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25 June 2020, Volume 32 Issue 6 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Crop Science
Animal Science
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Crop Science

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Cloning of GmDREPP gene in Tamba Black soybean and its effect to aluminum resistance WANG Yi, WEI Yunmin, YU Shitian, HAN Rongrong, XIE Yonghong, LIU Lusheng, JIAN Caode, YU Yongxiong 2020, 32(6):  941-952.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.06.01 Abstract ( 1263 )   HTML ( 1073741921 )   PDF (6095KB) ( 1952 )   Developmentally-regulated plasma membrane polypeptide (DREPP), acting as a kind of plant-specific protein, is involved in the response and regulation of plants to biologic and abiotic stresses. CDS sequence encoding the GmDREPP protein was cloned from an aluminum-resistance cultivar Glycine max cv. Tamba, and pCXSN-GmDREPP, the overexpression vector, was constructed and transformed into wild type tobaccos via transformation mediated by agrobacterium to obtain transgenic tobaccos. The expression of GmDREPP in Tamba Black soybean was analyzed by qRT-PCR, and the results showed that GmDREPP expressed in roots, stems, leaves and cotyledons, while the expression level in root tips was the highest in root system. Besides, the mRNA level of GmDREPP increased with the increase of the Al3+ concentration, and had no significant changes when Al3+ concentration was higher than 50 μmol·L-1. To investigate the aluminum resistance, the transgenic tobacco lines (GmDREPP-2, GmDREPP-4, GmDREPP-5) selected by RT-PCR were challenged by Al (pH 4.5, 0.5 mmol·L-1 CaCl2, 50 μmol·L-1 AlCl3) compared with wild type (WT). The results were as following: (1) Root elongation, citrate content and the expression of NtALS3 and NtMATE were significantly (P<0.01) increased in transgenic tobacco lines compared with WT. (B) By contrast, POD and SOD activities significantly (P<0.01) increased and MDA content significantly (P<0.01) decreased in roots of transgenic tobacco lines. (C) Root tips stains using Evans blue and hematoxylin manifested transgenic tobaccos were lighter than WT, indicating a reduction in aluminum toxicity. This research verified that over-expression of GmDREPP could enhance the resistance of the transgenic tobaccos to aluminum and provide new genetic resources to breed new varieties with aluminum resistance. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of different water and fertilizer treatments on canopy structure, yield and grain quality of wheat HAN Lijie, DONG Weixin, ZHANG Yuechen 2020, 32(6):  953-962.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.06.02 Abstract ( 1167 )   HTML ( 1082130431 )   PDF (1483KB) ( 2117 )   In order to clarify the effects of different water and fertilizer treatments on the canopy structure, yield and grain quality of wheat, the drought resistant cultivar Shinong086 was used as the test material. Five nitrogen rates (0, 150, 225, 300, 375 kg·hm-2, which was designated as N0, N150, N225, N300, N375, respectively), and 3 irrigation ways (no irrigation, irrigation once at jointing stage, irrigation twice at jointing stage and flowering stage with 600 m3·hm-2 each time, which was designated as W0, W1, W2, respectively) were set. Accordingly, 9 treatments were designed including W0N0, W1N150, W1N225, W1N300, W1N375, W2N150, W2N225, W2N300, W2N375. It was shown that with the passage of days after flowering, the leaf area index showed a trend of increasing first and decreasing subsequently, and the leaf area index increased with higher nitrogen rate or irrigation time. Under the same irrigation time, the grain filling rate increased first and decreased later with the increasing nitrogen rate, and the highest grain filling rate was recorded when nitrogen rate was 225 kg·hm-2. Besides, the grain filling rate under irrigation twice was higher than that under irrigation once. The total nitrogen and protein content in grains increased with the increasing nitrogen rate. However, irrigation ways showed no significant influence on the total nitrogen and protein content in grains. The starch content in grains of W2N300 and W2N375 was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of W0N0. Among all the treatments, W2N225 showed the highest yield and yield components. Therefore, under the experiment conditions, it could achieve high yield and high utilization rate of water and fertilizer by applying 225 kg·hm-2 nitrogen and irrigation twice at jointing stage and flowering stage with 600 m3·hm-2 each time. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of iron plaque in root surface on cadmium uptake of rice GU Jiancheng, GUO Bin, LIN Yicheng, FU Qinglin, LIU Chen, DING Nengfei, LI Hua, LI Ningyu 2020, 32(6):  963-970.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.06.03 Abstract ( 1437 )   HTML ( 775 )   PDF (1289KB) ( 2093 )   In order to elucidate the effect of the iron plaque on cadmium (Cd) uptake of rice, the Cd low-accumulation variety (Bing 0203) and high-accumulation variety (Shaonuo 16-72) were screened out of 8 test rice varieties first. Then, a series of hydroponic experiments were conducted to test the changes of root activity (root exudates), iron plaque formation, Cd content in iron plaque, and Cd uptake in different parts of rice. It was shown that the total Cd uptake of Shaonuo 16-72 was 1.73 times of Bing 0203 under 0.05 mg·L-1 Cd treatment after 24 h, and the Cd contents in roots, stems and leaves of Shaonuo 16-72 were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of Bing 0203, respectively. On this basis, exogenous iron addition significantly (P<0.05) decreased Cd accumulation of Shaonuo 16-72 to 59% of Bing 0203. Accordingly, the Cd contents in roots, stems and leaves of Shaonuo 16-72 were significantly (P<0.05) lower than those of Bing 0203. Temperature experiments (100 ℃, 4 ℃ and 25 ℃) showed that the formation of iron plaque was related to the activity of rice root (root exudates). The contents of root exudates and iron plaque in Shaonuo 16-72 was significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of Bing 0203 at 25 ℃. Exogenous iron and Cd addition significantly (P<0.05) increased the root activity, iron plaque content and Cd content in iron plaque of Shaonuo 16-72, and the increase of these indexes in Shaonuo 16-72 was higher than that in Bing 0203. In conclusion, iron plaque formation restrained Cd uptake in rice, which provided theoretical basis for the prevention of Cd uptake in rice by iron application. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Animal Science

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Expression and distribution of KISS-1/GPR54 on hypothalamic-pituitary-ovary axis in estrous cycle of Ganjia Tibetan sheep CHEN Weigang, BAO Yingying, HE Yuqin, GE Wenbo, ZHANG Xia, HUADAO Cairang, YANG Dapeng, ZHOU Kairen 2020, 32(6):  971-977.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.06.04 Abstract ( 476 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (24126KB) ( 1670 )   The aim of this study was to clarify the expression of KISS-1/GPR54 on the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis (HPOA) of Ganjia Tibetan sheep during estrus cycle and its regulation function on seasonal estrus cycle in Ganjia Tibetan sheep. In this study, 32 Ganjia Tibetan sheep in the estrus cycle were selected and the differences in the expressions and distribution of KISS-1/GPR54 on the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovary axis in the estrus cycle of Ganjia Tibetan sheep were detected by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry method. The qRT-PCR results showed that the expression of KISS-1 and GPR54 were found in HPOA tissues of Ganjia Tibetan sheep during the whole estrus cycle. In the hypothalamus, the relative expression levels of KISS-1 in proestrus were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the other three estrus stages. The relative expression levels of proestrus and interestrus in pituitary tissues were significantly (P<0.05) higher than that in metestrus. In the ovary axis tissue, the expression levels in the diestrus stage were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those in the other three estrus stages. The relative expression levels of GPR54 in the hypothalamus were the highest in the estrus stage, and were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those in the other three estrus stages;in the pituitary, the relative expression levels in the proestrus were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the other three estrus stages. The relative expression levels in the ovary axis tissues were the highest in proestrus, and were significantly (P<0.05) higher than that in other stages. Immunohistochemical staining results showed that kisspeptin and GPR54 positive products were mainly distributed in the cytoplasm and expressed in the arachnoid nucleus and the anterior ventral region of the ventricle in the hypothalamus. It was mainly expressed in basophil and chromophobe cells in adenohypophysis and in follicular granule layer and follicular intima in ovary axis. In conclusion, the differential expression of KISS-1 and GPR54 in the HPOA of Ganjia Tibetan sheep's estrus cycle had a certain regulatory effect on the seasonal estrus cycle of Tibetan sheep. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning and tissue expression analysis of PDK4 gene in Tunchang pig SUN Ruiping, WANG Feng, CHAO Zhe, LIU Hailong, XING Manping, LIU Quanwei, HUANG Lili, ZHENG Xinli, WEI Limin 2020, 32(6):  978-985.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.06.05 Abstract ( 1004 )   HTML ( 13 )   PDF (1970KB) ( 1775 )   To obtain the coding sequence (CDS) of PDK4 gene in Tunchang pigs, analyze its molecular structure characteristics, study the expression levels of PDK4 mRNA in different tissues of Tunchang pigs, Duroc pigs and their hybrid F1 generation, pig PDK4 gene (Genbank No.: NM_001159306) was used as the reference primer, and the PDK4 CDS region of Tunchang pigs was obtained by RT-PCR amplification, sequencing and splicing. The results showed that the coding region of PDK4 gene was 1 224 bp and its relative molecular weight was 46 170.24 u. There was neither transmembrane structure nor signal peptide in PDK4 protein, and it was a non-secretory protein which mainly played a role in mitochondria. It was predicted that there could be two potential glycation sites and thirty-three phosphorylation sites, and the helical region occupied the largest proportion in the predicted secondary structure. The results of fluorescence quantitative PCR showed that in different tissues of Tunchang pig, the expression level of PDK4 gene was the highest in the longest dorsal muscle. The expression level of PDK4 gene in Tunchang pig's longest dorsal muscle was significantly higher than Duroc pig and its hybrid F1 generation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genetic polymorphism screening of CSF3 gene in dairy cow and its bioinformatics analysis WU Jia, CHEN Lang, JIANG Tao, HUANG Guoming, LI Zhuo, LI Yaodong, ZHANG Li, LIU Lixia 2020, 32(6):  986-993.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.06.06 Abstract ( 1312 )   HTML ( 134283264 )   PDF (1804KB) ( 2011 )   In order to explore the genetic immunization function of colony-stimulating factor 3 (CSF3) gene in dairy cows, the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of 5 exons of CSF3 gene in dairy cows were screened by direct sequencing after amplification by DNA pool, and the open reading frame (ORF) region of CSF3 gene was encoded by bioinformatics. Signal peptide transmembrane region, amino acid physicochemical properties, protein affinity/hydrophobicity, mRNA secondary structure, protein secondary and tertiary structure were predicted and analyzed. The results showed that there were three SNPs in exon 2 of CSF3 gene in cows, which were T66C, C67A and C118A, all of which were missense mutations, and led to the changes of serine (Ser) and proline (Pro) to histidine (His). The results of mRNA secondary structure prediction showed that T66C and C67A reduced the secondary structure stability of CSF3 gene mRNA in dairy cows, while C118A increased its stability. The results of physicochemical analysis showed that the CSF3 gene of cows was 1 460 bp in length and encoded a total of 195 amino acids. It is a mixed soluble protein with a signal peptide transmembrane region. The main components of its secondary structure are α-helix and random coli. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction of insect expression vector pIB/V5-His of AcerOr2 in Apis cerana cerana GUO Lina, ZHAO Huiting, REN Youshe, XU Bing, JIANG Yusuo 2020, 32(6):  994-999.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.06.07 Abstract ( 651 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (2073KB) ( 1661 )   In order to construct a recombinant expression vector which can stably and efficiently express olfactory receptor AcerOr2 in Apis cerana cerana, and then express in the Sf9 insect cell, AcerOr2 was amplified and the insect expression vector pIB/V5-His were treated with BamHⅠ and EcoRⅠ, and AcerOr2 were ligated into pIB/V5-His vector using T4 DNA ligasein this experiment. The recombinant DNA was transfected into Sf9 cells by liposome transfection, and the expression and subcellular localization of AcerOr2 protein were detected by Western blot and immunofluorescence. The results showed that the recombinant expression vector pIB/V5-His-AcerOr2 was successfully constructed and a stable transfected vector was expressed. Western blot results showed that the recombinant expression vector could be expressed in the insect cell Sf9, the fusion protein was about 56 ku. Immunofluorescence showed that the recombinant expression vector was localized in the Sf9 cell membrane, which was consistent with the predicted results. The results showed that the construction of recombinant expression vector pIB/V5-His-AcerOr2 could stably express in Sf9 cell, which will lay a foundation for the further study on the function of AcerOr2 in Apis cerana cerana. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Horticultural Science

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Rapid propagation system establishment of Lanzhou lily KE Yiqiang, GUO Penghui, MA Hongxin, YANG Xuhua, GAO Dandan, LIU Xiangjun, MA Zhongren, DING Gongtao 2020, 32(6):  1000-1008.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.06.08 Abstract ( 812 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (2304KB) ( 1748 )   To solve the shortage of Lanzhou lily seedlings, micro-propagation system for mass production of Lanzhou lily seedlings was discussed in this study. Fresh bulbs of Lanzhou lily were used as the initial plant material, and MS and 1/2MS medium were used as the basic medium. The orthogonal design was used to study the effects of different disinfectants on survival rate of explants, and different plant growth regulators on callus and clustered shoots induction. The response surface method also was used to reveal the effects of different hormones combinations on rooting. The results were as follows: (1) The best disinfectant combination was 75% alcohol disinfection for 20 s+2% sodium hypochlorite solution for 10 min. The survival rate of explant was 96.30%. (2) The best medium formulation for callus induction was MS + 0.3 mg·L-1 NAA + 3 mg·L-1 6-BA, and the induction rate could reach 96.33%. (3) The best medium formula to promote clustered shoots induction was MS + 0.3 mg·L-1 NAA +3 mg·L-1 6-BA, and the induction rate could reach 98.00%. (4) The best medium formula for rooting was 1/2 MS + 0.5 mg·L-1 NAA + 3 mg·L-1 6-BA + 2 mg·L-1 activated carbon, the rooting rate could reach 94.00%. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Plant Protection

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Optimization of culture conditions of Trichoderma water dispersing granule and its biocontrol effects on cucumber fusarium wilt ZHU Senlin, WANG Danmei, TANG Xiumei, CHEN Rui, YANG Rong, XUE Yuemei, JIN Luyi, REN Qingwen, LIU Peng, LUO Jun 2020, 32(6):  1009-1018.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.06.09 Abstract ( 944 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (1316KB) ( 1894 )   In order to improve the yield of Trichoderma water dispersing granule, and study the biocontrol effects of Trichoderma water dispersing granule on Cucumber Fusarium wilt, the nutritional conditions of the strain were optimized. The results showed that: within the scope of this study, the best formulation (mass fraction) of the adjuvant in the water dispersible granule of Trichoderma harzianum 33104 was carbon black 0.5%, K3PO4 4%, carboxymethyl cellulose 5%, soluble starch 5%, tripoli 5% and sodium lignosulfonate 5%. The optimum formulation (mass fraction) of the adjuvant in the water dispersible granule of Trichoderma viride 33804 was carbon black 0.4%, CMC-Na 5%, PVP 5%, soluble starch 4%, kaolin 3% and sodium lignosulfonate 5%. Effects of Trichoderma atrovide and Trichoderma harzianum on the physiological characteristics of cucumber Jinyan 4 infected with Fusarium oxysporum were studied. Compared with the treatment group only inoculated with pathogens, both Trichoderma and Fusarium wilt pathogens inoculated at the same time or single inoculation could significantly improve the activities of antioxidant enzymes, proline content and chlorophyll content of cucumber, and reduce MDA content. Both Trichoderma species water dispersing granule showed good biocontrol effects, and effect of Trichoderma atrovide was better. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fungal composition and diversity analysis of healthy and rotten tobacco leaves after curing CHEN Qianli, WANG Hancheng, LIANG Yongjin, CAI Liuti, HUANG Yu, ZHOU Hao, LI Zhong, HAN Jie 2020, 32(6):  1019-1028.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.06.10 Abstract ( 774 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (2183KB) ( 1902 )   To explore difference of the fungal community composition of healthy and rotten tobacco leaves after curing, the fungal community composition of both healthy and tobacco pole rot samples from flue-cured tobacco leaves were investigated by using PCR amplification of the ITS1-ITS2 region. The amplified fragments were sequenced using Illumina Miseq high-throughput sequencing technique. It was shown that the fungi from healthy tobacco (MJ), rotten tobacco (MB) were distributed in 6 phyla (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Zygomycota, etc), 25 classes, 58 orders, 187 families, 260 genera and 394 fungal taxa (OTUs). The dominant genus of MJ was Alternaria, followed by Aspergillus, Neocamarosporium, Gibberella and Acremonium. For MB, the dominant genus was Aspergillus, followed by Penicillium and Rhizopus. Alpha index showed that the fungal community richness and diversity of MJ were higher than those of MB. Additionally, functional assignments were made, the results showed that 71.06% of total OTUs belonged to eight trophic modes, of which saprotroph was the main group. The results of this study revealed the community structure of healthy and rotten tobacco leaves after curing and provided reference basis for formulating the corresponding control plan. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Environmental Science

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Study on calculation method of soil carbon flux based on Maxwell-Stefan diffusion model CHEN Mingru, HU Junguo, CUI Wufeng, YU Ping 2020, 32(6):  1029-1038.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.06.11 Abstract ( 1698 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (1750KB) ( 1944 )   There are certain disadvantages in the monitoring methods of soil carbon flux, which led to inability to accurately monitor for long period. To solve this problem, the present study proposed a method to calculate the carbon flux by using Maxwell-Stefan diffusion model, and establish an open-chamber in order for simulation. According to the multiple altitude of concentration, the carbon flux was calculated based on Maxwell-Stefan model, and was compared with the simulation settings. The calculated result was 0.547 μmol·m-2·s-1 when the set flux was 0.5μmol·m-2·s-1, the calculated result was 0.969 μmol·m-2·s-1 when the set flux was 1.0 μmol·m-2·s-1, and the calculated result was 2.122 μmol·m-2·s-1 when the set flux was 2.0 μmol·m-2·s-1. The error calculated by this method was less than 10%. In addition, compared with the calculation results of the Fick diffusion mode, the flux values calculated by the Maxwell-Stefan model were closer to the set values in three experiments. The experimental results proved that Maxwell-Stefan model was appropriate to calculate the carbon fluxes of soil respiration and it had favourable accuracy. The present study verified the feasibility and accuracy of the Maxwell-Stefan model in calculating soil carbon flux theoretically. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis and evaluation of soil nutrients of wild tea germplasm in Guizhou NIU Suzhen, AN Hongwei, SONG Qinfei, CHEN Zhengwu 2020, 32(6):  1039-1048.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.06.12 Abstract ( 822 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (1084KB) ( 2029 )   The soil factors of wild tea distributed in 32 zones were studied to evaluate the physical and chemical indexes of soil and to provide theoretical basis for the protection of wild tea germplasm in Guizhou Province. The results showed that the pH value of 46.9% soil were 4.5-5.5, which were the suitable range. The pH values of 21.9% soil were less than 4.5, which were severely acidified. And the pH values of 31.3% soil ranged from 5.5 to7.0. The contents of the organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium were 11.01-162.62 g·kg-1, 0.05-8.13 g·kg-1, 0.02-4.03 g·kg-1, 24.81-456.01 mg·kg-1, 3.89-84.04 mg·kg-1,27.31-516.67 mg·kg-1, respectively. The content of microelements in soil was deficient or excessive to some extent. The contents of available nitrogen and phosphorus were higher, while the contents of available potassium were lower. The contents of exchangeable aluminum, exchangeable magnesium, exchangeable calcium, available iron, available copper and available zinc were 0.08-8.80 cmol·kg-1, 0.18-4.05 mg·kg-1, 0.86-10.46 mg·kg-1, 5-142.5 mg·kg-1, 0.24-9.88 mg·kg-1, 0.27-12.04 mg·kg-1, respectively. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Contents and health risks assessment of heavy metals in soil and tea in Leishan, Guizhou Province LIU Chunlin, ZHANG Jian, PENG Yishu, NI Xinran, YANG Ruidong 2020, 32(6):  1049-1059.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.06.13 Abstract ( 773 )   HTML ( 268436489 )   PDF (1209KB) ( 2061 )   In order to understand the characteristics of heavy metals contents in soil-tea system in the distribution area of Fanzhao and Qingshuijiang in Leishan County, Guizhou Province, and estimate the suitability of tea plantation in the distribution area of metamorphic rocks, tea leaves and corresponding soil samples were collected from 24 tea gardens in Leishan County. Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP)-Mass Spectrometry (MS) and ICP-Atomic Emission Spectrometer (AES) were used to determine and the contents of 10 heavy metal elements (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, Mn) in tea leaves and soil. The bioaccumulative characteristics of heavy metals in tea were discussed, and the health risk of model assessment was used to evaluate the carcinogenic risk of drinking tea. It was shown that the average contents of soil heavy metals in the study area were all lower than that of national limitations, while Hg contents exceeded the background value of A-layer soil in Guizhou. The evaluation results of both the geoaccumulation index and the potential ecological risk index indicated that Hg was a main soil pollution factor in Leishan. The heavy metals contents of Leishan tea met the national food safety standards, and Leishan tea possessed potential as Zn-rich tea. The heavy metals contents of both young and mature leaves decreased as Mn>Zn>Cu>Ni>Cr>Co>Cd, and the enrichment capacities of Cu, Zn, Ni and Co in young leaves were stronger than those in mature leaves, while the enrichment capacities of Mn, Pb, Hg, Cd, Cr and As in mature leaves were stronger than those in young leaves. Health risk assessment results indicated that drinking Leishan tea was riskless to human health. But female adults and children should pay attention to Mn when mature leaves were consumed as daily drink. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Improving microbial system of continuous cropping soil by addition of Trichoderma asperellum and ultrafine powder humus LIN Hui, ZHANG Jin, YUAN Qianyu, YE Jing, SUN Wanchun, YU Yijun, YU Qiaogang, MA Junwei 2020, 32(6):  1060-1069.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.06.14 Abstract ( 660 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (4140KB) ( 1891 )   The present work focused on the effects of application of Trichoderma asperellum T-1, ultrafine powder humus and their combination (Humus-T1) on the microbial system of continuous cropping soil, to offer highly efficient, low-cost and environment friendly methods for controlling soil-borne diseases and alleviation of continuous cropping obstacles. The inhibitory effects of T. asperellum T-1 on different types of Fusarium oxysporum(F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumberium,FOC; F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum,FON; F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum,FOV) were determined by plate confrontation culture experiment. Soil microcosm experiments were performed with 4 treatments, including control (CK-S), and addition of 1% (mass fraction) ultrafine powder humus (TS1), or 0.5% (mass fraction) T. asperellum T-1 (TS2) or 0.5% (mass fraction) Humus-T1 (TS3). The design of treatments CK-S, TS1 and TS3 were also applied in the cucumber pot experiment, and were marked as CK-C, TC1 and TC2, respectively. Soil samples were collected and then subjected for plate count technique and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The population of F. xysporum, fungi, bacteria and T. asperellum was determined as well as the incidence of cucumber wilt. It was shown that T. asperellum T-1 exhibited inhibitory effects on different kinds of F. oxysporum, and the highest inhibition effect was observed on FON. Under soil microcosm condition, treatments of TS1, TS2 and TS3 inhibited the proliferation of F. oxysporum in continuous cropping soil without significantly influencing the soil microbial population. The maximum inhibition rate was found in TS3 treatment. Soil microcosm experimental results showed that the combination of ultrafine powder humus and T-1 increased the colonization of T-1 in soils. Compared with CK-C, TC2 significantly (P<0.05) increased the number of T. asperellum and Actinomycetes in soils. Besides, TC2 exhibited more persistent inhibition effect on F. oxysporum and lower mortality rate of cucumber than TC1. In conclusion, application of T. asperellum T-1, ultrafine powder humus or Humus-T1 could improve the soil microbial system, inhibite the growth of F. oxysporum in soil, and Humus-T1 showed the best result. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Water purification effect of Ceratophyllum demersum L. and change of microbial community under different treatments SHI Chuanqi, HU Baozhong, YU Shaopeng, MENG Bo, YANG Chunxue, LIU Jia, DING Junnan 2020, 32(6):  1070-1081.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.06.15 Abstract ( 720 )   HTML ( 1088 )   PDF (1979KB) ( 1542 )   In order to study the purification effect of submerged macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum on the still water in cold region and its microbial community change under different planting diversity and different aeration treatments, the still water samples in cold region were collected in this experiment. Aeration treatments were operated in fixed-capacity containers with C. demersum in laboratory, and the removal effects of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were determined. The high-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the microbial community structure and diversity change in different sampling time and treatments. Combined with the physicochemical factors of water samples, the influencing factors of microbial community change were analyzed. The results showed that: considering the C. demersum amount and energy consumption, water purification achieved better effect when the planting density of C. demersum was 4.44 g·L-1 under the condition of 12 h aeration treatment, the removal rate of TN and TP was 51.23% and 89.27%, respectively. A total of 3 283 operational taxonomic units (OTU) and 107 core OTUs were obtained from the sequencing of microbial samples. Overall, the diversity of microbial community in each group did not increase, and the difference between groups decreased gradually. The dominant phyla were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. The relative abundance of the dominant phylum could be increased by adding proper C. demersum, but the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes could be reduced by aeration treatment. There were a large proportion of unclassified groups in different samples, and Polynucleobacter in Proteobacteria had a high relative abundance. Adding proper C. demersum and aeration treatment could improve its relative abundance. Compared with the effect of TN and TP concentration changes, adding C. demersum and aeration treatment had more significant effect on microbial dominant groups. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Foods Science

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Mechanism of compound stabilizer stabilizing curd structure of mango yogurt WU Xiaoyan, LIU Zhongyi, LIU Wenxing, LI Xiyu, LIU Hongyan, YUE Shuhang 2020, 32(6):  1082-1091.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.06.16 Abstract ( 701 )   HTML ( 67109032 )   PDF (2110KB) ( 1845 )   To explore the effects of compound stabilizer on the structure and stability of mango yogurt curd, the sensory quality, texture and structure of the stirred mango yogurt containing a stabilizer mixture of acetylated distarch adipate (ADA), guar gum and propylene glycol alginate (PGA) were assessed. The sensory score and water holding capacity (WHC) of the yogurt containing three stabilizers at varying blending ratios were determined using L9 (34) orthogonal array. The texture and microstructure of yogurt were measured by using instrumental analysis methods. The results showed that adding ADA, guar gum and PGA at an amount of 0.2%, 0.008%, 0.03%, respectively, could optimally improve yogurt quality and achieve the highest sensory score, with 9.3% (P<0.05) higher than the blank group, of mango yogurt. The addition of the stabilizer mixture showed no effect on the titratable acidity and pH value of yogurt, but significantly (P<0.05) increased its water holding capacity and improved its viscosity and hardness. The scanning electron micrograph indicated that guar gum and protein combined to form a network structure after adding compound stabilizers, and modified starch was embedded in the middle of the network, which stabilized the curd structure of mango yogurt, and improved the sensory quality of mango yogurt. The compound stabilizer can effectively act on mango yoghurt, and this can provide a reference for solving the common stability problems in the production of tropical and subtropical fruit yoghurt. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Biosystems Engineering

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Extraction of individual plant of pitaya in Karst Canyon Area based on point cloud data of UAV image matching YIN Linjiang, ZHOU Zhongfa, HUANG Denghong, SHANG Mengjia 2020, 32(6):  1092-1102.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.06.17 Abstract ( 608 )   HTML ( 134217731 )   PDF (12118KB) ( 1798 )   It is difficult for the visible image of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to recognize some confused backgrounds and targets. To solve this problem, the paper collected the pitaya images matching point cloud data in the areas of Karst Valley through using the four-rotor drones. After processing the original point cloud data with desiccation, filtering, normalization and so on, through the establishment of the digital elevation model (DEM), digital surface model (DSM) with high accuracy, and then a high-precision canopy height model (CHM) was established. Furthermore, with the visual interpretational strains of pitaya as a reference, the definite numbers of pitaya was identified, extracted and verified. The results indicated that the influence of weeds under the plants could be eliminated to some extent, through using UAV images matching point cloud data and canopy Height model. If the height of infrastructure or ground object in the sample area was approach to that of the pitaya, it would lead to false extraction. The highest false extraction rate was 8.55%, and the highest missed extraction rate was 12.28%. Among all the sample areas, the precision of the number of pitaya plants which were extracted by the seed points was more than 92.38%; yet that of pitaya plants extracted by using the vegetation canopy was more than 90.68%. It indicated that the means of using UAV image matching point cloud data to extract the pitaya, had the characteristics of high speed, easy to deposit, low cost, and reliable accuracy, which was suitable for the rapid extraction of the number of crop in Karst mountain areas. It could mutually complement with the extraction method based on the color index. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Agricultural Economy and Development

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Rethinking on protection of denomination of new varieties of plants WAN Zhiqian, CHEN Chen 2020, 32(6):  1103-1111.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.06.18 Abstract ( 712 )   HTML ( 68681728 )   PDF (1075KB) ( 1952 )   The denomination is names for the new varieties of plants developed by breeders. The denomination is conditions, other than the contents for the acquisition of the plant variety rights. The denomination is not right but legal interest, which is different from the generic names in the Trademark Law of the People's Republic of China. The acquisition of denomination shall meet some virtual conditions, such as identifiability, legality, and the names should not conflict with the right of priority. Also, the denomination shall be obtained through the registration process. The denomination will become the generic designation of the new varieties of plants as soon as they were obtained. Different ways of protection can be applied to the illegal and improper use of the denomination according to the object of infringement. If the civil legal interests of the denomination is infringed, it shall be protected by the Law of the People's Republic of China for Countering Unfair Competition. If the state's right of supervision and administration over the denomination is infringed, it shall be protected by administrative penalty. And if the order of the social market economy is destroyed by counterfeiting the denomination, criminal sanction will be applied. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Remolding of system and optimizing of operational mechanism for forest insurance FU Lisha, QIN Tao, PAN Huanxue 2020, 32(6):  1112-1122.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.06.19 Abstract ( 535 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (1180KB) ( 1637 )   In the forest insurance market, there is a dual cold situation of insufficient effective demand, weak innovation supply and low enthusiasm of local governments to participate, and the financial subsidy policy is inefficient. The basic reason is the lack of independent forest insurance system to adapt to its particularity as a guarantee, which makes the existing operation mechanism uncoordinated, the product system unscientific, the subsidy mechanism unreasonable, and resulting in the slow development of the market. Therefore, based on the analysis of the attribute characteristics of forestry risk and production, it is determined that the attribute orientation of forest insurance in China should be commercial forest insurance supported by the government, on this basis, the corresponding operation mechanism should be established around the operation mode, product system and financial subsidy system, so as to build an independent and comprehensive forest insurance system and operation mechanism, thus to improve the deadlock between supply and demand in the cold market, ensure the effective play of financial subsidy policies, and promote forest insurance develops healthily and continuously. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of supply and demand changes in China's mutton market based on partial equilibrium model FAN Huili, FU Wenge 2020, 32(6):  1123-1132.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.06.20 Abstract ( 595 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (1082KB) ( 1611 )   This paper analyzed the changes of supply and demand in China's mutton market, the partial equilibrium model was used to explore the main reasons and ARIMA model prediction method was used to predict the future changes. The research results showed that the demand for mutton market was mainly based on domestic market. The domestic supply and demand gap in 2017 was 742 800 t, about 3.82 times that of 1994. The gap tended to be widened. The previous period of stocks, production value and market price all significantly affected the domestic market supply. The per capita consumption and income level were important factors affecting the current per capita consumption of urban and rural residents. The international price had a significant positive impact on the domestic mutton export. In the future, China's mutton production will maintain a stable growth, and the consumption of mutton will further increase. It was expected to reach 8.4303×106 t by year 2030, and the import of mutton will be greatly increased, which can make up the gap between domestic mutton supply and demand to a certain extent. Therefore, on one hand, it would be necessary to vigorously develop domestic mutton sheep industry through technology and policy.On the other hand, it would also be necessary to actively explore the international market and strengthen trade cooperation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Review

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Research advances on molecular mechanisms of photoperiod-regulation plant flowering and CCT gene family YUAN Xilei, WANG Zhenshan, JIA Xiaoping, SANG Luman, LI Jianfeng, ZHANG Bo 2020, 32(6):  1133-1140.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.06.21 Abstract ( 1505 )   HTML ( 131 )   PDF (1237KB) ( 2064 )   Flowering transformation from vegetative growth to reproductive growth is the key link for plants to adapt to the external environments and ensure their reproduction, which is mainly influenced by internal regulation and external environmental factors. Photoperiod is an important factor that affects plant flowering, and the researches on molecular mechanism of photoperiod-regulation flowering were relatively in-depth. In this paper, the molecular mechanism underlying photoperiod-regulation flowering in Arabidopsis, rice, sorghum and foxtail millet was summarized combined with the latest research achievements in recent years. Furthermore, a gene family containing CCT motif that played a key role in photoperiod-regulation flowering pathway was introduced, and the functions of different members of this family in each crop were generalized, to provide theoretical reference for further study on the function of CCT motif-containing gene family and molecular breeding of traits related to photoperiod-regulated flowering. References | Related Articles | Metrics