Does feminization of agriculture promote outsourcing of agricultural machinery services?

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.01.20

Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis ›› 2022, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (1): 173-183.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.01.20

• Agricultural Economy and Development • Previous Articles Next Articles

Does feminization of agriculture promote outsourcing of agricultural machinery services?

XU Hui^a^,^b(), TONG Junhao^a, CHEN Guangyan^c^,^d, ZHUANG Tianhui^b^,^*()

a. College of Economics
b. Southwest Poverty Reduction and Development Research Center
c. College of Management
d. Sichuan Rural Development Research Center, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China

Received:2020-11-20 Online:2022-01-25 Published:2022-02-05
Contact: ZHUANG Tianhui

Abstract

Abstract:

Based on the relevant theoretical analysis, the impact of feminization of agriculture on the outsourcing of agricultural machinery service, and its mechanism were analyzed by using China Labor-force Dynamics Survey (CLDS) 2016 data via ordinary least square (OLS), two stage least square (2SLS), generalized method of moments (GMM). It was shown that the deepening of feminization of agriculture would promote farmers to choose outsourcing of agricultural machinery service. When the household was youth or middle-aged, and the village was in the western or central region, with education level of primary school or below, feminization of agriculture had more significant impact on the outsourcing of agricultural machinery services. Feminization of agriculture affected farmers’ choice on outsourcing of agricultural machinery services by expanding agricultural labor constraints and increasing the opportunity cost of agricultural labor. Thus, it was suggested to strengthen the investment in skills capital of female agricultural labor, promote the development of agricultural machinery cooperatives, to alleviate agricultural labor constraints, and convert opportunity costs into development dividends.

Key words: feminization of agriculture, labor constraints, opportunity cost, outsourcing of agricultural machinery services, agricultural development

CLC Number:

XU Hui, TONG Junhao, CHEN Guangyan, ZHUANG Tianhui. Does feminization of agriculture promote outsourcing of agricultural machinery services?[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2022, 34(1): 173-183.

Figures/Tables 6

References 29

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变量符号 Variable symbol	变量名称 Variable name	变量定义/赋值 Variable definition & assignment	均值 Mean	标准差 Standard deviation	最小值 Minimum	最大值 Maximum
Y	农业机械服务外包选择 Machinery-way	全部购买,1;部分外包,2;全部外包,3 Full purchase, 1; Partial outsourcing, 2; All outsourcing, 3	2.479	0.813	1	3
X	农业女性化 Female-rural	家庭从事农业女性人数/全部务农人数 Number of women working in agriculture/number of total farmers working in agriculture	0.515	0.341	0	1
C₁	性别Gender	男性,1;女性,0 Male, 1; Female, 0	0.926	0.261	0	1
C₂	年龄Age	户主年龄Age of household head	54.949	10.838	25	90
C₃	学历 Education	从未上过学,1;小学或私塾,2;初中,3;普通高中,4;职业高中,5;技校,6;中专,7;大专,8;大学本科,9;硕士及以上,10 Never went to school, 1; Elementary school or private school, 2; Junior high school, 3; General high school, 4; Vocational high school, 5; Technical school, 6; Technical secondary school, 7; Junior college, 8; University undergraduate, 9; Master’s degree and above, 10	2.561	0.956	1	9
C₄	农业劳动力 Agricultural labor	家庭从事农业总人数 Total number of households engaged in agriculture	1.740	0.822	1	6
C₅	农业收入占比 Agricultural income ratio	家庭去年农业收入/去年总收入 Last year’s agricultural income/last year’s total income	0.549	0.425	0	1
C₆	农业补贴 Agricultural subsidies	有,1;无,0 Yes, 1; No, 0	0.728	0.445	0	1
C₇	村离县城距离 Distance from county	实际距离 Actual distance/km	23.520	19.539	2	120
C₈	地区 Area	西部,1;中部,2;东部,3 West, 1; Central, 2; East, 3	2.247	0.782	1	3
Z₁	村农业女性化 Feminization of agriculture in village	根据村级问卷得到 Acquired from village questionnaire	0.532	0.177	0.017	1
Z₂	家庭女性占比 Female ratio in family	家庭女性数/常住人口 Number of female households/permanent residents	0.478	0.159	0	1

变量符号 Variable symbol	变量名称 Variable name	变量定义/赋值 Variable definition & assignment	均值 Mean	标准差 Standard deviation	最小值 Minimum	最大值 Maximum
Y	农业机械服务外包选择 Machinery-way	全部购买,1;部分外包,2;全部外包,3 Full purchase, 1; Partial outsourcing, 2; All outsourcing, 3	2.479	0.813	1	3
X	农业女性化 Female-rural	家庭从事农业女性人数/全部务农人数 Number of women working in agriculture/number of total farmers working in agriculture	0.515	0.341	0	1
C₁	性别Gender	男性,1;女性,0 Male, 1; Female, 0	0.926	0.261	0	1
C₂	年龄Age	户主年龄Age of household head	54.949	10.838	25	90
C₃	学历 Education	从未上过学,1;小学或私塾,2;初中,3;普通高中,4;职业高中,5;技校,6;中专,7;大专,8;大学本科,9;硕士及以上,10 Never went to school, 1; Elementary school or private school, 2; Junior high school, 3; General high school, 4; Vocational high school, 5; Technical school, 6; Technical secondary school, 7; Junior college, 8; University undergraduate, 9; Master’s degree and above, 10	2.561	0.956	1	9
C₄	农业劳动力 Agricultural labor	家庭从事农业总人数 Total number of households engaged in agriculture	1.740	0.822	1	6
C₅	农业收入占比 Agricultural income ratio	家庭去年农业收入/去年总收入 Last year’s agricultural income/last year’s total income	0.549	0.425	0	1
C₆	农业补贴 Agricultural subsidies	有,1;无,0 Yes, 1; No, 0	0.728	0.445	0	1
C₇	村离县城距离 Distance from county	实际距离 Actual distance/km	23.520	19.539	2	120
C₈	地区 Area	西部,1;中部,2;东部,3 West, 1; Central, 2; East, 3	2.247	0.782	1	3
Z₁	村农业女性化 Feminization of agriculture in village	根据村级问卷得到 Acquired from village questionnaire	0.532	0.177	0.017	1
Z₂	家庭女性占比 Female ratio in family	家庭女性数/常住人口 Number of female households/permanent residents	0.478	0.159	0	1

变量Variable	OLS(n=1 821)	2SLS(n=1 821)	GMM(n=1 821)
X	0.099^*(0.056)	1.084^***(0.330)	1.084^***(0.330)
C₁	-0.135^*(0.072)	-0.122^*(0.116)	-0.122^*(0.113)
C₂	0.008^***(0.002)	0.012^***(0.002)	0.012^***(0.002)
C₃	0.045^**(0.020)	0.018(0.023)	0.018(0.022)
C₄	-0.087^***(0.022)	-0.083^***(0.025)	-0.083^***(0.025)
C₅	-0.231^***(0.022)	-0.106^*(0.063)	-0.106^*(0.063)
C₆	0.077^*(0.041)	0.127^***(0.049)	0.127^***(0.049)
C₇	-0.006^***(0.001)	-0.006^***(0.001)	-0.006^***(0.001)
C₈	0.169^***(0.023)	0.158^***(0.026)	0.158^***(0.027)
常数项Constant	1.963^***(0.163)	0.966^***(0.372)	0.967^***(0.377)

变量Variable	OLS(n=1 821)	2SLS(n=1 821)	GMM(n=1 821)
X	0.099^*(0.056)	1.084^***(0.330)	1.084^***(0.330)
C₁	-0.135^*(0.072)	-0.122^*(0.116)	-0.122^*(0.113)
C₂	0.008^***(0.002)	0.012^***(0.002)	0.012^***(0.002)
C₃	0.045^**(0.020)	0.018(0.023)	0.018(0.022)
C₄	-0.087^***(0.022)	-0.083^***(0.025)	-0.083^***(0.025)
C₅	-0.231^***(0.022)	-0.106^*(0.063)	-0.106^*(0.063)
C₆	0.077^*(0.041)	0.127^***(0.049)	0.127^***(0.049)
C₇	-0.006^***(0.001)	-0.006^***(0.001)	-0.006^***(0.001)
C₈	0.169^***(0.023)	0.158^***(0.026)	0.158^***(0.027)
常数项Constant	1.963^***(0.163)	0.966^***(0.372)	0.967^***(0.377)

变量 Variable	学历Education			年龄Age			地区Region
变量 Variable	小学组 Primary school (n=878)	初中组 Junior school (n=743)	高中组 Hign school (n=200)	青年 Youth (n=337)	中年 Middle-aged (n=1 341)	老年 Elderly (n=143)	西部 West (n=388)	中部 Central (n=596)	东部 East (n=837)
X	1.276^*** (0.408)	0.651 (0.679)	0.925 (0.720)	1.289^* (0.748)	1.023^*** (0.394)	0.524 (0551)	1.673^* (0.912)	2.364^*** (0.844)	0.726 (0.455)
常数项 Constant	0.775 (0.507)	1.504^** (0.763)	1.377^* (0.741)	1.720^** (0.790)	0.667 (0.532)	2.266^** (1.025)	0.379 (0.851)	-0.003 (0.970)	2.008^*** (0.557)

Does feminization of agriculture promote outsourcing of agricultural machinery services?

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变量Variable	A₁(n=1 821)	A₂(n=1 821)	Y(n=1 821)	Y(n=1 821)
X	0.906^***(0.321)	0.536^***(0.161)	—	—
A₁	—	—	1.190^***(0.213)	—
A₂	—	—	—	0.734^**(0.313)
常数项Constant	0.755^**(0.361)	0.341^***(0.087)	0.073(0.369)	1.733^***(0.161)

变量 Variable	重新定义被解释变量 Redefine the explained variable		更换估计方法 Change estimation method
变量 Variable	A(n=574)	B(n=1 621)	Oprobit(n=1 821)	IV-Oprobit(n=1 821)
X	0.081(0.301)	0.409^**(0.208)	0.188^*(0.098)	1.339^***(0.388)
常数项Constant	-1.560^*(0.841)	-0.626(0.587)	—	—

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