Quality of mainly cultivated walnuts in Hubei Province of China at different harvest periods

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240589

Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis ›› 2025, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (7): 1459-1468.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240589

• Horticultural Science • Previous Articles Next Articles

Quality of mainly cultivated walnuts in Hubei Province of China at different harvest periods

TAN Yali¹(), GAO Mengxiang¹, LI Xiaojie²^,^*(), ZHOU Yingjie², XIONG Jian², ZENG Ziqi², LI Xiao², YANG Hua³

1. College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, Hubei, China
2. National Enterprise Technology Center, Angel Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yichang 443000, Hubei, China
3. Hubei Anqi Qugu Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yichang 443000, Hubei, China

Received:2024-07-04 Online:2025-07-25 Published:2025-08-20

Abstract

Abstract:

To explore the changes in apparent traits and nutritional composition of the main cultivated walnut varieties planted in Hubei Province at different harvest periods. The main cultivated walnut varieties Zilin No.1 and Qingxiang were used as objects, the appearance traits and nutritional composition of walnuts at different harvest periods were measured. A complete evaluation of the quality of walnuts from four distinct harvest periods was conducted by correlation analysis and principal component analysis. The results showed that during the harvest period, the transverse and longitudinal diameters, kernel yield rate, and cracking rate of green fruit of Zilin No.1 and Qingxiang walnuts demonstrated a continuous upward trend. In terms of nutrient composition, the fat content showed an upward trend, while the moisture content, protein content, and calcium content showed a downward trend. The total amino acid content and zinc content, however, exhibited a pattern of initial decrease followed by an increase. Correlation analysis indicated that there were generally considerable relationships between the different nutritional components. Principal component analysis showed that 2 principal components represented 95.356% of the variable information of the 9 indicators, which could comprehensively reflect the overall changes in the nutritional quality of walnuts. Comprehensive score for characterizing the quality of walnuts increased significantly with delayed harvesting and reached its highest level at harvest period IV. Furthermore, appropriately delaying the harvest period can significantly improve the nutritional quality of walnuts. The optimal harvest period for the main cultivated walnut varieties Zilin No. 1 and Qingxiang in Hubei Province, is around August 27th.

Key words: walnut, harvest period, apparent traits, nutritional composition, principal component analysis

CLC Number:

S664.1

TAN Yali, GAO Mengxiang, LI Xiaojie, ZHOU Yingjie, XIONG Jian, ZENG Ziqi, LI Xiao, YANG Hua. Quality of mainly cultivated walnuts in Hubei Province of China at different harvest periods[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2025, 37(7): 1459-1468.

Figures/Tables 10

References 30

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氨基酸种类 Types of amino acid	不同采收期含量Contents at different harvest periods
	秭林一号Zilin No. 1				清香Qingxiang
	Ⅰ	Ⅱ	Ⅲ	Ⅳ	Ⅰ	Ⅱ	Ⅲ	Ⅳ
天冬氨酸Aspartic acid	34.8±0.6 a	25.1±0.4 b	23.1±0.3 c	25.0±0.1 b	24.1±0.8 a	10.6±0.3 c	15.1±1.0 b	15.8±0.7 b
苏氨酸*Threonine	8.7±0.2 a	7.6±0.8 ab	6.7±0.5 b	6.8±0.7 b	8.0±0.8 a	4.1±0.4 c	5.8±1.1 b	5.9±1.1 b
丝氨酸Serine	12.4±0.2 a	11.4±1.6 a	10.8±0.1 a	11.1±1.1 a	10.6±2.9 a	6.0±0.4 b	9.2±1.7 ab	9.4±2.0 ab
谷氨酸Glutamate	67.1±0.9 a	47.0±0.6 b	43.6±0.3 c	38.7±0.3 d	40.0±0.4 a	20.0±0.4 c	30.4±0.3 b	31.2±1.4 b
甘氨酸Glycine	12.6±0.2 a	10.2±0.3 b	10.3±0.5 b	9.7±1.4 b	9.0±2.3 a	5.6±0.3 b	8.9±1.0 a	8.7±2.1 ab
丙氨酸Alanine	10.2±0.9 a	10.0±0.9 a	10.2±0.5 a	9.6±0.9 a	8.9±2.2 a	5.8±0.8 a	8.6±0.6 a	8.4±2.2 a
胱氨酸Cystine	1.8±0.1 a	1.9±0.4 a	1.0±0.2 b	0.7±0.3 b	2.2±0.3 a	1.2±0.4 b	0.8±0.2 b	1.1±0.8 b
缬氨酸*Valine	10.7±0.8a	10.7±0.8 a	10.2±0.3 a	10.7±0.8 a	10.5±2.2 a	5.7±0.2 b	8.6±0.6 a	8.4±0.7 a
异亮氨酸*Isoleucine	8.9±0.3 a	8.2±0.6 ab	8.5±0.4 ab	7.6±0.7 b	9.3±1.7 a	4.4±0.2 c	6.9±0.5 b	6.4±1.4 b
亮氨酸*Leucine	29.0±0.2 a	17.1±0.6 b	15.5±0.3 c	15.3±0.2 c	20.9±0.5 a	9.6±0.2 d	12.8±0.2 b	10.4±0.5 c
酪氨酸Tyrosine	12.3±0.2 a	2.5±1.6 d	8.1±0.1 b	5.3±0.4 c	9.4±0.4 a	5.6±0.7 b	7.6±0.3 ab	4.7±0.7 b
苯丙氨酸*Phenylalanine	10.1±0.4 a	10.2±0.7 a	10.2±0.3 a	10.2±0.7 a	10.5±1.7 b	5.8±0.7 d	14.0±0.9 a	8.4±0.8 c
赖氨酸*Lysine	6.5±0.2 a	6.7±0.4 a	5.4±0.2 b	5.9±0.4 b	8.0±0.3 a	3.6±0.3 d	6.7±0.3 b	5.3±1.0 c
组氨酸Histidine	6.4±0.2 a	5.4±0.5 b	4.3±0.2 c	4.9±0.6 bc	5.7±1.1 a	2.7±0.2 c	5.0±0.4 ab	4.3±0.8 b
精氨酸Arginine	50.2±0.4 a	29.6±0.6 c	28.3±0.5 d	38.7±0.4 b	30.1±0.4 a	16.2±0.3 d	24.2±0.3 c	27.1±0.9 b
脯氨酸Proline	10.1±0.2 b	8.5±0.4 c	6.8±0.1 d	14.2±0.8 a	7.7±0.4 b	4.4±0.3 c	6.8±0.7 b	11.4±2.5 a

氨基酸种类 Types of amino acid	不同采收期含量Contents at different harvest periods
	秭林一号Zilin No. 1				清香Qingxiang
	Ⅰ	Ⅱ	Ⅲ	Ⅳ	Ⅰ	Ⅱ	Ⅲ	Ⅳ
天冬氨酸Aspartic acid	34.8±0.6 a	25.1±0.4 b	23.1±0.3 c	25.0±0.1 b	24.1±0.8 a	10.6±0.3 c	15.1±1.0 b	15.8±0.7 b
苏氨酸*Threonine	8.7±0.2 a	7.6±0.8 ab	6.7±0.5 b	6.8±0.7 b	8.0±0.8 a	4.1±0.4 c	5.8±1.1 b	5.9±1.1 b
丝氨酸Serine	12.4±0.2 a	11.4±1.6 a	10.8±0.1 a	11.1±1.1 a	10.6±2.9 a	6.0±0.4 b	9.2±1.7 ab	9.4±2.0 ab
谷氨酸Glutamate	67.1±0.9 a	47.0±0.6 b	43.6±0.3 c	38.7±0.3 d	40.0±0.4 a	20.0±0.4 c	30.4±0.3 b	31.2±1.4 b
甘氨酸Glycine	12.6±0.2 a	10.2±0.3 b	10.3±0.5 b	9.7±1.4 b	9.0±2.3 a	5.6±0.3 b	8.9±1.0 a	8.7±2.1 ab
丙氨酸Alanine	10.2±0.9 a	10.0±0.9 a	10.2±0.5 a	9.6±0.9 a	8.9±2.2 a	5.8±0.8 a	8.6±0.6 a	8.4±2.2 a
胱氨酸Cystine	1.8±0.1 a	1.9±0.4 a	1.0±0.2 b	0.7±0.3 b	2.2±0.3 a	1.2±0.4 b	0.8±0.2 b	1.1±0.8 b
缬氨酸*Valine	10.7±0.8a	10.7±0.8 a	10.2±0.3 a	10.7±0.8 a	10.5±2.2 a	5.7±0.2 b	8.6±0.6 a	8.4±0.7 a
异亮氨酸*Isoleucine	8.9±0.3 a	8.2±0.6 ab	8.5±0.4 ab	7.6±0.7 b	9.3±1.7 a	4.4±0.2 c	6.9±0.5 b	6.4±1.4 b
亮氨酸*Leucine	29.0±0.2 a	17.1±0.6 b	15.5±0.3 c	15.3±0.2 c	20.9±0.5 a	9.6±0.2 d	12.8±0.2 b	10.4±0.5 c
酪氨酸Tyrosine	12.3±0.2 a	2.5±1.6 d	8.1±0.1 b	5.3±0.4 c	9.4±0.4 a	5.6±0.7 b	7.6±0.3 ab	4.7±0.7 b
苯丙氨酸*Phenylalanine	10.1±0.4 a	10.2±0.7 a	10.2±0.3 a	10.2±0.7 a	10.5±1.7 b	5.8±0.7 d	14.0±0.9 a	8.4±0.8 c
赖氨酸*Lysine	6.5±0.2 a	6.7±0.4 a	5.4±0.2 b	5.9±0.4 b	8.0±0.3 a	3.6±0.3 d	6.7±0.3 b	5.3±1.0 c
组氨酸Histidine	6.4±0.2 a	5.4±0.5 b	4.3±0.2 c	4.9±0.6 bc	5.7±1.1 a	2.7±0.2 c	5.0±0.4 ab	4.3±0.8 b
精氨酸Arginine	50.2±0.4 a	29.6±0.6 c	28.3±0.5 d	38.7±0.4 b	30.1±0.4 a	16.2±0.3 d	24.2±0.3 c	27.1±0.9 b
脯氨酸Proline	10.1±0.2 b	8.5±0.4 c	6.8±0.1 d	14.2±0.8 a	7.7±0.4 b	4.4±0.3 c	6.8±0.7 b	11.4±2.5 a

指标	TD	LD	KY	GFD	MC	FAT	PRO	TAA	Glu	Arg	Asp	Ca
Index
LD	0.935^**
KY	0.557^**	0.629^**
GFD	0.597^**	0.651^**	0.832^**
MC	-0.394	-0.472^*	-0.796^**	-0.795^**
FAT	0.420^*	0.442^*	0.560^**	0.790^**	-0.844^**
PRO	-0.009	-0.099	-0.550^**	-0.526^**	0.857^**	-0.721^**
TAA	0.145	0.130	-0.276	-0.208	0.648^**	-0.554^**	0.840^**
Glu	0.145	0.100	-0.273	-0.326	0.700^**	-0.680^**	0.887^**	0.956^**
Arg	0.263	0.225	-0.141	-0.032	0.546^**	-0.458^*	0.808^**	0.937^**	0.893^**
Asp	0.193	0.149	-0.323	-0.271	0.679^**	0.557^**	0.892^**	0.970^**	0.964^**	0.925^**
Ca	-0.265	-0.340	-0.659^**	-0.650^**	0.964^**	-0.838^**	0.911^**	0.768^**	0.814^**	0.714^**	0.785^**
Zn	0.269	0.220	-0.337	-0.257	0.649^**	-0.496^*	0.906^**	0.916^**	0.917^**	0.897^**	0.968^**	0.755^**

指标	TD	LD	KY	GFD	MC	FAT	PRO	TAA	Glu	Arg	Asp	Ca
Index
LD	0.935^**
KY	0.557^**	0.629^**
GFD	0.597^**	0.651^**	0.832^**
MC	-0.394	-0.472^*	-0.796^**	-0.795^**
FAT	0.420^*	0.442^*	0.560^**	0.790^**	-0.844^**
PRO	-0.009	-0.099	-0.550^**	-0.526^**	0.857^**	-0.721^**
TAA	0.145	0.130	-0.276	-0.208	0.648^**	-0.554^**	0.840^**
Glu	0.145	0.100	-0.273	-0.326	0.700^**	-0.680^**	0.887^**	0.956^**
Arg	0.263	0.225	-0.141	-0.032	0.546^**	-0.458^*	0.808^**	0.937^**	0.893^**
Asp	0.193	0.149	-0.323	-0.271	0.679^**	0.557^**	0.892^**	0.970^**	0.964^**	0.925^**
Ca	-0.265	-0.340	-0.659^**	-0.650^**	0.964^**	-0.838^**	0.911^**	0.768^**	0.814^**	0.714^**	0.785^**
Zn	0.269	0.220	-0.337	-0.257	0.649^**	-0.496^*	0.906^**	0.916^**	0.917^**	0.897^**	0.968^**	0.755^**

变量 Variable	主成分1 PC1	主成分2 PC2
蛋白质含量Protein content	0.98	-0.08
谷氨酸含量Glutamate content	0.96	0.15
天冬氨酸含量Aspartic acid content	0.96	0.26
总氨基酸含量Total amino acid content	0.95	0.28
锌含量Zinc content	0.93	0.29
钙含量Calcium content	0.92	-0.34
精氨酸含量Arginine content	0.89	0.37
含水率Moisture content	0.84	-0.50
脂肪含量Fat content	-0.75	0.58
特征值Eigenvalue	7.487	1.096
方差贡献率Variance contribution rate/%	83.184	12.172
累计贡献率Cumulative contribution rate/%	83.184	95.356

Quality of mainly cultivated walnuts in Hubei Province of China at different harvest periods

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品种 Variety	采收期 Harvest period	X₁ 含水率 Moisture content	X₂ 脂肪含量 Fat content	X₃ 蛋白质含量 Protein content	X₄ 总氨基酸含量 Total amino acid content	X₅ 谷氨酸含量 Glutamate content	X₆ 精氨酸含量 Arginine content	X₇ 天冬氨酸含量 Aspartic acid content	X₈ 钙含量 Calcium content	X₉ 锌含量 Zinc content
秭林一号	Ⅰ	-0.33	0.39	-0.06	0.10	0.28	-0.22	0.19	-0.24	0.43
Zilin No. 1	Ⅱ	0.23	-0.58	0.34	0.27	0.52	-0.10	0.44	-0.05	0.26
	Ⅲ	-0.82	1.22	0.04	0.32	-0.07	0.80	0.43	-0.59	0.66
	Ⅳ	1.78	-2.00	1.97	1.81	1.96	1.94	1.73	2.11	1.67
清香	Ⅰ	-1.11	-0.09	-0.52	0.32	0.01	-0.04	0.31	0.81	0.21
Qingxiang	Ⅱ	-0.10	-0.05	-0.69	1.68	-1.41	-1.42	1.46	-0.40	-1.19
	Ⅲ	-0.87	0.10	1.12	-0.52	-0.67	-0.63	0.87	0.83	-1.09
	Ⅳ	0.99	1.00	1.01	0.60	0.61	0.34	0.77	-0.81	-0.95

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