Construction of a multi-energy complementary energy-saving system for multi-span greenhouses based on distributed control

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20250562

Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis ›› 2026, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (5): 1008-1023.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20250562

• Biosystems Engineering • Previous Articles Next Articles

Construction of a multi-energy complementary energy-saving system for multi-span greenhouses based on distributed control

LUO Dong¹(), SONG Daping¹, KANG Dalei², LIU Jikai², WANG Bingxue³, ZUO Qiang¹^,^*()

¹ Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
² Beijing Zhongboxitai Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 102200, China
³ Beijing Nanjiao Agricultural Production and Management Co., Ltd., Beijing 100163, China

Received:2025-09-03 Online:2026-05-25 Published:2026-06-02

Abstract

Abstract:

To address the challenges of high energy consumption, delayed response in multi-energy coordinated control, and poor alignment between energy supply and crop growth demand in multi-span greenhouses in northern China, this study takes an 11 000 m² Venlo-type multi-span greenhouse in Beijing as the research object. An integrated multi-energy complementary energy-saving system (IMCES) based on a photovoltaic-water source heat pump-phase change energy storage wall configuration and a “cloud-edge-device” distributed architecture are constructed. Through customized control algorithms for agricultural scenarios, an energy-environment-crop coupling model, and dynamic coordinated scheduling strategies, precise matching among energy production, storage, consumption, and crop growth demand is achieved. Full-year measurement results in 2024 show that the multi-energy coordinated response time of the system does not exceed 15 s, which is 87.5% shorter than that of traditional centralized control. Annual electricity savings amount to 32.45×10⁴ kW·h, with a comprehensive energy saving rate of 31.9%. The photovoltaic subsystem generates 147.84×10⁴ kW·h annually, meeting 97.3% of the greenhouse’s electricity demand, and the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) transmittance exceeds 85%. The single-season yields of tomato and lettuce were 78.5 t·hm^-2 and 32.8 t·hm^-2, respectively, showing no significant difference from those under traditional planting modes. The average coefficient of performance (COP) for heating and energy efficiency ratio (EER) for cooling of the water source heat pump were 4.2 and 5.0, respectively. The phase change energy storage wall reduces air conditioning load by 10.2%. The system reduces carbon emissions by approximately 1 415 t CO₂ annually. This study provides a replicable and scalable low-carbon and energy-saving technical solution for multi-span greenhouses. The core innovations include the customized distributed control optimization for agricultural scenarios and the coupling mechanism between the multi-energy system and crop growth demand, offering theoretical support and a technical paradigm for the green and low-carbon transformation of facility agriculture.

Key words: distributed control, multi-span greenhouse, multi-energy complementarity, photovoltaic power generation, water source heat pump, phase change energy storage, energy saving and carbon reduction

CLC Number:

S625
TK01

LUO Dong, SONG Daping, KANG Dalei, LIU Jikai, WANG Bingxue, ZUO Qiang. Construction of a multi-energy complementary energy-saving system for multi-span greenhouses based on distributed control[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2026, 38(5): 1008-1023.

Figures/Tables 10

References 31

[1]	李雄彦, 徐航, 徐开亮, 等. Venlo型温室柱脚螺栓节点力学性能[J]. 农业工程学报, 2024, 40(3): 240-250.
	LI X Y, XU H, XU K L, et al. Mechanical properties of column foot bolt joints in Venlo greenhouse[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2024, 40(3): 240-250.
[2]	张东, 姜钰湛, 李浩然, 等. 设施农业可再生能源综合供能系统运行策略[J]. 农业工程学报, 2023, 39(24): 264-277.
	ZHANG D, JIANG Y Z, LI H R, et al. Operational strategy of integrated renewable energy supply system for facility agriculture[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2023, 39(24): 264-277.
[3]	李天华, 董广胜, 施国英, 等. 文洛型温室棚顶清洗机的研制与试验[J]. 农业工程学报, 2023, 39(12): 180-188.
	LI T H, DONG G S, SHI G Y, et al. Development and test of Venlo greenhouse roof cleaning machine[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2023, 39(12): 180-188.
[4]	曾小春, 李随成, 史官清, 等. “双碳” 目标背景下基于熵权TOPSIS法的区域农业高质量发展水平综合评价: 基于变化速度特征视角[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2023, 35(4): 962-972.
	ZENG X C, LI S C, SHI G Q, et al. Comprehensive evaluation of China’s regional agricultural quality development level based on entropy weight TOPSIS under background of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals: from perspective of change speed[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2023, 35(4): 962-972.
[5]	YANG Y, LI D, ZHANG S J, et al. Optimal design of distributed energy resource systems under large-scale uncertainties in energy demands based on decision-making theory[J]. Thermal Science, 2019, 23(2 Part B): 873-882.
[6]	JIANG W, JIN Y, LIU G L, et al. Net-zero energy optimization of solar greenhouses in severe cold climate using passive insulation and photovoltaic[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2023, 402: 136770.
[7]	徐明磊, 孙亚楠. 河南地区农业温室光伏化升级设计[J]. 北方园艺, 2020(21): 45-49.
	XU M L, SUN Y N. Photovoltaic upgrading design of agricultural greenhouse in Henan Province[J]. Northern Horticulture, 2020(21): 45-49.
[8]	赵梦菲. 日光温室墙体用复合相变材料的研制与应用[D]. 长春: 吉林农业大学, 2023.
	ZHAO M F. Development and application of composite phase change materials for solar greenhouse walls[D]. Changchun: Jilin Agricultural University, 2023.
[9]	杨绪飞, 李飞, 孙东亮, 等. 温室太阳能跨季节蓄热-土壤源热泵耦合供暖运行特性[J]. 农业工程学报, 2024, 40(19): 186-196.
	YANG X F, LI F, SUN D L, et al. Operational characteristics of ground source heat pump coupled with seasonal solar thermal energy storage for greenhouse heating[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2024, 40(19): 186-196.
[10]	张露心, 颜加龙, 何秋喜, 等. 精细控制智能化光伏大棚的设计[J]. 太阳能, 2024(5): 83-88.
	ZHANG L X, YAN J L, HE Q X, et al. Design of fine control and intelligent PV greenhouse[J]. Solar Energy, 2024(5): 83-88.
[11]	汤俊超, 吴宜文, 张姚, 等. 浅谈 “光伏+农业” 产业的发展模式[J]. 中国农学通报, 2022, 38(11): 144-152.
	TANG J C, WU Y W, ZHANG Y, et al. A brief introduction on the industrial development mode of photovoltaic agriculture[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2022, 38(11): 144-152.
[12]	李拓. 光伏联农现状及发展分析[J]. 大众用电, 2025, 40(1): 15-16.
	LI T. Analysis on current situation and development of photovoltaic joint agriculture[J]. Popular Utilization of Electricity, 2025, 40(1): 15-16.
[13]	张龙, 吴翠南, 鲍恩财, 等. 光伏组件遮阴对光伏农业系统光环境及无花果产量影响分析[J]. 农业工程学报, 2024, 40(23): 294-302.
	ZHANG L, WU C N, BAO E C, et al. Effects of photovoltaic module shading on internal light environment and fig (Ficus carica L.) yield in agrivoltaic systems[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2024, 40(23): 294-302.
[14]	马明月. 光伏发电系统最大功率点跟踪设计研究[J]. 光源与照明, 2024(9): 122-124.
	MA M Y. Research on maximum power point tracking design of photovoltaic power generation system[J]. Lamps & Lighting, 2024(9): 122-124.
[15]	陈同强, 徐凤娇, 周宝昌, 等. 天然气锅炉和地源热泵协同加热连栋玻璃温室的可行性分析[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2025, 37(7): 1533-1544.
	CHEN T Q, XU F J, ZHOU B C, et al. Feasibility of ground-source heat pump heating system assisted by natural gas boiler in large-scale terraced glass greenhouse[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2025, 37(7): 1533-1544.
[16]	石惠娴, 田沁雨, 孟祥真, 等. 地源热泵水蓄能型植物工厂降温系统夏季运行特性[J]. 农业工程学报, 2019, 35(21): 202-209.
	SHI H X, TIAN Q Y, MENG X Z, et al. Operating characteristics of energy storage ground source heat pump cooling system in plant factory in summer[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2019, 35(21): 202-209.
[17]	闫喜龙, 陈雁, 戴诗渝, 等. 粮食平房仓太阳能光伏-地源热泵供冷系统仿真研究与试验[J]. 农业工程学报, 2024, 40(18): 42-50.
	YAN X L, CHEN Y, DAI S Y, et al. Simulation study and test on the solar photovoltaic-ground source heat pump cooling system for grain warehouse[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2024, 40(18): 42-50.
[18]	孟凡康, 姜治鑫. 外挂型相变储能装置在日光温室中的蓄放热试验[J]. 农业工程学报, 2022, 38(20): 180-190.
	MENG F K, JIANG Z X. Heat storage and release test of external hanging phase change energy storage device in greenhouses[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2022, 38(20): 180-190.
[19]	樊智轩, 赵运超, 丁云飞, 等. 相变储能材料用于建筑墙体的研究进展[J]. 化工新型材料, 2022, 50(7): 225-228.
	FAN Z X, ZHAO Y C, DING Y F, et al. Development of PCM applied in building walls[J]. New Chemical Materials, 2022, 50(7): 225-228.
[20]	胡瑾, 杨永霞, 李远方, 等. 温室环境控制方法研究现状分析与展望[J]. 农业工程学报, 2024, 40(1): 112-128.
	HU J, YANG Y X, LI Y F, et al. Analysis and prospect of the environmental control systems for greenhouse[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2024, 40(1): 112-128.
[21]	王喜军, 王伟, 李寅松, 等. 考虑源-荷-储可调度资源的新能源配电网负荷频率控制策略[J]. 可再生能源, 2025, 43(11): 1537-1546.
	WANG X J, WANG W, LI Y S, et al. Load frequency control strategy for new energy distribution network considering dispatchable resources of source load storage[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2025, 43(11): 1537-1546.
[22]	朱德兰, 涂泓滨, 王瑞心, 等. 基于分段多区间的温室夏季温湿度智能控制策略[J]. 农业机械学报, 2022, 53(9): 334-341.
	ZHU D L, TU H B, WANG R X, et al. Intelligent control strategy of temperature and humidity in greenhouse in summer based on subsection and multi-interval[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2022, 53(9): 334-341.
[23]	贾家欢, 杨培宏, 时习之, 等. 计及富氧燃烧电厂的综合能源系统低碳经济调度[J]. 太阳能学报, 2025, 46(11): 470-480.
	JIA J H, YANG P H, SHI X Z, et al. Low-carbon economic dispatch of integrated energy system considering oxy-fuel combustion power plant[J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 2025, 46(11): 470-480.
[24]	赵利鹏, 刘牧阳, 陈俊儒, 等. 计及外部气象环境不确定性的农业园区综合能源系统双层优化调度策略研究[J/OL]. 电网技术,2025-09-19. https://doi.org/10.13335/j.1000-3673.pst.2025.0483.
	ZHAO L P, LIU M Y, CHEN J R, et al. Bi-level optimal scheduling strategy for integrated energy system in agricultural parks considering external meteorological environment uncertainties[J/OL]. Power System Technology, 2025-09-19. https://doi.org/10.13335/j.1000-3673.pst.2025.0483.
[25]	马超, 刘璐, 练继建, 等. 基于综合评价的混合抽蓄-风-光多能互补系统容量优化配置研究[J]. 水利学报, 2025, 56(6): 726-738.
	MA C, LIU L, LIAN J J, et al. Research on capacity design for hybrid pumped storage-wind-PV power system based on comprehensive evaluation[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2025, 56(6): 726-738.
[26]	李祯, 庄卓. 基于BIM的智慧农业温室大棚建模分析[J]. 农机化研究, 2025, 47(3): 217-221.
	LI Z, ZHUANG Z. Modeling and analysis of smart agriculture greenhouse based on BIM[J]. Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research, 2025, 47(3): 217-221.
[27]	郑静逸. 新能源融合产业中水电站与光伏协同运行机制研究[J]. 产业科技创新, 2025, 7(1): 83-87.
	ZHENG J Y. Research on the coordinated operation mechanism of hydropower stations and photovoltaics in the new energy integration industry[J]. Industrial Technology Innovation, 2025, 7(1): 83-87.
[28]	杨帆. 分布式温室智能控制系统设计与实现[J]. 电子制作, 2024, 32(12): 55-59.
	YANG F. Design and implementation of distributed greenhouse intelligent control system[J]. Practical Electronics, 2024, 32(12): 55-59.
[29]	薛飞跃, 周玉玲, 李俊凯, 等. 智慧养殖农业物联网与边缘计算中大模型技术应用综述[J]. 农业机械学报, 2025, 56(9): 291-311.
	XUE F Y, ZHOU Y L, LI J K, et al. Application of foundation model technology for smart farming in edge computing and agricultural Internet of Things (agri-IoT)[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2025, 56(9): 291-311.
[30]	冯国会, 殷传智, 张磊, 等. 基于TRNSYS的多能互补耦合系统性能对比分析[J]. 沈阳建筑大学学报(自然科学版), 2025, 41(2): 249-254.
	FENG G H, YIN C Z, ZHANG L, et al. Performance comparison of multi-energy complementary coupling systems based on TRNSYS[J]. Journal of Shenyang Jianzhu University Natural Science, 2025, 41(2): 249-254.
[31]	刘红霞, 吴炎平, 黄高明, 等. 相变储能墙体热工性能评价方法及节能效果试验研究[J]. 江西建材, 2023(5): 84-86.
	LIU H X, WU Y P, HUANG G M, et al. Study on thermal performance evaluation method and energy-saving effect of phase change energy storage wall[J]. Jiangxi Building Materials, 2023(5): 84-86.

参数类别 Parameter category	参数名称 Parameter name	取值/型号 Value/model	应用场景 Application scene
光伏子系统	装机容量Installed capacity	1 200 kWp	能源供给层 Energy supply layer
Photovoltaic	PAR透过率 PAR transmittance	>85%	作物光照保障Crop light supply
subsystem	组件型号Module model	JA Solar JAM72S30-540/MR	光伏发电Photovoltaic power generation
	逆变器效率Inverter efficiency	>98.5%	电能转换Power conversion
水源热泵子系统	额定制热量Rated heating capacity	380 kW	供暖Heating
Water source heat	平均 COP(制热) Average COP (heating)	4.2	能效评估Energy efficiency evaluation
pump subsystem	平均 EER(制冷) Average EER (cooling)	5.0	能效评估Energy efficiency evaluation
	机组型号Unit model	麦克维尔WPS080.2 McQuay WPS080.2	供暖/制冷Heating/cooling
相变储能墙体子系统	相变焓Phase change enthalpy	182.5 kJ·kg^-1	蓄放热计算Heat storage/release calculation
Phase change	墙体面积Wall area	3 000 m²	负荷削减Load reduction
energy storage wall subsystem	材料类型Material type	石蜡基复合相变材料 Paraffin-based composite PCM	蓄热介质 Heat storage medium
控制系统 Control system	主控制器型号Main controller model	西门子 S7-1500 PLC SIEMENS S7-1500 PLC	控制中枢Control center
	边缘层迭代周期Edge layer iteration cycle	10 s	动态调度Dynamic scheduling
	温度控制精度Temperature control precision	±0.5 ℃	环境调控Environmental regulation
测量参数 Measurement	温度传感器精度 Temperature sensor precision	±0.1 ℃	数据采集Data acquisition
parameters	湿度传感器精度Humidity sensor precision	±1.0%(RH)	数据采集Data acquisition
	采样频率Sampling frequency	0.016 7 Hz	数据采集Data acquisition

参数类别 Parameter category	参数名称 Parameter name	取值/型号 Value/model	应用场景 Application scene
光伏子系统	装机容量Installed capacity	1 200 kWp	能源供给层 Energy supply layer
Photovoltaic	PAR透过率 PAR transmittance	>85%	作物光照保障Crop light supply
subsystem	组件型号Module model	JA Solar JAM72S30-540/MR	光伏发电Photovoltaic power generation
	逆变器效率Inverter efficiency	>98.5%	电能转换Power conversion
水源热泵子系统	额定制热量Rated heating capacity	380 kW	供暖Heating
Water source heat	平均 COP(制热) Average COP (heating)	4.2	能效评估Energy efficiency evaluation
pump subsystem	平均 EER(制冷) Average EER (cooling)	5.0	能效评估Energy efficiency evaluation
	机组型号Unit model	麦克维尔WPS080.2 McQuay WPS080.2	供暖/制冷Heating/cooling
相变储能墙体子系统	相变焓Phase change enthalpy	182.5 kJ·kg^-1	蓄放热计算Heat storage/release calculation
Phase change	墙体面积Wall area	3 000 m²	负荷削减Load reduction
energy storage wall subsystem	材料类型Material type	石蜡基复合相变材料 Paraffin-based composite PCM	蓄热介质 Heat storage medium
控制系统 Control system	主控制器型号Main controller model	西门子 S7-1500 PLC SIEMENS S7-1500 PLC	控制中枢Control center
	边缘层迭代周期Edge layer iteration cycle	10 s	动态调度Dynamic scheduling
	温度控制精度Temperature control precision	±0.5 ℃	环境调控Environmental regulation
测量参数 Measurement	温度传感器精度 Temperature sensor precision	±0.1 ℃	数据采集Data acquisition
parameters	湿度传感器精度Humidity sensor precision	±1.0%(RH)	数据采集Data acquisition
	采样频率Sampling frequency	0.016 7 Hz	数据采集Data acquisition

系统类型 System type	工况 Operating condition	负荷/kW Load/kW	能效参数 Energy efficiency parameter	运行时间/h Operating time/h	能耗/(kW·h) Energy consumption/(kW·h)
传统系统Traditional system	冬季Winter	500	COP=2.5	1 200	240 000
	夏季Summer	600	EER=3.0	1 000	200 000
水源热泵WSHP	冬季Winter	500	COP=4.2	1 200	164 500
	夏季Summer	600	EER=5.0	1 000	135 000

系统类型 System type	工况 Operating condition	负荷/kW Load/kW	能效参数 Energy efficiency parameter	运行时间/h Operating time/h	能耗/(kW·h) Energy consumption/(kW·h)
传统系统Traditional system	冬季Winter	500	COP=2.5	1 200	240 000
	夏季Summer	600	EER=3.0	1 000	200 000
水源热泵WSHP	冬季Winter	500	COP=4.2	1 200	164 500
	夏季Summer	600	EER=5.0	1 000	135 000

处理 Treatment	单株结果数 Number of fruits per plant	单果重/g Average fruit weight/g	产量/(t·hm^-2) Yield/(t·hm^-2)	可溶性糖含量/% Soluble sugar content/%
T	18.2±1.5	152±8	78.5+3.1	4.2±0.3
CK	18.8±1.3	155±7	80.2+3.3	4.3±0.2

Construction of a multi-energy complementary energy-saving system for multi-span greenhouses based on distributed control

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 10

References 31

Related Articles 7

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

[1]	WANG Cong, LU Jiarui, LIN Yufei, PAN Xingjia, WANG Jie, ZHU Longjing. Wind induced responses and wind vibration coefficients of plastic greenhouses [J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2025, 37(9): 1981-1990.
[2]	MAO Erye, ZHANG Xiaodan, XIE Jianming, MA Ning, CHANG Youlin, HU Shilian. Simulation of thermal processes and optimization of parameters for active heat storage and discharge system in solar greenhouse [J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2024, 36(3): 671-680.
[3]	BAO Lingling, ZHU Shujing, GENG Jiewen. Study on operation of ground source heat pump air-conditioning system in greenhouse [J]. , 2020, 32(3): 534-542.
[4]	SHAO Wenqi, ZHONG Ping, DONG Yubing, SUN Chunmei, JI Li, ZHUANG Chun, CHEN Chuan, ZHANG Ankang. Difference of light and temperature resources in tray seedling and its effect on seedling quality in rice [J]. , 2020, 32(2): 191-199.
[5]	ZHANG Fang, WANG Peixin, HE Yong, LUO Huifeng, SHOU Guozhong. Study on crop growth environment factors in mini-greenhouse in balcony based on internet of things [J]. , 2020, 32(2): 234-242.
[6]	YU Mingyue, WANG Lidi, LI Qingji, LI Yadi, LYU Tinghui. Research and design of intelligent control system for solar greenhouse based on ZigBee [J]. , 2017, 29(6): 1026-1036.
[7]	QI Juanxia, CAO Lihua, LI Jianshe, YE Lin, LIU Xin, ZHANG Xueyan. Comparative study on the environment of different photovoltaic greenhouses and greenhouse in winter in Ningxia [J]. , 2017, 29(3): 414-420.

处理 Treatment	株高/cm Plant height/cm	单株鲜重/g Fruit weight per plant/g	产量/(t·hm^-2) Yield/ (t·hm^-2)
T	28.5±1.2	35.2±2.1	32.8±15
CK	29.0±1.0	36.0±1.8	33.5±16

处理 Treatment	株高/cm Plant height/cm	单株鲜重/g Fruit weight per plant/g	产量/(t·hm^-2) Yield/ (t·hm^-2)
T	28.5±1.2	35.2±2.1	32.8±15
CK	29.0±1.0	36.0±1.8	33.5±16