杓唇石斛开花特性与繁育系统研究

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240084

浙江农业学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (1): 103-114.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240084

杓唇石斛开花特性与繁育系统研究

王苗苗¹^,²(), 秦嘉泽¹, 郭佳琪¹, 于天成¹

1.国家植物园(北园),北京 100093
2.植物迁地保护国家林业和草原局重点实验室,北京 100093

收稿日期:2024-01-18 出版日期:2025-01-25 发布日期:2025-02-14
作者简介:王苗苗(1986—),女,河南新蔡人,学士,副高级工程师,从事兰科植物引种展示、科普和保育研究。E-mail:pleasewang@163.com
基金资助:
北京市公园管理中心课题(2021011);北京市科委课题(2023ZK-JZ-08)

Studies on flowering characteristics and breeding system of Dendrobium moschatum

WANG Miaomiao¹^,²(), QIN Jiaze¹, GUO Jiaqi¹, YU Tiancheng¹

1. China National Botanical Garden (North Garden), Beijing 100093, China
2. Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Plant ex situ Conservation, Beijing 100093, China

Received:2024-01-18 Online:2025-01-25 Published:2025-02-14

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 研究杓唇石斛(Dendrobium moschatum)的开花特性与繁育系统,为其资源保护和种质创新提供理论基础。以温室栽培的杓唇石斛为材料,观察记录了开花进程和花部特征,同时通过花粉活力与柱头可授性测定、杂交指数估算和人工授粉试验等对其繁育特性进行了研究。结果表明:杓唇石斛3月下旬至8月开花,每个花序1~15朵花,单花花期6 d左右,单株花期25~90 d;在花朵开放过程中,花粉团始终位于合蕊柱上部且有一定距离;盛花期花粉活力和柱头可授性最强,花粉活力为73.67%;杓唇石斛杂交指数(OCI)为4。无论去雄与否,套袋后的花均不结实;人工自花授粉、人工同株异花授粉也不结实。人工异株授粉的组合结实率和授粉结实率分别为85.71%和66.67%,说明杓唇石斛不存在无融合生殖和自动自花授粉,具有高度被动异交的能力,繁育系统是异交型,需要传粉者。杓唇石斛果荚的发育高峰在授粉后10~50 d,发育70 d时外部形态基本发育完成,270 d时果荚成熟。果荚重量约5.22 g,果荚长6.51 cm,宽1.55 cm;种子长217 μm,宽66 μm,有胚率96.80%,种子活力81.17%。杓唇石斛单花期短,花粉和柱头的最佳授粉期也短,且自交不亲和,部分异交亲和,这些是其自然结实率低的重要原因。

关键词: 杓唇石斛, 形态学, 花粉活力, 杂交指数, 繁育系统

Abstract:

Aims to provide a theoretical basis for resource conservation and germplasm innovation of Dendrobium moschatum. The floral characteristics and flowering process of D. moschatum under greenhouse cultivation condition were investigated. Meanwhile, the pollen viability and stigma acceptability determination, hybridization index estimation, and artificial pollination test were conducted to analyze floral characteristics and breeding system of the D. moschatum. The results showed that D. moschatum blossomed from late March to August, with 1 to 15 flowers per inflorescence. The single-flower blooming period was around 6 days, and the plant’s total blooming period lasts between 25 to 90 days. During the entire blooming process, the pollinia were persistently located on apex of the column and the relative positions remained unchanged. The pollen viability and stigma receptivity reached the highest in the full-flowering period (flowering 2 d), with 73.67% pollen viability. The outcrossing index (OCI) of D. moschatum was four. Regardless of emasculation or not, the bagged flowers did not bear fruit. The same happened in artificial self-pollination and the artificial cross-pollination of the same plant. The rate of fruit-setting crosses and fruit-setting of the artificial cross-pollination of different plants were 85.71% and 66.67%, respectively. These results demonstrated that there was no apomixis, but highly passive out-crossing abilities in the D. moschatum, and the breeding system was a out-crossing mating system that required pollinators. The peak of capsule development was from 10 to 50 days after pollination, the external morphology was basically completed at 70 days, and the capsule reached maturity at 270 days. The capsule weight was about 5.22 g, the capsule length was 6.51 cm, the capsule width was 1.55 cm. The seed length was 217 μm, the seed width was 66 μm, the embryo rate was 96.80%, and the seed viability was 81.17%. With short single flowering period, short optimum pollination period of pollen and stigma, self-incompatibility and partial outcompatibility, these were the important reasons leading to low fruit set for D. moschatum in nature.

Key words: Dendrobium moschatum, morphology, pollen viability, outcrossing index, breeding system

中图分类号:

S682.31

王苗苗, 秦嘉泽, 郭佳琪, 于天成. 杓唇石斛开花特性与繁育系统研究[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2025, 37(1): 103-114.

WANG Miaomiao, QIN Jiaze, GUO Jiaqi, YU Tiancheng. Studies on flowering characteristics and breeding system of Dendrobium moschatum[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2025, 37(1): 103-114.

图/表 11

图1 杓唇石斛花不同发育阶段

Fig.1 The development stage of D. moschatum flower

图2 不同发育阶段单朵花的形态

Fig.2 The morphology of single flower at different development stages

表1 杓唇石斛开花进程

Table 1 Flowering process of D. moschatum

花发育阶段 Development stage of flower	发育状态 Development status	时间 Time/d	整个花序大小 Inflorescence size/cm	单朵花大小 Single flower size/cm
萌芽期 Budding stage	破芽→芽2 cm Buds break→Buds 2 cm	42±3	0.1~2.0	0.1~1.2
伸长期 Elongation stage	芽2 cm→花芽伸长 Buds 2 cm → Buds elongate.	13±2	2.1~4.1	1.7
见蕾期 Squaring stage	见蕾→花苞绿色 Flower buds appear → Green flower buds	11±3	8.6~9.4	3.3~3.8
显色期 Turning stage	花苞绿色→花苞黄色 Green flower buds → Yellow flower buds	5±1	14.1~15.5	5.1~5.5
开花期 Blooming stage	花瓣张开→花败 Petals open→ Flowers fall	5±1	20.7~29.7	6.7~7.6

图3 杓唇石斛的形态特征 A,植株;B,黄色花的花序;C,红色花。

Fig.3 Morphological characteristics of Dendrobium moschatum A, Plant; B, Inflorescence of yellow flower; C, Red flower.

图4 杓唇石斛的花部特征 A,花朵的正面;B、C,解剖后花的正面、背面;a,中萼片;b,花瓣;c,侧萼片;d,唇瓣;d1~d5,唇瓣的正面、背面、侧面和切面;e,合蕊柱;e1,不含药帽和花粉团的合蕊柱;e2,药帽;e3,花粉团;f,花柄;g,子房。

Fig.4 Floral syndrome of D.moschatum A, The front of a flower; B and C, Anatomy of the front and back of the flower; a, Dorsal sepal; b, Petal; c, Lateral sepal; d, Lip; d1-d5, Lip positive and opposite and section; e, Column; e1, Column (without anther cap and pollinarium); e2, Anther cap; e3, Pollinarium; f, Pedicel; g, Ovary.

图5 花粉团和花粉团表面的电镜照片 A,花粉团;B,花粉团表面。

Fig.5 Pollinia and the surface under electron microscope A, The whole morphology of pollinia; B, The pollinia surface.

表2 花粉活力与柱头可授性检测

Table 2 Test of pollen activity and stigma receptivity

开花天数 Day of flowering	花粉活力 Pollen activity/%	柱头可授性 Stigma receptivity
0	33.44±2.98 d	+
1	48.47±3.88 b	++
2	73.67±2.77 a	++
3	50.62±4.57 b	+/-
4	38.25±4.64 c	+/-
5	7.62±0.95 e	-

图6 花粉萌发情况 A,盛花期花粉萌发情况;B,培养12 h花粉萌发情况。

Fig.6 Pollen germination A, Pollen germination at full flowering stage; B, Pollen germination after 12 h culture.

表3 不同处理下的组合结实率和授粉结实率

Table 3 Rate of fruit-setting crosses and fruit-setting in different pollination treatments

处理方式 Treatment	NPC	NFC	FRC	TNP	TNF	FRP
自然状态Open pollination	21	0	0 B	90	0	0 B
套袋,不授粉Bagged,no pollination	21	0	0 B	90	0	0 B
套袋,去雄不授粉Bagged,emasculation,no pollination	21	0	0 B	90	0	0 B
人工自花授粉Manual self-pollination	21	0	0 B	90	0	0 B
人工同株异花授粉Manual goitonogamy	21	0	0 B	90	0	0 B
人工异株授粉Manual cross-pollination	21	18	85.71±0.15 A	90	60	66.67±0.86 A

图7 果荚生长曲线 C1~C9代表选取了9个不同的果荚。

Fig.7 The growing curves of pods C1-C9 represent 9 different pods.

图8 杓唇石斛种子显微观察 A,体式显微镜下种子;B,电子显微镜下的种子;C、D,TTC染色的种子。

Fig.8 Microscopic observation of D. moschatum seeds A, Seeds under stereo microscope; B, Seeds under electron microscope; C and D, Seeds dyed by TTC staining.

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杓唇石斛开花特性与繁育系统研究

Studies on flowering characteristics and breeding system of Dendrobium moschatum

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