocky	—
				BC	78~120	10YR6/8	10YR7/6	小块状	—
								Fine angular blocky
Q5	960	花岗岩坡积物	林地(甜槠)	Oi	+2~0	—	—	—	—
		Granite	Woodland	Ah	0~23	10YR3/1	10YR4/1	团粒状Granular	—
		colluvium	(Castanopsis)	AB	23~39	10YR3/3	10YR4/3	块状Angular blocky	—
				Bw	39~58	10YR5/6	10YR5/4	块状Angular blocky	腐殖质淀积胶膜
									Illurial humus cutan
				BC	58~120	5YR5/8	5YR6/6	小块状	—
								Fine angular blocky
Q7	1 200	花岗岩坡积物	林地(黄山松)	Oi	+4~0	—	—	—	—
		Granite	Woodland	Ah	0~25	10YR3/1	10YR4/1	团粒状Granular	—
		colluvium	(Pinus	AB	25~39	10YR3/2	10YR4/2	团块状Blocky	—
			hwangshanensis)	Bw	39~61	10YR5/6	10YR5/4	块状Angular blocky	腐殖质淀积胶膜
									Illurial humus cutan
				C	61~120	10YR6/6	10YR7/4	小块状	—
								Fine angular blocky
Q8	1 455	花岗岩坡积物	林地(黄山松)	Oi	+3~0	—	—	—	—
		Granite	Woodland	Ah	0~25	10YR2/1	10YR3/1	团粒状Granular	—
		colluvium	(Pinus	AB	25~36	10YR3/1	10YR4/3	团块状Blocky	—
			hwangshanensis)	Bw	36~53	10YR6/5	10YR6/4	块状Angular blocky	—
				BC	53~100	10YR6/6	10YR6/5	小块状	—
								Fine angular blocky
Q10	1 720	花岗岩残积物	疏林地(箭竹)	Ah	0~18	10YR4/2	10YR4/3	团块状Blocky	—
		Granite	Open woodland	AC	18~35	10YR6/3	10YR7/3	块状Angular blocky	—
		residuum	(Fargesia)	C	35~100	10YR7/3	10YR7/2	屑粒状Crumb	—

剖面编号 Profiles No.	发生层 Horizon	pH(H₂O)	pH(KCl)	砾石含量/% Gravel content/%	细土颗粒组成/% Fine soil particle composition/%			粉黏比 Silt-clay ratio
剖面编号 Profiles No.	发生层 Horizon	pH(H₂O)	pH(KCl)	砾石含量/% Gravel content/%	砂粒Sand	粉砂Silt	黏粒Clay	粉黏比 Silt-clay ratio
Q1	Ah	5.21	4.48	13.24	29.13	34.63	36.24	0.96
	Bw1	5.13	4.46	8.65	25.59	35.87	38.54	0.93
	Bw2	5.12	4.43	9.45	26.40	34.34	39.26	0.87
	BC	5.15	4.42	34.54	40.01	32.34	27.65	1.17
Q4	Ah	5.12	4.45	18.56	32.56	34.65	32.79	1.06
	AB	5.04	4.23	15.76	26.90	38.67	34.43	1.12
	Bw	5.08	4.43	19.87	22.23	41.23	36.54	1.13
	BC	5.06	4.38	31.56	53.58	27.45	18.97	1.45
Q5	Ah	5.06	4.34	16.57	34.46	36.78	28.76	1.28
	AB	5.02	4.37	14.36	22.23	42.34	35.43	1.20
	Bw	4.96	4.23	12.87	27.11	39.65	33.24	1.19
	BC	5.01	4.31	42.34	47.33	31.44	21.23	1.48
Q7	Ah	4.89	4.32	18.65	41.78	32.76	25.46	1.29
	AB	4.67	4.12	21.34	39.48	35.87	24.65	1.46
	Bw	4.78	4.23	24.34	33.70	37.54	28.76	1.31
	BC	4.88	4.32	46.54	51.43	29.78	18.79	1.58
Q8	Ah	5.06	4.28	24.65	42.53	35.34	22.13	1.60
	AB	4.94	4.31	28.76	35.78	39.87	24.35	1.64
	Bw	5.02	4.33	21.32	36.56	37.68	25.76	1.46
	BC	5.01	4.32	42.43	56.90	29.45	13.65	2.16
Q10	Ah	5.05	4.23	32.34	51.59	30.76	17.65	1.74
	AC	5.21	4.45	37.66	53.07	31.28	15.65	2.00
	C	5.18	4.43	48.76	60.99	26.57	12.44	2.14

剖面编号 Profiles No.	发生层 Horizon	pH(H₂O)	pH(KCl)	砾石含量/% Gravel content/%	细土颗粒组成/% Fine soil particle composition/%			粉黏比 Silt-clay ratio
剖面编号 Profiles No.	发生层 Horizon	pH(H₂O)	pH(KCl)	砾石含量/% Gravel content/%	砂粒Sand	粉砂Silt	黏粒Clay	粉黏比 Silt-clay ratio
Q1	Ah	5.21	4.48	13.24	29.13	34.63	36.24	0.96
	Bw1	5.13	4.46	8.65	25.59	35.87	38.54	0.93
	Bw2	5.12	4.43	9.45	26.40	34.34	39.26	0.87
	BC	5.15	4.42	34.54	40.01	32.34	27.65	1.17
Q4	Ah	5.12	4.45	18.56	32.56	34.65	32.79	1.06
	AB	5.04	4.23	15.76	26.90	38.67	34.43	1.12
	Bw	5.08	4.43	19.87	22.23	41.23	36.54	1.13
	BC	5.06	4.38	31.56	53.58	27.45	18.97	1.45
Q5	Ah	5.06	4.34	16.57	34.46	36.78	28.76	1.28
	AB	5.02	4.37	14.36	22.23	42.34	35.43	1.20
	Bw	4.96	4.23	12.87	27.11	39.65	33.24	1.19
	BC	5.01	4.31	42.34	47.33	31.44	21.23	1.48
Q7	Ah	4.89	4.32	18.65	41.78	32.76	25.46	1.29
	AB	4.67	4.12	21.34	39.48	35.87	24.65	1.46
	Bw	4.78	4.23	24.34	33.70	37.54	28.76	1.31
	BC	4.88	4.32	46.54	51.43	29.78	18.79	1.58
Q8	Ah	5.06	4.28	24.65	42.53	35.34	22.13	1.60
	AB	4.94	4.31	28.76	35.78	39.87	24.35	1.64
	Bw	5.02	4.33	21.32	36.56	37.68	25.76	1.46
	BC	5.01	4.32	42.43	56.90	29.45	13.65	2.16
Q10	Ah	5.05	4.23	32.34	51.59	30.76	17.65	1.74
	AC	5.21	4.45	37.66	53.07	31.28	15.65	2.00
	C	5.18	4.43	48.76	60.99	26.57	12.44	2.14

剖面编号 Profiles No.	发生层 Horizon	CEC/ (cmol·kg^-1)	EAc/ (cmol·kg^-1)	EAl/ (cmol·kg^-1)	ASP/%	黏粒CEC/(cmol·kg^-1) CEC in clay/ (cmol·kg^-1)	黏粒EAl/(cmol·kg^-1) EAl in clay/ (cmol·kg^-1)
Q1	Ah	11.32	5.87	5.45	48.14	31.24	15.04
	Bw1	10.43	5.95	5.65	54.17	27.06	14.66
	Bw2	10.72	6.54	6.23	58.12	27.30	15.87
Q4	Ah	14.24	7.98	7.34	51.54	43.43	22.38
	AB	12.98	7.88	7.43	57.24	37.70	21.58
	Bw	12.65	7.78	7.34	58.02	34.62	20.09
Q5	Ah	16.43	9.21	8.45	51.43	57.13	29.38
	AB	15.23	8.89	8.34	54.76	42.99	23.54
	Bw	13.98	8.12	7.65	54.72	42.06	23.01
Q7	Ah	19.54	10.95	10.43	53.38	76.75	40.97
	AB	17.98	10.21	9.78	54.39	72.94	39.68
	Bw	15.32	8.34	7.98	52.09	53.27	27.75
Q8	Ah	20.65	11.95	11.32	54.82	93.31	51.15
	AB	19.04	11.12	10.54	55.36	78.19	43.29
	Bw	15.43	9.23	8.76	56.77	59.90	34.01
Q10	Ah	17.98	10.89	10.21	56.79	101.87	57.85
	AC	16.32	10.23	9.87	60.48	104.28	63.07

浙西北清凉峰土壤的发生学特征与系统分类研究

Study on the genetic characteristics and taxonomy of soils in Qingliangfeng, northwest Zhejiang Province of China

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剖面编号 Profiles No.	发生层 Horizon	全铁含量/(g·kg^-1) Total iron content/(g·kg^-1)	游离铁含量/(g·kg^-1) Free iron content/(g·kg^-1)	无定形铁含量/(g·kg^-1) Amorphous iron content/(g·kg^-1)	铁游离度/% Iron free degree/%	铁活化度/% Iron activation degree/%
Q1	Ah	41.34	18.88	4.80	45.67	25.43
	Bw1	45.32	23.77	3.41	52.45	14.35
	Bw2	47.34	26.71	2.04	56.43	7.65
Q4	Ah	40.32	18.76	6.07	46.54	32.34
	AB	42.34	22.16	6.13	52.34	27.65
	Bw	41.26	19.20	2.97	46.54	15.46
Q5	Ah	39.87	16.88	6.36	42.34	37.65
	AB	41.34	18.46	7.61	44.65	41.23
	Bw	42.45	20.23	5.21	47.65	25.76
Q7	Ah	38.76	15.04	6.50	38.79	43.24
	AB	39.54	15.72	5.10	39.76	32.45
	Bw	38.76	16.41	3.52	42.34	21.43
Q8	Ah	36.54	13.36	6.37	36.56	47.68
	AB	34.76	13.47	4.65	38.76	34.54
	Bw	37.65	13.77	3.50	36.58	25.43
Q10	Ah	36.45	12.59	4.88	34.54	38.76
	AC	34.65	11.28	2.62	32.54	23.23

剖面编号 Profiles No.	发生层 Horizon	有机碳含量/(g·kg^-1) Organic carbon content/(g·kg^-1)	全氮含量/(g·kg^-1) Total nitrogen content/(g·kg^-1)	C/N	全磷含量/(g·kg^-1) Total phosphorus content/(g·kg^-1)	全钾含量/(g·kg^-1) Total potassium content/(g·kg^-1)
Q1	Ah	19.34	1.46	13.21	0.53	21.23
	Bw1	9.68	0.79	12.23	0.51	20.54
	Bw2	4.54	0.40	11.24	0.43	23.45
Q4	Ah	31.76	2.18	14.56	0.62	20.45
	AB	15.34	1.01	15.12	0.49	24.32
	Bw	8.76	0.67	13.12	0.38	23.56
Q5	Ah	42.76	2.66	16.09	0.58	24.35
	AB	19.67	1.27	15.43	0.59	27.54
	Bw	10.23	0.77	13.24	0.43	26.57
Q7	Ah	47.68	2.94	16.23	0.73	29.45
	AB	22.21	1.38	16.14	0.56	30.12
	Bw	13.76	1.04	13.24	0.39	27.65
Q8	Ah	48.66	3.15	15.45	0.77	27.68
	AB	19.89	1.25	15.87	0.56	25.65
	Bw	8.23	0.60	13.76	0.43	28.56
Q10	Ah	21.76	1.32	16.43	0.57	26.54
	AC	15.87	1.03	15.43	0.42	28.76

剖面编号 Profiles No.	发生层 Horizon	硅铝率 Silica-alumina ratio	蒙脱石 Montmorillonite	蛭石 Vermiculite	伊利石 Illite	高岭石 Kaolinite	三水铝石 Gibbsite	石英 Quartz
Q1	Bw2	2.43	-	+	+	+++	-	+
Q4	Bw	2.32	-	++	++	++	+	+
Q5	Bw	2.28	-	+++	+	++	++	+
Q7	Bw	2.24	-	+++	+	++	++	+
Q8	Bw	2.39	-	++	++	++	+	+
Q10	AC	2.62	-	++	+++	+	-	+

剖面编号 Profiles No.	海拔/m Elevation/ m	淡薄表层 Ochric epipedon	暗瘠表层 Umbric epipedon	雏形层 Cambic horizon	土壤水分状况 Soil moisture regime	土壤温度状况 Soil temperature regime	铁质特性 Iron-rich property	腐殖质特性 Humus property	铝质现象 Aluminous phenomenon
Q1	450	√	×	√	湿润Udic	热性Thermic	√	×	√
Q4	750	×	√	√	常湿润Perudic	热性Thermic	√	×	√
Q5	960	×	√	√	常湿润Perudic	温性Mesic	√	√	√
Q7	1 200	×	√	√	常湿润Perudic	温性Mesic	×	√	√
Q8	1 455	×	√	√	常湿润Perudic	温性Mesic	×	×	√
Q10	1 720	×	√	×	常湿润Perudic	温性Mesic	×	×	√

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