动物源性食品中兽药残留检测技术及兽药残留污染状况分析

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240081

浙江农业学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (1): 203-216.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240081

动物源性食品中兽药残留检测技术及兽药残留污染状况分析

余红伟¹(), 邓惠丹², 杨华², 肖英平², 丁向英³^,^*(), 吉小凤²^,^*()

1.建德市农业农村局,浙江建德 311600
2.浙江省农业科学院农产品质量安全与营养研究所,浙江杭州 310021
3.江山市养殖业发展服务中心,浙江江山 324100

收稿日期:2024-01-16 出版日期:2025-01-25 发布日期:2025-02-14
作者简介:余红伟( 1986—),男,浙江建德人,工程师,主要从事农产品质量安全、农机化等方面的工作。E-mail: 1919131318@qq.com
通讯作者: *吉小凤,E-mail: jixiaofeng@zaas.ac.cn;丁向英,E-mail: dxy0591@163.com
基金资助:
鸡蛋质量安全风险隐患排查评估与标准化建设(2022R19T80D15)

Research progress on detection technology and analysis of veterinary drug residues in animal-derived foods

YU Hongwei¹(), DENG Huidan², YANG Hua², XIAO Yingping², DING Xiangying³^,^*(), JI Xiaofeng²^,^*()

1. Jiande Agriculture and Rural Bureau, Jiande 311600, Zhejiang, China
2. Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
3. Jiangshan Livestock Development Service Center, Jiangshan 324100, Zhejiang, China

Received:2024-01-16 Online:2025-01-25 Published:2025-02-14

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着经济社会不断发展,人们对日常饮食安全愈发重视,特别是动物源性食品中兽药残留问题受到人们的广泛关注。而兽药对畜牧渔业高质量发展发挥着重要作用,合理使用兽药可以预防或治疗养殖动物疾病、促进动物生产、提高饲料利用率、提高经济效益等,但兽药的不合理使用,很可能造成动物源性食品中兽药蓄积残留,并在食物链传递过程中被人体所吸收,对人们的饮食安全产生严重威胁。本文主要阐述了液液萃取、固相萃取、新型微萃取、QuEChERs、加速溶剂萃取、超临界流体萃取、微波辅助萃取等样品前处理方法,讨论了液相色谱技术、色谱-质谱联用技术、免疫学技术、生物传感器技术、光谱技术、分子生物学技术等检测技术,同时综述了动物源性食品中兽药残留现状,以期为后续动物源性食品中兽药残留分析和检测技术研发提供参考和借鉴。

关键词: 动物源性食品, 兽药残留, 前处理方法, 检测技术

Abstract:

With the continuous development of economy and society, people pay more and more attention to the safety of daily diet, especially the safety problem of veterinary drug residues in animal-derived foods. Veterinary drugs play an important role in the high-quality development of animal husbandry and fishery. Rational use of veterinary drugs can prevent or treat diseases of cultured animals, promote animal production, improve feed utilization, improve economic benefits, etc. However, irrational use of veterinary drugs is likely to cause the accumulation of veterinary drugs in animal-derived foods and be absorbed by the human body in the process of food chain transmission. It poses a serious threat to people’s food safety. This paper mainly reviewed the research related to the analysis of veterinary drug residues in animal-derived foods, sample pretreatment methods such as liquid-liquid extraction, solid phase extraction, novel micro-extraction, QuEChERs, accelerated solvent extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and microwave-assisted extraction, and detection techniques including liquid chromatography, chromatography-mass spectrometry, immunology, biosensor, spectroscopy and molecular biology. This study will be a good reference for future studies related to veterinary drug residue in animal-derived foods.

Key words: animal-derived food, veterinary drug residue, pre-treatment method, detection technique

中图分类号:

S859.84

余红伟, 邓惠丹, 杨华, 肖英平, 丁向英, 吉小凤. 动物源性食品中兽药残留检测技术及兽药残留污染状况分析[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2025, 37(1): 203-216.

YU Hongwei, DENG Huidan, YANG Hua, XIAO Yingping, DING Xiangying, JI Xiaofeng. Research progress on detection technology and analysis of veterinary drug residues in animal-derived foods[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2025, 37(1): 203-216.

图/表 3

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前处理方法 Pre-treatment method	优点 Advantage	缺点 Disadvantage	参考文献 Reference
固相萃取法 Solid-phase extraction	提取效果好Good extraction effect 选择性强Strong selectivity 分离时间较短Short separation time	固相萃取柱成本高High cost 回收误差大Large recovery error	[30]
液液萃取法 Liquid-liquid extraction	操作方法简单Simple operation method 分离效果好Good separation effect 适用性强Strong applicability	有机液体使用量大Large organic liquids 萃取溶剂污染环境 Extraction solvents pollute the environment	[10,31]
QuEChERs萃取 QuEChERs extraction	准确度高High accuracy 适用范围广Wide scope of application 有机液体使用量少Less organic liquid	净化效果不足Insufficient purification effect 易受到基质干扰Susceptible to matrix interference	[32]
加速溶剂萃取 Accelerated solvent extraction	安全快速Safe and fast 萃取效率高High extraction efficiency 基质效应小Low matrix effect 适合大批量样品检测 Suitable for large-batch sample testing	需要高温条件High temperature conditions required 需要高压条件High pressure conditions required 仪器操作复杂Complex instrument operation	[19,33]
新型微萃取 New micro extraction	富集痕量分析物 Enrichment of trace analytes 高通量检测High-throughput detection 易实现自动化Easy automation	复杂基质提取效率低 Efficient complex matrix extraction 耗时长Time-consuming	[34]
超临界流体萃取 Super-critical extraction	操作简单Simple operation 无污染Non-pollution	设备成本高 High equipment cost	[25]
微波辅助萃取 Microwave-assisted extraction	经济环保 Economic and environmental protection 提取效率高High extraction efficiency 测量准确度高High measurement accuracy	选择性低 Low selectivity	[35]

前处理方法 Pre-treatment method	优点 Advantage	缺点 Disadvantage	参考文献 Reference
固相萃取法 Solid-phase extraction	提取效果好Good extraction effect 选择性强Strong selectivity 分离时间较短Short separation time	固相萃取柱成本高High cost 回收误差大Large recovery error	[30]
液液萃取法 Liquid-liquid extraction	操作方法简单Simple operation method 分离效果好Good separation effect 适用性强Strong applicability	有机液体使用量大Large organic liquids 萃取溶剂污染环境 Extraction solvents pollute the environment	[10,31]
QuEChERs萃取 QuEChERs extraction	准确度高High accuracy 适用范围广Wide scope of application 有机液体使用量少Less organic liquid	净化效果不足Insufficient purification effect 易受到基质干扰Susceptible to matrix interference	[32]
加速溶剂萃取 Accelerated solvent extraction	安全快速Safe and fast 萃取效率高High extraction efficiency 基质效应小Low matrix effect 适合大批量样品检测 Suitable for large-batch sample testing	需要高温条件High temperature conditions required 需要高压条件High pressure conditions required 仪器操作复杂Complex instrument operation	[19,33]
新型微萃取 New micro extraction	富集痕量分析物 Enrichment of trace analytes 高通量检测High-throughput detection 易实现自动化Easy automation	复杂基质提取效率低 Efficient complex matrix extraction 耗时长Time-consuming	[34]
超临界流体萃取 Super-critical extraction	操作简单Simple operation 无污染Non-pollution	设备成本高 High equipment cost	[25]
微波辅助萃取 Microwave-assisted extraction	经济环保 Economic and environmental protection 提取效率高High extraction efficiency 测量准确度高High measurement accuracy	选择性低 Low selectivity	[35]

检测技术 Detection technique	优点 Advantage	缺点 Disadvantage	参考文献 Reference
液相色谱法 Liquid chromatography	分离效率高High separation efficiency 选择性好Good selectivity 检测灵敏度高High detection sensitivity 适用范围广Wide range of application	设备维护成本昂贵 The equipment is expensive to maintain 检测成本高High detection cost 分析时间长Long analysis time	[59]
气相色谱-质谱法 Gas chromatography- mass spectrometry	检测速度快Fast detection speed 精准度高High accuracy 成本低Low cost	主要适用于可气化或衍生的小分子药物 Small molecule drugs are mainly suitable for the gasified or derived drugs 检测后信号输出须矫正 The signal output should be corrected after detection	[60-61]
液相色谱-串联质谱法 Liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry	适用范围广Wide scope of application 分离能力强Strong separation ability 数据可靠Reliable data	难以直接检测Difficult to detect directly 缺乏合适的电离官能团 Lack of suitable ionizing functional groups	[13,62]
表面增强拉曼光谱技术 Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy	检测速度快Fast detection speed 检测灵敏度高High detection sensitivity 痕量检测Trace detection	样品基质复杂,对SERS信号的影响较大 The sample matrix is complex and has a significant impact on SERS signals 目标分析物与纳米活性基底的亲和力问题也亟待解决 The affinity between the target analyte and the nano-active substrate needs to be solved	[51]
分子生物学技术 Molecular biology technique	高通量检测High throughput detection 准确性高High accuracy 简单快速Simple and fast	材料选择具有一定局限性 Material selection has certain limitations	[63]
免疫分析法 Immunoassay	特异性强Strong specificity 操作简单simple operation 重复性好Good repeatability 易于标准化Easy to standardize	检测结果与抗体来源和亲和力密切相关 The test results were closely related to the antibody source and affinity 样品中细胞因子可溶性受体的存在可能影响细胞因子特异性抗体的结合 The presence of cytokine-soluble receptors in the samples may affect the binding of cytokine-specific antibodies	[64]
生物传感器法 Biosensor analysis	使用固定化生物活性物质作为催化剂 Immobilized bioactive substances are used as catalysts 特异性强Strong specificity 分析速度快Fast analysis 准确性高High accuracy 操作简单Simple operation 成本低Low cost	稳定性差Poor stability 重复性差Poor reproducibility	[64-65]

检测技术 Detection technique	优点 Advantage	缺点 Disadvantage	参考文献 Reference
液相色谱法 Liquid chromatography	分离效率高High separation efficiency 选择性好Good selectivity 检测灵敏度高High detection sensitivity 适用范围广Wide range of application	设备维护成本昂贵 The equipment is expensive to maintain 检测成本高High detection cost 分析时间长Long analysis time	[59]
气相色谱-质谱法 Gas chromatography- mass spectrometry	检测速度快Fast detection speed 精准度高High accuracy 成本低Low cost	主要适用于可气化或衍生的小分子药物 Small molecule drugs are mainly suitable for the gasified or derived drugs 检测后信号输出须矫正 The signal output should be corrected after detection	[60-61]
液相色谱-串联质谱法 Liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry	适用范围广Wide scope of application 分离能力强Strong separation ability 数据可靠Reliable data	难以直接检测Difficult to detect directly 缺乏合适的电离官能团 Lack of suitable ionizing functional groups	[13,62]
表面增强拉曼光谱技术 Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy	检测速度快Fast detection speed 检测灵敏度高High detection sensitivity 痕量检测Trace detection	样品基质复杂,对SERS信号的影响较大 The sample matrix is complex and has a significant impact on SERS signals 目标分析物与纳米活性基底的亲和力问题也亟待解决 The affinity between the target analyte and the nano-active substrate needs to be solved	[51]
分子生物学技术 Molecular biology technique	高通量检测High throughput detection 准确性高High accuracy 简单快速Simple and fast	材料选择具有一定局限性 Material selection has certain limitations	[63]
免疫分析法 Immunoassay	特异性强Strong specificity 操作简单simple operation 重复性好Good repeatability 易于标准化Easy to standardize	检测结果与抗体来源和亲和力密切相关 The test results were closely related to the antibody source and affinity 样品中细胞因子可溶性受体的存在可能影响细胞因子特异性抗体的结合 The presence of cytokine-soluble receptors in the samples may affect the binding of cytokine-specific antibodies	[64]
生物传感器法 Biosensor analysis	使用固定化生物活性物质作为催化剂 Immobilized bioactive substances are used as catalysts 特异性强Strong specificity 分析速度快Fast analysis 准确性高High accuracy 操作简单Simple operation 成本低Low cost	稳定性差Poor stability 重复性差Poor reproducibility	[64-65]

类别 Category	产品 Product	兽药残留种类 Types of veterinary drug residues
蜂产品 Bee products	蜂蜜Honey	氯霉素、呋喃西林代谢物、诺氟沙星、甲硝唑、呋喃唑酮 Chloramphenicol, furacillin metabolites, norfloxacin, metronidazole, furazolidone
蛋产品 Egg products	鸡蛋Egg	恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考、磺胺类、甲砜霉素、氯霉素、地美硝唑、金刚烷胺、甲硝唑 Enrofloxacin, flufenicol, sulfonamides, sulfoxamycin, chloramphenicol, dimetronidazole, amantadine, metronidazole
水产品 Aquatic products	鱼类Fish	恩诺沙星、西地泮、磺胺类、呋喃西林代谢物、氧氟沙星、甲硝唑、甲氧苄啶、五氯酚酸钠 Enrofloxacin, cediam, sulfonamides, furacillin metabolites, ofloxacin, metronidazole, trimethoprim, sodium pentachlorophenate
	泥鳅Loach	恩诺沙星、氧氟沙星Enrofloxacin, ofloxacin
畜禽肉 Livestock and	乌鸡Silkie	恩诺沙星、金刚烷胺、甲氧苄啶、尼卡巴嗪、呋喃唑酮代谢物、磺胺类 Enrofloxacin, amantadine, trimethoprim, nicarbazine, furazolidone metabolites, sulfonamides
poultry meat	牛肉Beef	克伦特罗、呋喃西林代谢物、地塞米松、五氯酚酸钠 Clenbuterol, furacillin metabolite, dexamethasone, sodium pentachlorophenate
	牛蛙Bullfrog	恩诺沙星、氯霉素、呋喃西林代谢物Enrofloxacin, chloramphenicol, furacillin metabolites
	猪肉Pork	恩诺沙星、氯霉素、氧氟沙星、地塞米松、多西环素 Enrofloxacin, chloramphenicol, ofloxacin, dexamethasone, doxycycline
	其他肉类 Other meat	恩诺沙星、孔雀石绿、氯霉素、五氯酚酸钠、多西环素、尼卡巴嗪、呋喃西林代谢物 Enrofloxacin, malachite green, chloramphenicol, sodium pentachlorophenate, doxycycline, nicarbazine, furacillin metabolites

动物源性食品中兽药残留检测技术及兽药残留污染状况分析

Research progress on detection technology and analysis of veterinary drug residues in animal-derived foods

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