Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis

Cloning, sequence and expression analysis of a potassium channel NtKAT3 in tobacco

HUANG Luping, LIU Lun, LU Liming, LI Liqin

2017, 29(7): 1057-1063. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.07.01

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Potassium channels have important physiological roles in plants. This study obtains a potassium channel gene from the tobacco variety K326 by using homologous cloning strategy. Sequences analysis showed that this gene contains 1 989 bp and encodes a protein consisting of 662 amino acids, the calculated molecular mass was 75.6 ku and the theoretical isoelectric point (pI) was 7.2. Homology analysis suggested that the gene had a high homology with the potassium channels KAT3 of both Nicotiana tomentosiformis and Nicotiana sylvestris, so it was named as NtKAT3. Protein structure and function analysis showed that NtKAT3 has 5 transmembrane domains, which was a hydrophobic membrane protein. Expression patterns analysis showed that the highest expression level was observed in the roots, followed by leaves, stems and flowers. Under low potassium condition, the expression level of NtKAT3 in tobacco seedlings increased firstly and then decreased, the highest expression level of NtKAT3 appeared at 12 h, and the lowest level appeared at 48 h. Under 200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl treatment, NtKAT3 reached the lowest expression level at 6 h, while the highest level appeared at 24 h, which indicated that the gene NtKAT3 can be induced by low potassium or salt stress.

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Effects of application of microbial agents along with humic acid potassium on tobacco-planted soil and economic benefit of flue-cured tobacco

LIU Fang, HAN Dan, ZHAO Mingqin, LI Xiaoyong, GUAN Chengwei

2017, 29(7): 1064-1069. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.07.02

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A field trail was carried out to evaluate the effect of application of microbial agents (EM) and humic acid potassium (HA-K) on tobacco cv. Yunyan 87 in Ji'an, Jiangxi Province. It was shown that combined application of EM and HA-K could increase microbial population, enzymatic activity, soil nutrient and pH value. The effect of combined application of EM and HA-K was better than that of individual application. Single application of EM or HA-K significantly increased leaf yield and economic benefits, but the effect of combined application of EM and HA-K was better.

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Genetic diversity of Yandang chicken and other three chicken populations using microsatellite markers

ZENG Tao, SUN Siwei, TIAN Yong, CHEN Li, LU Lizhi, GAN Xiantong, GAN Fangben, WU Chunqin

2017, 29(7): 1070-1076. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.07.03

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In order to study the chicken populations' genetic diversity and relationship and promote the rational use and protection of the chicken populations genetic resources in Zhejiang Province, 28 microsatellite loci were tested in the 5 chicken populations, which were Yandang chicken I, Yandang chicken II, Xiaoshan chicken, Longyou chicken and Xianju chicken, totally 440 samples. The results showed that the average effective number of alleles (Ne) was 3.709 0, the average expected heterozygosity (He) was 0.664 1, and the mean polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.621 5. In addition, the Ne, He and PIC of Longyou chicken were the highest (3.941 9, 0.702 2 and 0.661 3). The Ne, He and PIC of Xianju chicken were the lowest (3.505 1, 0.653 9 and 0.609 3). The Ne, He and PIC of Yandang chicken were between the two populations (Ⅰ: 3.785 5, 0.670 6 and 0.628 8; Ⅱ: 3.695 7, 0.654 6 and 0.611 4). Phylogenetic tree analysis based on Nei's genetic distance revealed that Yandang chicken (Ⅰ and Ⅱ), Xianju chicken, Xiaoshan chicken and Longyou chicken was clustered into threes group separately. It indicated that Yandang chicken was a separate breed which is different from Xiaoshan chicken, Longyou chicken and Xianju chicken.

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SNP screening and bioinformatics analysis of SLA-DRA gene in pigs

LIU Lixia, ZHANG Li, TIAN Xiaojing, CHEN Hong, CUN Haixia, JIN Li, TAN Xiaoyin, XIE Deqiong

2017, 29(7): 1077-1085. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.07.04

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The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site of four exons of SLA-DRA gene in Bamei, Juema and Gansu Black pigs were screened via polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) and DNA sequencing analysis, and further secondary structure of mRNA, secondary and tertiary structures of DRA protein were predicted through the bioinformatics tools. The results showed that 6 SNP sites were detected, including A¹⁷⁷G, located in exon 1, A³⁰⁹³C, located in exon 2, A⁴¹⁶⁷G, A⁴²⁴⁶G, C⁴²⁸²T and G⁴²⁹³A, located in exon 4, and among these SNP sites, A³⁰⁹³C, A⁴¹⁶⁷G and G⁴²⁹³A were missense mutation, A³⁰⁹³C led to methionine (Met) into leucine (Leu), A⁴¹⁶⁷G led to glutamine (Gln) into arginine (Arg), and G⁴²⁹³A led to arginine (Arg) into histidine (His). Based on the 3 missense SNPs, 6 haplotypes were constructed, in which H1, H3 and H6 were the main haplotypes with frequencies 0.25, 0.21 and 0.21, respectively. The results of bioinformatics showed that secondary structure of mRNA, secondary and tertiary protein structures of DRA haplotypes in three pigs were different from those in wild type. The consequence would provide basis for study of breed conservation and molecular breeding in disease resistance for Bamei, Juema and Gansu Black pigs.

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Establishment of a multiplex PCR for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and porcine circovirus type 2

GONG Shuangyan, LI Xiaojing, CHEN Yingqi, CAI Yao, LI Yumeng, XU Yifei, ZHU Ling, XU Zhiwen

2017, 29(7): 1086-1092. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.07.05

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In order to study the infection status of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in diarrhea piglets, a multiplex PCR method for simultaneous detection of PEDV and PCV2 mixed infection was established. According to the published sequence of PEDV and PCV2 in GenBank, 2 pairs of specific primers were designed and synthesized for the conserved region, and the amplified fragments were 530 and 278 bp, respectively. The multiplex PCR method for the specific detection of PEDV and PCV2 was established by optimizing the reaction conditions. A total of 67 diarrhea samples (mixed mesenteric lymph nodes, intestinal mucosa and their contents) were collected from Leshan, Yibin, Guangyuan and Suining of Sichuan Province from April to August, 2016, and were detected by multiplex PCR. The results showed that the single infection positive rates of PEDV and PCV2 was 34.33% and 73.13%, respectively. The combined infection rate of PEDV and PCV2 was 16.42%. The coincidence rates of the multiplex PCR method and the specific detection methods of PCV2 PCR and PEDV RT-PCR were all 100%.

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Study on biological characteristics of Lactobacillus from giant panda vagina

MA Xiaoping, YANG Tianyi, ZHANG Zhihe, YU Yan, WANG Chengdong, GU Yu

2017, 29(7): 1093-1102. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.07.06

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In the present study, 3 Lactobacillus strains of giant panda vagina (Lactobacillus salivarius GPV01, Lactobacillus plantarum GPV02 and Lactobacillus saerimneri GPV03) were used as experimental group, and 3 Lactobacillus strains of woman vagina (Lactobacillus acidophilus WAV01, Lactobacillus crispatus WAV02 and Lactobacillus plantarum WAV03) were used as control group to explore the difference of these strains in hydrogen peroxide production capacity, acid resistance, heat resistance, antibacterial activity, drug sensitivity and adhesiveness. It was shown that L. acidophilus WAV01, L. crispatus WAV02 and L. plantarum WAV03 possessed higher H₂O₂-producing ability and heat-resistance than L. salivarius GPV01, L. plantarum GPV02 and L. saerimneri GPV03 under the same culture condition. L. salivarius GPV01, L. plantarum GPV02 and L. plantarum WAV03 exhibited acid tolerance. D values of Lactobacillus suspensions were all between 0.2 to 0.55 for these strains when the pH was between 2 to 3 in the culture medium, and among these strains, L. plantarum GPV02 showed the highest D value (D=0.55) under the above condition. Six culture supernatants of the Lactobacillus strains had different inhibitory effects on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Hemolytic streptococcus. Six Lactobacillus strains showed weaker inhibition on three pathogenic bacteria than lactic acid (pH 3.5). Six Lactobacillus strains were highly sensitive to doxycycline, ampicillin, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, amoxicillin, and were sensitive to tetracycline and rifampicin. Six Lactobacillus strains showed resistance to streptomycin, ofloxacin, gentamycin, selectrin, ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole. Six Lactobacillus strains could stick on Hela, and the average adhesion number of GPV01, GPV03, WAV01 and WAV03 on each Hela cell was 18.8-32.8. WAV02 had the strongest adhesion ability (54.75±2.40)·cell^-1, while GPV02 had the worst adhesion ability (6.83±0.33)·cell^-1.

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Recombinant eukaryotic plasmid construction of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus of N gene and its expression

LI Haolei, LI Yezhen, ZHAO Gu, CUI Tengfei, XU Qianming, WEI Jianzhong, LI Yu, SUN Pei

2017, 29(7): 1103-1109. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.07.07

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In order to investigate the effect of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus N genes encoding proteins in the PEDV infection early diagnosis, a pair of specific primers was designed to amplify N gene according to the full-length genome sequence of N gene of the PEDV CV777 strain in this experiment, then N gene was cloned into the eukaryotic expression vector pPM-C-His to construct a recombinant plasmid named pPM-C-His-N, the recombinant plasmid was extracted and the intramuscular injection for Kunming mice was carried out to detect the expression level in mice. At the same time, the plasmid was transfected into Vero cells, and PEDV N expression at gene level and protein level was detected, then N protein distribution in cells was detected in vitro by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The results showed that the recombinant eukaryotic plasmid expressed successfully at gene level and protein level, the serum antibody titer in immunized mice was 1:51 200. Western blot results showed that the immune serum can react with recombinant N protein particularity. The study constructed recombinant eukaryotic expression plasmid of pPM-C-His-N successfully, and detected green fluorescence in Vero cells, which laid the foundation for establishment of diagnostic method of PEDV and research for pathogenic mechanism.

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Effect of masked T-2 toxin residues in Litopenaeus vannamei on routine blood and serum biochemical indexes of mice

HUANG Zhanrui, WANG Yaling, WANG Xiaobo, MO Bing, QIU Mei, SUN Lijun, CHEN Kangjian, LIU Jian

2017, 29(7): 1110-1118. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.07.08

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After 20 d accumulation toxicity test of T-2 toxin, the free T-2 toxin in shrimp was quantitatively detected using LC-MS/MS. The shrimp head and muscle homogenate were administered to mice for 7 days, the blood routine and serum indexes in mice were detected to study the toxicity effect of residual masked T-2 toxin in Litopenaeus vannamei head and muscle on routine blood and serology of mice. The results showed that there was no free T-2 toxin in shrimp during 20 d accumulation toxicity test of T-2 toxin. And low-dose shrimp had no effect on mice. However, the high dose group shrimp caused an increase in neutrophils in mice, and erythrocyte system and platelet were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Moreover, serum biochemical indicators were significantly different (P<0.05). The damage of the head to the mice was higher than that of the muscle. Research showed that there was masked T-2 toxin in the infected shrimp, which had immune toxicity and blood toxicity to mice and led to the occurrence of inflammation, symptoms of anaemia, reduced the bone marrow hematopoietic function and damaged liver function. The damage of residual masked T-2 toxin in the head to the mice was higher than that of the muscle.

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Transcriptome analysis of differentially expressed genes in Ascosphaera apis stressing the 6-day-old larval gut of Apis mellifera ligustica

DU Yu, XIONG Cuiling, SHI Xiuli, ZHENG Yanzhen, FU Zhongmin, XU Xijian, CHEN Dafu, GUO Rui

2017, 29(7): 1119-1128. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.07.09

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The purified Ascosphaera apis spores and the 6-day-old larval gut of Apis mellifera ligustica under the stress of A. apis were sequenced using RNA-seq technology to detect gene expression patterns of the fungal pathogen. A total of 21 361 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained, including 15 306 up-regulated genes and 6 055 down-regulated genes. GO enrichment analysis showed that the up-regulated genes were enriched in 39 terms, among them the mostly enriched ones were cellular process (2 416 unigenes), cell (2 408 unigenes) and cell part (2 408 unigenes); the down-regulated genes were enriched in 38 terms, and the mostly enriched ones were metabolic process (1 227 unigenes), cellular process (1 185 unigenes) and cell (1 131 unigenes). KEGG enrichment analysis displayed that the up-regulated genes were enriched in 119 pathways, and the largest groups were ribosome (221 unigenes), protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum (190 unigenes) and endocytosis (177 unigenes); the down-regulated genes were enriched in 113 pathways, and the mostly enriched ones were ribosome (144 unigenes), RNA transport (113 unigenes) as well as biosynthesis of amino acid (108 unigenes). Furthermore, 64 up-regulated genes were found to be enriched in MAPK signaling pathway, suggesting that it was induced to a large extent. The data not only provided key information for uncovering the pathogen-host interaction during the late stage of the stress of A. apis on A. m. ligustica larvae, but also laid some foundation for clarifying molecular mechanisms regulating the pathogenesis of A. apis.

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Identification, evolution and expression analysis of the YABBY gene family in apple (Malus×domestica Borkh.)

SHAO Hongxia, CHEN Hongfei, ZHANG Dong, WU Haiqin, ZHAO Caiping, HAN Mingyu

2017, 29(7): 1129-1138. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.07.10

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13 Malus×domestica YABBY genes were characterized and divided into five groups (YAB1/YAB3, YAB2, INO, YAB5 and CRC). All the M. domestica YABBY genes distributed on nine chromosomes in which the sixteenth contained the maximum amount of members. The length and isoelectric points of M. domestica YABBY proteins were from 60 to 538 amino acids and 4.84 to 9.81, respectively. All the 13 M. domestica YABBY proteins had a zinc finger-like domain in the N terminus and a YABBY domain in the C terminus, and the members of one subgroup present similar gene structure and conserved protein motifs, then the cis-elements analysis found that there were many cis-elements related to stress and hormone response. Gene expression analysis indicated that most of the M. domestica YABBY genes were highly expressed in flower, fruits and leaves. Five MdYABBY genes were all greatly up-regulated during three fruit development.

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Effects of salt stress on germination and seeding of Chimonanthus praecox seeds

SHAO Jincai, LIU Yuxia, YANG Jiaxin, XU Xinglong, ZHANG Qixiang, LI Qingwei

2017, 29(7): 1139-1143. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.07.11

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In order to study the effects of salt stress on seed germination of Chimonanthus praecox and reveal its resistant mechanism under salt stress, NaCl solutions at different concentrations were applied to the experiment of seed germination in Ch. praecox. Seed germination rate, germination potential, germination index, vigor index, survival rate and seedling root length, seedling length, root-shoot ratio were analyzed. The results showed as follows: Ch. praecox seeds had low salt stress tolerance (0.4% NaCl or less). The germination indexes were decreased with the increasing of NaCl concentration. When the concentration of NaCl was 1.2%, the intensity of stress was beyond the limit of seed germination for Ch. praecox. 0.2% NaCl had no effect on the growth of Ch. praecox seedlings, but high salt stress significantly inhibited the growth of Ch. praecox seedlings, the higher salt stress, the lower growth of Ch. praecox seedling and the lower survival rate.

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Effects of exogenous melatonin on phenolic substance content and antioxidant ability of kiwifruit seedlings under salt stress

GAO Fan, XIA Hui, YUAN Xuezhen, HUANG Shouyi, LIU Ji, LIANG Dong

2017, 29(7): 1144-1150. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.07.12

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One-year-old wild Actinidia deliciosa seedlings were treated with exogenous melatonin solution in order to investigate the effects of electrolyte leakage, phenolic substances (total phenolics, total flavonoids and total flavanols) and antioxidant activities were evaluated, including ABTS^.+ radical scavenging capacity (ABTS), DPPH radical scavenging capacity (DPPH), and iron ion reducing ability (FRAP).The results showed that the relative electrolytic leakage was reduced, total phenolics and total flavonoids were significantly increased and antioxidant ability was improved. This suggested that MT pretreatment alleviated the damage by salt stress in kiwifruit seedlings, and thus improved the salt resistance.

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Leaf traits analysis of 22 Helianthus tuberosus germplasm resources introduced from abroad

ZHAO Mengliang, ZHONG Qiwen, LIU Mingchi, LI Li

2017, 29(7): 1151-1157. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.07.13

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Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, sulfuric acid and potassium dichromate oxidation method and ultraviolet spectrophotometry were used to determine mineral elements, fiber, content of chlorogenic acid and flavonoids in leaves of 24 Helianthus tuberosus resources, and characteristics of leaves which introduced from abroad were evaluated. The results showed that the highest leaf moisture content in 22 species was F12 (27.58%), and the lowest was F16 (19.02%). The mean moisture content in leaves were little difference between the species from Denmark and France, but they were both lower than Qingyu No. 3 and Qingyu No.4. There were 3 subrotund, 1 long ovoid, 18 ovoid in the shape of the leaves. The highest K content in the leaves was F19 (30.62 mg·g^-1), which was 1.5 times higher than Qingyu No.3. The highest Mg content was D8 (14.17 mg·g^-1). Fe content in the all 24 resources had little difference, ranging from 0.09 mg·g^-1 to 0.19 mg·g^-1. The highest Ca content in the leaves was D8 (26.87 mg·g^-1). The highest levels of chlorogenic acid and flavonoids in the leaves were F7, was 2.55% and 1.24g·100g^-1, respectively. The highest fiber content was F9 (16.7%), and the lowest was F19 (7.36%). Through the analysis of the main component and the clustering analysis, when the genetic distance was 0.65, these 24 resources could be divided into three major categories. Leaves shapes in group 1 were ovoid or subrotund, in group 2 were long ovoid, and in group 3 were ovoid. There were differences among the various leaf indexes of different Helianthus tuberosus resources. Finally, F19, D8, F9, F7, D14 and D11 resources were screened out for further study based on their leaf indexes.

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Influences of tourism activities on typical plants communities in Huangshizhai scenic spot

ZHANG Qian, YANG Dongxu, ZHONG Yongde, ZHOU Guoying, LI Wenming

2017, 29(7): 1158-1165. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.07.14

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In order to study influences of tourism activities on different plant communities in Huangshizhai scenic spot of Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, 4 types of typical plant community were selected. Cover reduction, floristic dissimilarity and height reduction had been applied for vegetation disturbance index. The results showed as follows: The impact of tourism activities on the tree layers of 4 types of plant community were not obvious, while it significantly affected the cover reduction of shrub layer in laurel forest, evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest. The impact of tourism activities on the herbaceous layer of 4 different plant communities was significant (P<0.05). The changes of vegetation coverage and species within the 10 m of trail diameter were obvious. The change of plant height was the most obvious within 5 m of trail diameter. The proportion of tourists was positively correlated with the degree of effects on different plant communities, the correlation between them declined as the distance increased along trail diameter.

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Prokaryotic expression and purification of sterol carrier protein-2 from Helicoverpa armigera

DU Xinkai, REN Juan, HU Jun, WANG Changgao, LIN Jianguo, CAI Jun, DU Xin

2017, 29(7): 1166-1171. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.07.15

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Sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP-2) plays important physiological roles in sterols absorption and transport in insects. In this study, the recombinant expression plasmid pET-22b/HaSCP2 was constructed and transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3) for inducible expression. Induction conditions of the IPTG concentrations, the induction time and temperature were optimized. The recombinant HaSCP-2 was purified using Ni²⁺-affinity column, and the protein functions of HaSCP-2 was tested by competitive displacement assay. SDS-PAGE analysis suggested that the molecular weight of the recombinant protein was about 16 ku, and the optimal expression conditions were at the temperature of 25 ℃ and at the final concentration of 0.2 mmol·L^-1 IPTG for 10 h. Fluorescent probe 8-aniline-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid (1,8-ANS) was used for competitive analysis, and 1,8-ANS was replaced by cholesterol bound to HaSCP-2 with a half effective concentration (EC₅₀) of 29.03 μmol·L^-1. This study provides good opportunity for further study on the function of HaSCP-2 and the screening of HaSCP-2 specific inhibitors.

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Electric conductivity and pH decoupling control of fertilizer applicator based on cloud model reasoning

LI Qi, WU Fuchuang

2017, 29(7): 1172-1178. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.07.16

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Due to evaporation, plants absorption of water and nutrients, and other factors, the adjustment process of pH and electric conductivity (EC) value of fertilizer and water of fertilizer applicator existed problems such as nonlinear, time-lag, time-varying and uncertainty. Therefore, it was difficult to establish accurate mathematical model. In order to realize the stable adjustment of pH and EC value, an EC and pH decoupling control method for fertilizer applicator was proposed based on cloud model reasoning. In this method, normal cloud model was adopted to describe adjust error language value, and a cloud model controller was designed based on one-dimensional normal cloud model rule reasoning to realize the decoupling control of pH and EC value and online correction. Experimental test showed that the proposed cloud model controller could meet the requirement of precision of pH and EC value, and improve the utilization rate of fertilizer and water.

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Remediation of watermelon continuous cropping soil by anaerobic soil disinfestation

ZHOU Kaisheng

2017, 29(7): 1179-1188. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.07.17

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Continuous cropping of watermelon has become increasingly common in China. However, yield and quality of watermelons are seriously affected by soil degradation caused by continuous cropping due to soil acidification and proliferation of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (FON). In the present study, anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) was used to treat soil samples collected from dry farmlands and paddy fields used annually for planting watermelons. Each soil category was divided into 5 groups, namely: (1) controls (H1, S1), (2) flooded controls (H2, S2), (3) flooded and incorporated rice straw alone (H3, S3), (4) flooded and incorporated rice straw with sulfur powder (H4, S4), and (5) flooded and incorporated rice straw and ammonia water (H5, S5). Each group had 15 replicates. The soil samples were then placed in plastic bags, mixed thoroughly, sealed, and incubated outdoors for 20 days. Pot experiment was then performed to test the effect of ASD by planting watermelon seedlings instead of grafting. Results showed that the NO^-₃-N and SO₄^2- contents in soils were reduced significantly by ASD (P<0.05), while the pH values of the soil were elevated. The EC values of the soil were effectively adjusted, and the soil-borne pathogenic FON was remarkably suppressed (P<0.05). The mortality rate of the control group was 43.3%. The treated groups had better watermelon growth than the control group, and the watermelon yields of all the treated groups were higher than that of the control group. It was concluded that the ASD method could repair and improve degraded soil caused by continuous cropping.

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Automatic identification of different soil physical state caused by freeze-thaw

HAN Qiaoling, ZHAO Yue, YAO Lihong

2017, 29(7): 1189-1194. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.07.18

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In the present study, typical black soil in northeastern China was selected as the test object, and the simulated image processing was adopted combined with computerized tomography (CT) scanning. With the extracted image feature by gray level co-occurrence matrix and principal component analysis (PCA), the Euclidean distance between the feature vector of test image and verify image was calculated, which built the basis for automatic discrimination of different soil physical states caused by freeze-thaw. It was shown that it could realize automatic identification of different soil physical state by image features extracted by either gray level co-occurrence matrix or PCA. And the identification accuracy of gray-level co-occurrence matrix method was higher than that of principal component analysis method for the same soil CT tomography image database.

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Comparison into quality of Camellia oil extracted by different methods

GE Hangli, PENG Li, MENG Xianghe, XIAO Chaogeng

2017, 29(7): 1195-1200. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.07.19

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In order to compare and analyze the quality of Camellia oil extracted by aqueous enzymatic extraction, aqueous extraction and organic solvent extraction, physicochemical indexes of extracted lipids were analyzed, as squalene and vitamin E (V_E) contents, and fatty acid composition were determined by chemical analysis, HPLC and GC-MS methods. It was shown that the sensory and physicochemical index of Camellia oil extracted by aqueous enzymatic extraction and aqueous extraction was similar, and was better than that extracted by organic solvent. The contents of squalene and α-,β-,δ-V_E in Camellia oil extracted by aqueous enzymatic extraction were 255.00, 247.44, 46.05, 11.65 μg·g^-1, respectively, and were higher than those extracted by other methods. In general, aqueous enzymatic method was superior for Camellia oil extraction to other methods in term of sensory quality, physicochemical index as well as the content of functional material (squalene and V_E), and thus possessed greater potential for industrial implication.

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Effect of ozone treatment on postharvest quality and physiology indexes of shiitake mushroom

YANG Jinheng, GAO Haiyan, ZHOU Yongjun, CHEN Hangjun, MU Honglei, WANG Wei

2017, 29(7): 1201-1207. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.07.20

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In the present study, local mushrooms were stored at 4 ℃ with 2.14, 4.28, 6.42, 8.56 mg·m^-3 ozone treatment, respectively. Based on sensory evaluation and changes of nutrition quality and enzyme activity, the effects of ozone treatment on the postharvest quality of shiitake mushroom were studied. It was shown that 4.28 mg·m^-3 ozone treatment showed better effects in preventing the decomposition of nutrients and membrane lipid peroxide, and thus favored anti-aging as well as keeping good commodity value. However, higher concentration of ozone may cause metabolic disorder and result in decline of shiitake mushroom quality.

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Dynamic simulation model for branch growth of Red Globe grape

CHEN Tianyu, GAO Xiaoyang, WU Xiang, WU Jiling, YAN Renzhe, LI Hongling

2017, 29(7): 1208-1215. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.07.21

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Based on experimental data in 2015 and 2016, the dynamic changes of the growth of newborn branches of the main cultivated grape variety Red Globe in Gansu Province was analyzed. For two consecutive years from April 2015 to September 2016, 9 grape plants with abundant sunshine were chosen in different locations of the test garden from the germination to berry mature period, and numbered tags were put on the bearing shoot and foliage branch of the side branches respectively. The length and thickness of the branches were measured once every two days in regular season, but once a day during the period of vigorous internode growth between the early April and late May. The variation was observed and recorded. The experimental data showed that the growth process of newborn grape branches followed the “S” growth rule, which grew slowly at first, quickly in the middle period, and then at a diminishing rate into the end. By using physiological development time (PDT) as a measurement tool, Richards equation was applied to simulate the dynamic process of internode elongation and thickening of newborn grape branches; meanwhile, the linear equation between the inflorescence growth (cluster) and the thickness of different internodes was established. The results of simulation model showed, the range of RMSE (root mean square errors) value of internode elongation simulation was 0.743-2.632 cm, while that of the internode thickness simulation value was 0.019-0.036 cm. And the range of RMSE value of inflorescence (cluster) simulation model to the internode thickness simulation value of Red Globe grape variety was 0.035-0.149 cm.

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Protein energy optimization based on cuckoo search algorithm

WANG Qingxi, ZHU Lihua

2017, 29(7): 1216-1220. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.07.22

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For the protein folding prediction problem, a protein energy optimization method based on cuckoo search algorithm was put forward. Firstly, the algorithm from the point of view of multi population evolutionary strategy, tabu search in the original cuckoo search algorithm, and the global search ability of cuckoo search algorithm were improved. Secondly, the problem of protein and energy by the improved cuckoo search algorithm was solved, and the minimum or feasible energy values were obtained. Finally, the feasibility and superiority of the method was proven from the comparative data of the simulation test algorithm and other algorithms.

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