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25 December 2019, Volume 31 Issue 12 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Crop Science
Animal Science
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Crop Science

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Genetic diversity of sweet sorghum as revealed by biological characters and SSR markers ZHAO Wenjie, XU Wei, ZHANG Jinglong, CHENG Shuang, ZHENG Jiacheng, LIU Yanlong, YIN Shixia, LI Jieqin, ZHAN Qiuwen 2019, 31(12):  1945-1954.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.12.01 Abstract ( 978 )   HTML ( 2147483647 )   PDF (2540KB) ( 2026 )   In order to explore the genetic diversity of sweet sorghum, 31 varieties of sweet sorghum were selected in this experiment. Through variance analysis, correlation and principal component analysis, cluster analysis of biological traits and SSR molecular marker test, the following results were obtained. Thirteen biological traits had significant differences among varieties, indicating there were differences in yield and quality of varieties. There was certain correlation between biological traits. Plant height was positively correlated with stem diameter, fresh weight and leaf number, and stem diameter was positively correlated with fresh weight, crude protein and ether extract at 0.01 level. There were significant negative correlations between tiller number and stem diameter, and between stem diameter and coarse fiber at 0.01 level. Principal component analysis could take the first four principal components as principal components factor of quality, main factor of yield, sugar content and secondary factor of yield, auxiliary factor of yield. Cluster analysis based on biological characteristics could divide all varieties into six groups. Group Ⅰ belonged to high yield type. Group Ⅱ belonged to high yield but low quality type. Group Ⅲ belonged to high sugar content type. Group Ⅳ and Ⅴ had little utilization value, and Group Ⅵ belonged to high tillering type. According to the results of SSR molecular marker analysis, the polymorphism information content (PIC) of sweet sorghum cultivar resources was 0-0.757. All varieties were divided into six groups based on SSR molecular marker analysis, and this was similar to the clustering results of biological traits, but it was not exactly the same. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of potato-oats on nitrogen content and soil nitrogen in potato YANG Yaya, WU Na, LIU Jili, YANG Nana, CAI Ming, HE Haifeng 2019, 31(12):  1955-1962.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.12.02 Abstract ( 511 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (1185KB) ( 1677 )   In order to improve the utilization of nitrogen fertilizer, this paper explored the effects of potato monocropping and three potato-oat intercropping patterns on potato nitrogen content and soil nitrogen by randomized block experiment, and selected the optimal intercropping model. The test material was Qingshu 9, and the potato single was used as the control (IP). Three intercropping patterns were set, and effects of different row ratios of potato : oats (2:2, 4:2, 4:8; labeled as P2O2, P4O2, P4O8) on nitrogen content in potato plants, soil total nitrogen, alkali nitrogen and inorganic nitrogen distribution were compared. The results showed that nitrogen content of potato leaves and stems decreased from flowering to maturity, while the nitrogen content of tubers increased. Nitrogen content of intercropped plants was significantly higher than that of single cropping treatment, among which intercropping P2O2 was the best. Contents of total nitrogen in the soil of 0-20 cm in the flowering stage were higher than that in the single cropping treatment, among which the intercropping P4O8 was the best, reaching 0.69 g·kg-1; and the maturity period was 24.6% higher than the flowering period. Content of alkaline nitrogen in 0-20 cm soil layer of P4O8 during flowering stage was higher than those of the other three treatments, which increased 19.2% compared with intercropping P2O2, maturity period increased by 41.7% compared to the flowering period. At the flowering stage, the content of nitrate nitrogen in the IP 0-20 cm soil layer was higher than those of other intercropping treatments, reaching 0.82 mg·kg-1, and the maturity period was 26.8% lower than the flowering period, but still higher than other intercropping treatments. At the flowering stage, content of ammonium nitrogen in the soil of IP 0~20 cm was higher than those of other intercropping treatments, reaching 0.35 mg·kg-1, and the maturity period was 2.9% lower than that of flowering stage, but still higher than other intercropping treatments. The results showed that intercropping P4O8 and P2O2 could significantly increase the contents of nitrogen, soil total nitrogen and alkali nitrogen in plants, and contents of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen in potato monocropping soil were higher than that in intercropping. This indicated that the residual amount of mineral nitrogen in the soil under intercropping conditions was small, reducing the probability of nitrogen loss. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of different tillage methods on senescence and grain filling characteristics of tartary buckwheat WU Xinghui, ZHANG Yu, LI Zhenzhou, ZHOU Liang, HUANG Xiaoyan, CHEN Qingfu, HUANG Kaifeng 2019, 31(12):  1963-1970.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.12.03 Abstract ( 488 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1052KB) ( 1563 )   In order to clarify the effects of tillage methods on grain filling characteristics and senescence process of tartary buckwheat, three tillage treatments, namely, no-tillage, constant tillage and deep tillage, were set up with Qianyu No.5, a tartary buckwheat variety, as the experimental material. The effects on grain filling dynamics, root morphology and physiology, photosynthetic pigment content in leaves, antioxidant enzyme activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, agronomic characters and yield formation indexes of tartary buckwheat were studied. The results showed that the morphological parameters (N value) of the three tillage methods were all less than 1, and there was no significant difference among the three tillage methods, and when the initial potential of filling (R0) and the maximum filling rate of (Gmax) were maximum, the grain filling rate of the three tillage methods was less than 1. The growth increment (Wmax. G) was the largest and no-tillage treatment was the least. The difference between the increment of the maximum grouting rate and the final value of grain growth (I) between different tillage methods was small. The deep-tillage treatment can promote the root growth of tartary buckwheat, and the total length, the surface area, the volume and the average diameter of the root system all showed the change tendency of the single-peak curve along with the advance of the growth period and the maximum in the grouting period. The root activity of the deep-tillage treatment was higher than the normal tillage and no-tillage treatment in all periods, and the photosynthetic pigment content, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the peroxidase (POD) in the tartary buckwheat leaves were increased with the development of the growth period. The activity increased firstly and then decreased, and the treatment of deep tillage was the highest among tillage methods, while the content of MDA increased continuously with the advance of growing period, with the maximum in the no-tillage treatment and the minimum in the deep tillage treatment. Deep tillage treatment can significantly improve the agronomic characters and yield of tartary buckwheat. In all, deep tillage can promote grain filling of tartary buckwheat, delay senescence, increase yield and income. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Animal Science

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Association analysis between polymorphism in FTO gene and meat quality traits in pigs YANG Youbing, BIAN Junping, WU Yan, LOU Ran, LI Shihao 2019, 31(12):  1971-1978.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.12.04 Abstract ( 500 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1248KB) ( 1561 )   In order to investigate the association between the FTO polymorphism and meat quality traits in pigs, PCR-RFLPs with BstuⅠ and TaiⅠ restriction enzymes were used to analyze genetic diversities of two SNPs at the third exon (c.594C>G) and the fourth intron (g.276G>T) of the FTO gene in Henan western black pigs and Landrace pigs, potential associations between genotypes and six meat quality traits including back fat thickness, pH1, pH24, drip loss, color score and muscle marbling were investigated. The results showed as follows: The population of Henan western black pigs had medium level of internal genetic variation. Two SNPs (c.594C>G and g.276G>T) of FTO gene had moderate polymorphism. For c.594C>G SNP, the results showed that there were 3 different genotypes (CC, CG and GG) in Henan western black pigs and Landrace pigs. C allele was dominant with the frequency of Henan western black pigs and Landrace pigs of 0.522 7, 0.533 3; the individuals with CG and GG genotype had significantly higher color score than individuals with CC (P<0.05). For g.276G>T SNP, the results showed that there were 3 different genotypes (GG, GT and TT) in Henan western black pigs and Landrace pigs. The T allele was dominant with the frequency of Henan western black pigs and Landrace pigs being 0.574 1, 0.648 1. At the c.594C>G locus, allele G significantly increased meat color, and CG genotype individuals and GG genotype individuals were significantly higher than CC genotype individuals (P<0.05). At the g.276G>T locus, the allele G could increase the backfat thickness, pH1 and pH24 values, and reduce the drip loss. The results demonstrated that the c.594C>G locus of FTO gene was associated with meat quality traits of Henan western black pigs, whether FTO gene would provide a reference for meat quality traits selection in Henan western black pigs offspring. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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MicroRNA sequencing and analysis of porcine lung of Jiangquhai pig response to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection NI Ligang, ZHAO Xuting, WANG Xiaoyan, SONG Chengyi, WU Xinsheng, GAN Yuan 2019, 31(12):  1979-1986.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.12.05 Abstract ( 515 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (1165KB) ( 1580 )   The purpose of the study was to explore the expression profile and mechanism of miRNA of porcine lung response to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection. In this experiment, Jiangquhai pigs were divided into the infected group and the control group, and the infected group was inoculated with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. At the 28th day after inoculation, all pigs were slaughtered and lung tissues were collected for high-throughput microRNA sequencing. The differentially expressed miRNAs were screened and the related target genes were predicted using several prediction softwares. The results showed that a total of 14 265 786 and 14 000 588 clean reads were obtained from the infected group and the control group respectively. Compared with the control group, 73 significant differentially expressed miRNAs were obtained from infected group, 39 and 34 miRNAs were up-regulated and down-regulated. Among them, 4 miRNAs were randomly selected and verified by qRT-PCR, the expression pattern were consistent with the sequencing results. 1 685 target genes and 4 220 target sites for all differentially expressed miRNAs were predicted. 8 miRNAs were related to immunoregulation. The predicted target genes were analyzed by GO, which showed that these miRNA were widely involved in the regulation of biological processes, cellular components and molecular functions cells. KEGG pathway analysis showed that the miRNAs were involved in the regulation of apoptosis, ECM-receptor interaction, focal adhesion and other signaling pathways. In this study, we obtained the miRNA expression profile of porcine lung of Jiangquhai pig response to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection, and immunity-associated miRNAs and signal pathways were obtained by bioinformatics analysis, the results were helpful for understanding the mechanism of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection in Jiangquhai pigs. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Functional annotation of candidate genes for milk production and reproductive traits in Xinjiang Brown cattle LU Xin, ZHOU Jinghang, YANG Chaoyun, ZHANG Menghua, YE Lianmeng, LI Shuzhen, HUANG Xixia, MA Yun, WANG Xingping, SHI Yuangang 2019, 31(12):  1987-1995.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.12.06 Abstract ( 585 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1173KB) ( 1763 )   Based on the results of whole genome association analysis of milk production and reproductive traits of Xinjiang brown cattle, the bioinformatics function of candidate genes were analyzed, and the key genes significantly related to milk production and reproductive traits of Xinjiang Brown cattle were screened out. According to the results of association analysis, 55 candidate genes were found on the basis of physical location of significant single nucleotide polypeptide sites, of which 49 genes could retrieve the corresponding functional annotation information in the database. The results of GO classification showed that these genes were involved in metabolism, transcription and other 30 GO terms. The enrichment analysis of KEGG metabolic pathway showed that the candidate genes were enriched in 7 pathways, of which the largest number of genes were Wnt signaling pathway and cadherin signaling pathway. By reviewing the research progress of the candidate genes and the biological function, physiological and biochemical analysis of the related genes, the next step of gene function study can be carried out on CDH2 and GABRG2 gene in the candidate genes for milk production traits and EPRS gene in the candidate genes for reproductive traits. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect and evaluation of different feed on texture properties and nutritional quality of Procambarus clarkia cultured in rice fields LIU Yongtao, DONG Jing, XIA Jingjin, CAO Cuiyu, XU Ning, YANG Qiuhong, AI Xiaohui 2019, 31(12):  1996-2004.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.12.07 Abstract ( 609 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (1132KB) ( 1654 )   To study the differences in texture properties and nutritional quality of Procambarus clarkia feeding with 5 kinds of feed and non-feeding in rice fields. The texture properties, amino acids, and fatty acids were analyzed by physical property determination, biochemical detection, and chromatographic monitoring. The results demonstrated that in terms of texture, values of hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, chewiness, and resilience of Procambarus clarkia muscle in group fed by soybean was highest than that in the other groups. In terms of Procambarus clarkia muscle nutritional quality, 17 species of amino acids were determined, and total amino acids (TAA), essential amino acids (EAA) and delicious amino acids (DAA) in non-feeding group were highest than that in the other groups. 39 species of fatty acids were monitored, and total fatty acids (TFA) in non-feeding group were highest than the other groups. Unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) content in group fed by commercial mixed feed B was highest than that in the other groups, and that in non-feeding group was slightly lower than that in group fed by commercial mixed feed B. Furthermore, UFA in non-feeding group and group fed by commercial mixed feed B were higher than that in the other groups. Therefore, certain differences were observed in texture properties and nutritional quality of Procambarus clarkia muscle in different groups. In summary, the taste of Procambarus clarkia muscle in group fed by soybean could be more advantageous than that in the other groups. However, in term of nutritional quality of Procambarus clarkia muscle in non-feeding could be better than that in the other groups. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on immunological effect of chitosan oligosaccharide on subunit vaccine of giant panda rotavirus VP6-VP7 protein WEN Jifeng, SHEN Huanhuan, YIN Wenqi, GONG Yongping, YI Keke, DENG Ying, YAN Qigui 2019, 31(12):  2005-2010.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.12.08 Abstract ( 503 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1238KB) ( 1547 )   To research the immunopotentiation effect of chitosan oligosaccharide on the giant panda rotavirus (GPRV) recombinant protein VP6-VP7, prokaryotic expressed recombinant VP6-VP7 protein were used as antigen and added with 2.0 mg·mL-1 chitosan oligosaccharide as an immunoadjuvant to make a GPRV VP6-VP7-COS subunit vaccine.78 SPF Kunming mice were randomly divided into 4 groups. Group PC immunopurified recombinant VP6-VP7 protein, group A immunized VP6-VP7-COS subunit vaccine, group B immunized VP6-VP7 aluminum hydroxide gel adjuvant subunit vaccine, group NC injected with PBS. At 0, 15 and 30 days, immunization was carried out. After each vaccination, 6 mice were randomly selected from each group to collect serum, and serum IgG, IgA antibody titer, T lymphocyte transformation rate and cytokine content were measured. Muscle tissues of the injection site of each group were subjected to histopathological analysis to evaluate the toxic side effects of COS as an immunoadjuvant. The results showed that the IgG level of VP6-VP7-aluminum hydroxide gel adjuvant group and VP6-VP7-COS group were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the other groups. The IgA level in the VP6-VP7-COS group was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that in the other groups. The ability of VP6-VP7-aluminum hydroxide gel adjuvant group and VP6-VP7-COS physical mixing group to induce T lymphocyte proliferation were significantly (P<0.05)higher than that of VP6-VP7 protein group. IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-γ in VP6-VP7-COS group and VP6-VP7-aluminum hydroxide gel adjuvant group were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the other groups. Histopathological analysis showed that there were no pathological changes in the muscle tissue of the injected site of VP6-VP7 subunit vaccine immunized with COS as adjuvant. This study showed that GPRV recombinant protein VP6-VP7 can significantly induce the immune response in animals, and chitosan oligosaccharide had a better immune enhancement effect on GPRV VP6-VP7 protein. This study provided a reference for the development of safe, non-side-effect and high immunoprotective GPRV subunit vaccines. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Horticultural Science

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Effect of different types of fruit bag on fruit quality of red pear XU Kai, ZHAO Deying, YUAN Jicun, YAN Shuai, ZHANG Shaoyu 2019, 31(12):  2011-2018.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.12.09 Abstract ( 477 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (1052KB) ( 1364 )   The effect of five types of fruit bag on fruit quality of Zaosu red skin pear was studied. The results showed that, brown, blue and orange bags could increase the fruit weight. After bagging, fruit shape index did not change significantly, soluble solids increased, and soluble sugar had no significant difference with the control. The treatment of brown and blue bags reduced the titratable acid content and increased the sugar acid ratio of fruits. The solid-acid ratio of fruits with brown, blue and green bags increased, and the VC content of fruits with brown, green and transparent bags was higher than that of control. The treatment of brown, blue and orange bags reduced the pericarp break force and pericarp rupture distance. After bagging, the puncture energy of pericarp decreased, the flesh firmness decreased except the treatment of transparent bags. Bagging improved the flesh fineness significantly, fruit surface smoothness and exterior qualities. By comprehensive analyzing, the recommended bags were in the following order: brown, blue, green, orange and transparent. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on occurrence of loquat fruit creasing and its control method WANG Li1, 2, ZHANG Xue, HUANG Xuming, WANG Huicong 2019, 31(12):  2019-2024.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.12.10 Abstract ( 608 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (1250KB) ( 1437 )   Loquat creasing often occurs before and after ripening, and the fruit will lose water, shrink, hang on the tree or fall off, which seriously affects the yield, quality and economic benefit of loquat fruit. In this study, Cultivar Zaozhong No. 6 was used to study the occurrence laws of fruit creasing, and anatomically and physiologically methods were used to investigate the cause of loquat creasing. Treatments such as cincturing, wiring and sprays of plant growth regulators were tested for fruit quality improvement and fruit disorder control. The results were as follows: fruit creasing occured seriously in Zaozhong No. 6, creasing occurred prior to full maturation of the fruit and when the abscission zone of pedicle was formed. Its occurrence was closely associated with the outgrowth of spring shoot, i.e. vigorous growth of spring shoot increased creasing incidence. Flower thinning encouraged growth of spring shoot and thus increased creasing incidence. There was a significant negative correlation between the number leaves on the fruit-bearing shoots and the incidence of creasing. Cincturing or wiring could reduce creasing incidence. Foliar spray of KH2PO4 was effective in reducing creasing incidence. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of combining ability and heredity for quantitative traits of 33 tomato inbred lines WANG Xiaomin, ZHAO Yufei, YUAN Dongsheng, LIU Peijun, ZHENG Fushun, HU Xinhua, FU Jinjun, GAO Yanming, LI Jianshe 2019, 31(12):  2025-2035.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.12.11 Abstract ( 506 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (1073KB) ( 1729 )   In order to evaluate the combining ability and heredity of tomato inbred lines, 116 combinations of 33 tomato inbred lines were adopted by NC Ⅱ incomplete biserial hybridization, combining ability and heredity of 11 quantitative characters, such as the single inflorescence number, single fruit weight, fruit vertical diameter, fruit transverse diameter, fruit shape index, pedicel length, size of corky area around pedicel scar, size of pedicel suberification, hardness, soluble solids content and flesh thickness were analyzed in this study. The results showed that the size of corky area around pedicel scar, fruit vertical diameter, fruit transverse diameter, soluble solids content, single inflorescence number and single fruit weight were mainly controlled by additive effects of genes, which could be stably inherited to the offsprings. The flesh thickness, size of pedicel suberification, hardness, pedicel length and fruit shape index were mainly controlled by the non-additive effect of genes and should be utilized by heterosis breeding. The heritability of soluble solids content was high, and it could be stably inherited to the offsprings. The general heritabilities of single inflorescence fruit number, single fruit weight, fruit transverse diameter, pedicel length, size of pedicel scar, size of pedicel suberification, hardness and flesh thickness were higher, but the narrow heritabilities were lower, so they were suitable for hybrid advantage utilization; the heritabilities of fruit vertical diameter and fruit shape index were lower with poor selection effect. The relative effect value of the general combining abilities of the parents 60126, 60229, 60270, 60529, 60974 and 61227 were higher, the relative effect value of the special combining abilities of the following combinations, such as 60229×60478, 60480×60429, 60974×60478, 60977×60497, 60270×61011 and 60645×60478 were higher. These results would provide references for the parents selection and dominant hybrid combinations preparation of tomato in Ningxia. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of nitric oxide on pepper growth and resistance indexes at seedling stage and fruit setting initial stage under weak light stress LI Li, TIAN Shilin, JIANG Jun, SONG Li 2019, 31(12):  2036-2042.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.12.12 Abstract ( 692 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1517KB) ( 1609 )   Photosensitive pepper seedlings were used as test materials. After different degrees of shading treatment, the seedlings were sprayed using SNP solution, and the growth and resistance indexes of peppers were determined. The results showed that the diameter, plant height and leaf area of pepper increased after spraying SNP, comparing with the shaded group. The activities of antioxidant enzymes SOD, POD and CAT in leaves increased, meanwhile, the content of chlorophyll b in leaves and the expression level of chlorophyll synthesis-related genes were also generally increased. It was indicated that nitric oxide could alleviate the adverse effects of weak light environment on pepper growth, and improve the photosynthetic performance of pepper leaves in weak light environment to some extent. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Nutrition diagnosis of camphora tree leaves in municipal landscaping LI Limin, YU Yingcui, LIU Sichun, WU Lianghuan 2019, 31(12):  2043-2048.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.12.13 Abstract ( 469 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1024KB) ( 1346 )   Chlorosis often occurs in camphor trees (Cinnamomum camphora) which are used for municipal landscaping. Chlorosis not only shows the poor growth of trees, but also affects the beauty of the landscape. Taking chlorosis camphor tree on both sides of main streets of Zhangjiagang City as an object, and normal camphor tree as the control, nutrient content, SPAD value and enzyme activity of leaves were measured to diagnose the nutritional characteristics of camphor chlorosis. The results indicated that total phosphorus content of chlorosis trees were higher than normal trees, while the contents of total nitrogen, total potassium, SPAD value, active iron, total iron, catalase and peroxidase activities were lower. There was antagonism between active iron and total phosphorus, while there was synergy between the active iron and total nitrogen, total potassium, SPAD value, total iron, catalase, peroxidase. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Plant Protection

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Laboratory toxicity of 26 insecticides against different instar larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda LU Yanhui, TIAN Junce, ZHENG Xusong, XU Hongxing, YANG Yajun, YANG Taiyuan, SHI Zhaoyun, LÜ Zhongxian1,* 2019, 31(12):  2049-2056.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.12.14 Abstract ( 451 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (1051KB) ( 1400 )   In the early 2019, Spodoptera frugiperda invaded Yunnan Province of China and spread rapidly. In order to screen pesticides with high control efficacies to S. frugiperda, the toxicities of 26 commercial pesticides were determined on the newly hatching, third and fifth instar larvae of S. frugiperda in laboratory. The results showed that except for 6% rotenone EC and 0.5% veratrine EC, the corrected mortalities of other pesticides against newly hatching larvae were over 70% after 72 h. Compared to the newly hatched larvae, the toxicities of most pesticides on the third instar larvae decreased. The corrected mortalities of 11 pesticides, including 4.5% lambda-cyhalothrin EC, 1.8% abamectin ME, 20% chlorantraniliprole SC, 0.5% matrine AS, etc, were below 70% after 72 h for the third instar larvae. Eighteen pesticides which had good effects on the third instar larvae were selected to determine their toxicities on the fifth instar larvae. The results showed that except for 30% buprofezin·chlorpyrifos EC, 1.8% abamectin ME, 3.2% lambda-cyhalothrin·emamectin benzoate ME, 56% abamectin·propargite ME, 20% chlorantraniliprole SC and 10% flubendiamide SC, the corrected mortalities of 12 other pesticides against the fifth instar larvae were above 70%, including 6% emamectin benzoate·chlorfenapyr EC, 44% cypermethrin·profenophos EC, 25% profenophos·methomyl EC, 15% indoxacarb SC, 3 billion PIB·mL-1 cabbage armyworm nuclear polyhedrosis virus SC, 25% emamectin benzoate·chlorbenzuron SC, 2% emamectin benzoate ME, 45% chlorpyrifos EC, 34% spinetoram·methoxyfenozide SC, 5% lufenuron EC, 40% fipronil·spinetoram WG, and 1% celastrus angulatus EC. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Hydrolysis, volatility and degradation of amicarbazone in water-sediment system HE Kaiyu, TANG Tao, XUAN Caidi, WU Yuanyuan, HE Hongmei, WU Min, ZHAO Xueping, XU Xiahong, WANG Qiang 2019, 31(12):  2057-2063.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.12.15 Abstract ( 483 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1110KB) ( 1482 )   In order to evaluate the risk of amicarbazone in the environment, the hydrolysis, volatility and degradation characteristics of amicarbazone in water, soil and water-sediment system were investigated by laboratory tests according to the national standard GB/T 31270-2014. At 25 ℃, the half-life periods of hydrolysis were>365 d,>365 d and 90 d in buffer solutions with pH of 4, 7, and 9, respectively. The volatility rate of amicarbazone in air, water and soil was less than 1% under the conditions of 20-25 ℃ and 500 mL·min-1 gas flow rate, which suggested amicarbazone was difficult to volatilize. The degradation of amicarbazone in lake (West Lake) and river (Grand Channel) water-sediment system accorded with the first-order kinetic equation. The degradation half-life period of amicarbazone in lake and rive water-sediment system was 408 d and 630 d, respectively, in aerobic conditions, and was 248 d and 990 d, respectively, in anaerobic conditions. These results indicated that amicarbazone was hard to degrade in water-sediment system. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Environmental Science

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Migration and accumulation of metal elements during formation of soils derived from different parent rocks in subtropical zone XU Yingfei, ZHANG Gengmiao, ZHANG Lijun, ZHANG Mingkui 2019, 31(12):  2064-2072.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.12.16 Abstract ( 437 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (1054KB) ( 1591 )   To understand the accumulation characteristics of heavy metals and other elements in soil profiles during weathering of different rocks and soil formation, five types of in situ soil profiles developed from basalt, granite, shale, limestone and carbonaceous shale, respectively, were selected in Zhejiang Province, and both genetic horizon soil samples and bedrock samples were collected for analyzing the total composition of major elements. The leaching and accumulation characteristics of soil heavy metals and other elements during soil formation were analyzed by mass balance method with stable element zirconium as reference. The results showed that the leaching and accumulation of the heavy metals in limestone-developed soil profiles were obviously different from those from other parent rocks. The leaching of heavy metals from limestone to soil was obvious, and most of heavy metals and other elements were enriched during the process of soil formation. Shale-and carbonaceous shale-derived soils were not enriched by heavy metals, and contents of the heavy metals in the soils were close to or lower than those of their parent rocks. However, because of the high background of heavy metals in parent rocks, the soils derived from carbonaceous shale contained higher heavy metals. Because the weathering degree of soils derived from basalt and granite was higher than that of shale and carbonaceous shale, the leaching of Si, Ca, K, Cr, Cu, Zn, Hg, Ni and Co in the former was higher than that in the latter. The average leaching percentages of heavy metals in the process of soil formation decreased in the order of Hg>As>Cu>Zn>Cd>Ni>Co>Pb >Cr, and the stability of Cr and Pb was the highest. In most cases, the leaching percentages of elements decreased from surface soil to parent material. Cd enrichment and high leaching during formation of limestone-derived soil might be the main causes of cadmium accumulation in soil of limestone distribution area. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatio-temporal characteristics of ingredients contents of organic fertilizers in Zhejiang SHEN Yue, MA Wanzhu, DENG Xunfei, CHEN Sili, LU Ruohui 2019, 31(12):  2073-2083.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.12.17 Abstract ( 499 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (4182KB) ( 1549 )   In order to reveal the spatio-temporal characteristics of main quality-related ingredients of regional organic fertilizers, the raw materials, pH value, and contents of heavy metals, organic matter, total nutrients and water were determined based on investigation from 2008 to 2017 in Zhejiang Province. It was shown that the average contents of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), and mercury (Hg) in the investigated organic fertilizers were 7.74, 1.84, 29.14, 100.76, and 0.34 mg·kg-1, respectively. The average contents of total nutrients (N+P2O5+K2O), organic matter, water content, and pH were 8.39%, 58.16%, 17.07% and 7.76, respectively. Besides, the high spatial variability was observed for contents of heavy metals in the investigated organic fertilizers. The high average contents of Hg, Cr, As, Cd, and Pb were respectively observed in Hangzhou, Wenzhou, Shaoxing/Jiaxing, Lishui/Jinhua, and Huzhou. The contents of heavy metals in the investigated organic fertilizers declined in the past 10 years. The average content of As decreased across all the cities, and Hg and Pb contents also decreased in most areas. Among all the raw materials of the investigated organic fertilizers, the highest As content was found in pig dung with 36.1% samples beyond the maximum limits set in NY 525-2012, as well as the Pb, Cr and Cd contents in more than 20% sample in sludge were beyond the maximum limits. In contrast, the food remnants were clean for heavy metal pollution. The differences of raw materials composition and the average heavy metals contents in raw materials were responsible for spatial variations of organic fertilizers. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Impact of long-term returning of Astragalus sinicus L. on content and forms of Cd in different depths of paddy soils XIE Jie, DONG Aiqin, XU Changxu, SU Jinping, FAN Fang, HU Meirong, LIU Jia 2019, 31(12):  2084-2094.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.12.18 Abstract ( 503 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (1263KB) ( 1434 )   To study the effect of cultivation and returning of Astragalus sinicus L. on vertical migration and form changes of soil Cd in medium-and long-term scale, soil samples were collected on paddy fields with long-term cultivation and returning of A. sinicus. The soil pH, contents of organic matter (OM) and dissolved organic matter (DOM), Cd content and forms were analyzed. It was shown that, the pH and the OM content in different soil layers were higher with long-term cultivation and returning of A. sinicus. Long-term cultivation and returning of A. sinicus significantly (P<0.05) increased DOM content in surface soil layer (0-20 cm), yet showed no significant leaching effect on soil Cd. However, the proportion of bioactive Cd forms in each soil layer was elevated with long-term cultivation and returning of A. sinicus. Compared to soil OM content, the ratio of dissolved organic carbon to soil organic carbon (DOC/SOC) and pH showed better linear correlation with Cd forms. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of simulated acid rain and herbicide single and compound stress on soil fauna in urban lawn HUANG Yumei, WANG Ruoran, LUO Zhidan, LI Xiang, DENG Chuxuan 2019, 31(12):  2095-2108.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.12.19 Abstract ( 425 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (1323KB) ( 1409 )   In order to further understand the effects of acid rain and herbicide on soil fauna of urban lawn, a field experiment was conducted including three simulated acid rain acidity (pH 4.5, 3.5 and 2.5), three herbicide application levels (Starane volume fraction of 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.4%), and their compound treatments. Urban lawns were selected as the experiment plots for three months. It was shown that the density and group number of macrofauna and meso-micro fauna (Tullgren method) decreased after adding acid rain and herbicide, but the density of meso-micro fauna (Baermann method) increased with acid rain acidity. Under combined stress, acid rain and herbicide had significant (P<0.05) interactions on soil macrofauna and meso-micro fauna (Tullgren method). However, interactions on meso-micro fauna (Baermann method) were not obvious. The relationship between soil fauna density and pollutant intensity was complicated. Soil fauna, represented by Araneae, Collembola and Nematoda, had different responses to the same pollution intensity. The diversity indices of soil fauna community were different among treatments. Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou index increased with the herbicide application level, while decreased with the increasing acidity of acid rain. Overall, under the stress of acid rain and herbicides, the density, even the group number of soil fauna would decline to some extent, and the trend would vary with the intensity of pollutants and the groups of soil fauna. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Food Science

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Optimization of processing conditions for venison jerky fermented by response surface methodology and its shelf life prediction MA Lu, KONG Weizhou, WANG Liping, ZHANG Xikang, WANG Cong, LI Peipei, LIU Dunhua 2019, 31(12):  2109-2119.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.12.20 Abstract ( 461 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (2171KB) ( 1471 )   To improve the quality of fermented venison jerky products, fermentation process was optimized and shelf life prediction model for products was established. Process optimization of fermented venison jerky was carried out by using single factor and response surface experimental design, shear force and sensory evaluation were used as the evaluation indices. Changes of volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) and thiobarbituric acid value (TBARS) of fermented venison at different storage temperatures were studied. Shelf life prediction model was established using Arrhenius equation. The results showed that the optimal conditions of the fermented dried venison were 5% for inoculant concentration [V(Pediococcus pentosaceus):V(Staphylococcus aureus):V(Lactobacillus plantarum)=2:2:1, V denoted volume], 30 ℃ for fermentation temperature , 45 h for fermentation time. Activation energy of TVB-N and TBARS were 36.42 and 24.95 kJ·mol-1, their pre-exponential factors k0 were 2.17×106 and 2.44×104, respectively. The results showed that TVB-N and TBARS could be used as the indices to predict the shelf life of fermented venison. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Review on influencing factors of rhizosphere microbiome assemblage GE Yi, XU Shaohui, XU Yan 2019, 31(12):  2120-2130.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.12.21 Abstract ( 567 )   HTML ( 163 )   PDF (1098KB) ( 1687 )   In recent years, the regulation of crop growth and development based on the rhizosphere microbiome has become a hot topic in ecological health and agricultural development. In this paper, frontier researches on the influencing factors of the rhizosphere microbiome were summarized. The mechanisms of colonization and selection process of soil microbes from soil to plant root were discussed, to reveal the effect of plant type, soil type, geographical location and environmental factors on the structure, variation and assembly of the root-associated microbiomes. The complex interactions between the root microbiome and host were elucidated. The review was aimed to provide new ideas for the development of green agriculture and environmental ecology protection. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of lignin biosynthesis and regulation during granulation of citrus ZHANG Xu, WANG Xiaojia, LI Sichen, DONG Tiantian, WANG Zhihui 2019, 31(12):  2131-2140.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2019.12.22 Abstract ( 593 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (1349KB) ( 1459 )   The granulation of citrus fruits is a physiological disease that is easy to occur in fruit ripening and postharvest storage. The accumulation of lignin is closely related to the formation of granulation of citrus fruits. The lignification of juice sacs is one of the most obvious phenomena in the process of granulation of citrus fruits. It has attracted the attention of fruit tree research scholars and achieved certain research progress. Therefore, this paper will use lignin biosynthesis and its regulation as the entry point to study the granulation of citrus fruits, review the research progress of key enzyme genes and related transcription factors in lignin biosynthesis pathway, and the problems in the mechanism of lignin synthesis in the regulation of citrus fruit granulation were summarized and the future research directions were prospected in order to provide reference for the follow-up research on citrus fruit granulation. References | Related Articles | Metrics