Identification of functional effects of bovine whey protein based on odor information of mouse feces

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.04.17

Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis ›› 2021, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (4): 714-723.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.04.17

• Food Science • Previous Articles Next Articles

Identification of functional effects of bovine whey protein based on odor information of mouse feces

LONG Ming¹^,²(), ZHANG Peng¹^,², LIU Yuanlin¹^,², BAI Xiaoqin¹^,², ZHANG Fumei², TIAN Xiaojing¹^,²^,^*(), CAO Hong¹, ZHOU Xueyan¹, MA Zhongren², LUO Li³, SONG Li³, Nurul Izza NORDIN⁴

1. College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730124, China
2. China-Malaysia National Joint Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030,China
3. Gannan Research Institute of Yak Milk, Hezuo 747000, China
4. Industrial Biotechnology Research Centre, SIRIM Berhad, Shah Alam, Selangor 40700,Malaysia

Received:2020-08-05 Online:2021-04-25 Published:2021-04-25
Contact: TIAN Xiaojing

Abstract

Abstract:

In order to establish a new method for nondestructive evaluation of bovine whey protein function based on odor information, the gas sensor array of electronic nose (E-nose) was used to track the flavor of fecal samples of mice affected by bovine whey. The results showed that compared with the NS group, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the serum of the bovine whey protein test group was increased, and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content was significantly decreased. The bovine whey protein has antioxidant capacity in the mouse serum. The electronic nose experiment showed that the effects of sample weight, headspace generation time, headspace generation volume and flow rate carrier gas on the response signal of the sensor were studied by one-way ANOVA. It was found that the response of E-nose sensors was affected by sample weight, headspace generation time, headspace generation volume and flow rate carrier gas significantly, except for S5. The experiment condition for E-nose was optimized as followed: 1 sample, 10 min of headspace generation time, 150 mL of headspace generation volume and 200 mL·min^-1 of carrier gas flow rate. To distinguish the difference of doses of bovine whey protein and control group, principle component analysis (PCA) and canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) could discriminate the samples of different groups, and could distinguish the fecal samples of mice of different cycle groups with different gavage doses. For the prediction of the weight, the multiple linear regression analysis (MLR) was employed, and effect predictive model was built for weight (R²=0.122 7), the effect was acceptable. The typical correlation analysis results showed that the odor information of electronic stool had an excellent correlation with its physiological indicators, and the correlation was strong. Based on the odor of fecal samples of mice, it’s possible to distinguish the effect of bovine whey protein treatment with the controls, providing an idea for the non-invasive evaluation of functional food in vivo.

Key words: electronic nose, bovine whey protein, odor information, aging mice, non-invasive evaluation

CLC Number:

S818

LONG Ming, ZHANG Peng, LIU Yuanlin, BAI Xiaoqin, ZHANG Fumei, TIAN Xiaojing, CAO Hong, ZHOU Xueyan, MA Zhongren, LUO Li, SONG Li, Nurul Izza NORDIN. Identification of functional effects of bovine whey protein based on odor information of mouse feces[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2021, 33(4): 714-723.

Figures/Tables 11

References 23

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传感器简称 Abbreviation	传感器名称 Sensor name	性能特点 Sensor properties	灵敏物质及阈值 Limitations/(mL·cm^-3)
S1	W1C	对芳香类成分灵敏Sensitive to aromatic components	甲苯Toluene,10
S2	W5S	对氮氧化合物很敏感Very sensitive to nitrogen oxide	二氧化氮Nitrogen dioxide,1
S3	W3C	对氨水,对芳香类化合物敏 Sensitive to ammonia and aromatic compounds	苯Benzene,10
S4	W6S	对氢气有选择性Selective to hydrogen	氢气 Hydrogen,100
S5	W5C	对烷烃和芳香类化合物灵敏Sensitive to alkanes and aromatic compounds	丙烷Propane,1
S6	W1S	对甲烷灵敏Sensitive to methane	甲烷Methane,100
S7	W1W	对硫化物灵敏Sensitive to sulfide	硫化氢Hydrogen sulfide,1
S8	W2S	对乙醇灵敏,对部分芳香类化合物也有响应	一氧化碳Carbon monoxide,100
		Sensitive to ethanol and response to some aromatic compounds
S9	W2W	对芳香成分和有机硫化物灵敏	硫化氢Hydrogen sulfide,1
		Sensitive to aromatic components and organic sulfides
S10	W3S	对烷烃灵敏Sensitive to alkanes	甲烷Methane,10

传感器简称 Abbreviation	传感器名称 Sensor name	性能特点 Sensor properties	灵敏物质及阈值 Limitations/(mL·cm^-3)
S1	W1C	对芳香类成分灵敏Sensitive to aromatic components	甲苯Toluene,10
S2	W5S	对氮氧化合物很敏感Very sensitive to nitrogen oxide	二氧化氮Nitrogen dioxide,1
S3	W3C	对氨水,对芳香类化合物敏 Sensitive to ammonia and aromatic compounds	苯Benzene,10
S4	W6S	对氢气有选择性Selective to hydrogen	氢气 Hydrogen,100
S5	W5C	对烷烃和芳香类化合物灵敏Sensitive to alkanes and aromatic compounds	丙烷Propane,1
S6	W1S	对甲烷灵敏Sensitive to methane	甲烷Methane,100
S7	W1W	对硫化物灵敏Sensitive to sulfide	硫化氢Hydrogen sulfide,1
S8	W2S	对乙醇灵敏,对部分芳香类化合物也有响应	一氧化碳Carbon monoxide,100
		Sensitive to ethanol and response to some aromatic compounds
S9	W2W	对芳香成分和有机硫化物灵敏	硫化氢Hydrogen sulfide,1
		Sensitive to aromatic components and organic sulfides
S10	W3S	对烷烃灵敏Sensitive to alkanes	甲烷Methane,10

分组 Grouping	组名 Group name	小鼠灌胃药物 Intragastric administration of drugs in mice	D半乳糖灌胃 D-galactose intragastric administration/ (12.5 mg·10g^-1·d^-1)	抗衰老治疗 Anti-aging therapy/ (mg·kg^-1·d^-1)
自然空白组 Natural blank group	NS-N	NS	-	-
衰老空白对照组 Senile blank control group	NS	NS	+	同等体积 Equal volume
抗衰老阳性对照组	VC	V_C	+	300
Anti-aging positive control group
抗衰老实验组 Anti-aging experimental group	CWP-L	牛乳清蛋白低浓度组 Low concentration group of bovine whey protein	+	100
	CWP-M	牛乳清蛋白中浓度组 Medium concentration group of bovine whey protein	+	200
	CWP-H	牛乳清蛋白高浓度组 High concentration group of bovine whey protein	+	400

分组 Grouping	组名 Group name	小鼠灌胃药物 Intragastric administration of drugs in mice	D半乳糖灌胃 D-galactose intragastric administration/ (12.5 mg·10g^-1·d^-1)	抗衰老治疗 Anti-aging therapy/ (mg·kg^-1·d^-1)
自然空白组 Natural blank group	NS-N	NS	-	-
衰老空白对照组 Senile blank control group	NS	NS	+	同等体积 Equal volume
抗衰老阳性对照组	VC	V_C	+	300
Anti-aging positive control group
抗衰老实验组 Anti-aging experimental group	CWP-L	牛乳清蛋白低浓度组 Low concentration group of bovine whey protein	+	100
	CWP-M	牛乳清蛋白中浓度组 Medium concentration group of bovine whey protein	+	200
	CWP-H	牛乳清蛋白高浓度组 High concentration group of bovine whey protein	+	400

因素 Factor	水平Level
因素 Factor	1	2	3
样品量(粒数)Sample volume(grain number)	1	2	3
顶空生成时间Headspace-generated time/min	5	10	15
顶空生成体积Headspace-generated volume/mL	150	250	500
载气流速Carrier gas velocity/(mL·min^-1)	200	300	400

Identification of functional effects of bovine whey protein based on odor information of mouse feces

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组别 Group	SOD/(U·mL^-1)	MDA/(nmol·mL^-1)	体重增长率 Weight growth rate/%	胸腺指数 Thymus index/(mg·g^-1)
NS-N	82.444±0.296 ac	2.000±0.544 a	17.626±2.909 ac	2.967±0.208 a
NS	42.500±1.516 bc	5.763±0.690 bc	0.356±0.311 bc	2.367±0.116 bc
VC	76.125±4.788 ab	3.051±0.963 a	3.516±1.576 ab	2.967±0.252 a
CWP-L	62.625±3.123 abc	3.177±1.434 a	5.932±0.547 abc	3.067±0.404 a
CWP-M	63.833±1.650 abc	3.307±0.299 a	3.605±1.562 ab	2.967±0.379 a
CWP-H	70.625±4.330 abc	2.943±0.728 a	5.042±1.277 ab	2.967±0.416 a

因素 Factor		S1	S2	S3	S4	S5	S6	S7	S8	S9	S10
样品量	F	2.25	6.04	3.86	22.95	2.87	2.21	36.73	9.40	43.30	1.38
Sample volume	P	0.110 2	0.003 2	0.023 9	<0.000 1	0.060 7	0.114 2	<0.000 1	0.000 2	<0.000 1	0.256 8
顶空生成时间	F	23.15	3.31	35.14	3.78	1.30	15.57	6.32	18.09	5.82	15.66
Headspace-	P	<0.000 1	0.040 0	<0.000 1	0.025 7	0.275 6	<0.000 1	0.002 5	<0.000 1	0.003 9	<0.000 1
generated time
顶空生成体积	F	19.00	1.60	30.66	39.14	3.63	34.10	20.56	18.83	12.05	32.64
Headspace-	P	<0.000 1	0.206 6	<0.000 1	<0.000 1	0.029 6	<0.000 1	<0.000 1	<0.000 1	<0.000 1	<0.000 1
generated volume
载气流速	F	12.66	24.22	21.06	79.43	0.49	34.16	47.93	15.68	50.64	12.78
Carrier gas velocity	P	<0.000 1	<0.000 1	<0.000 1	<0.000 1	0.613 5	<0.000 1	<0.000 1	<0.000 1	<0.000 1	<0.000 1

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