调整氮肥基追比减少稻田氮素损失和保证直播稻产量

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.11.17

浙江农业学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (11): 2482-2490.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.11.17

调整氮肥基追比减少稻田氮素损失和保证直播稻产量

夏苏敬(), 乔月, 朱建强()

长江大学农学院,湖北荆州 434025

收稿日期:2021-09-26 出版日期:2022-11-25 发布日期:2022-11-29
通讯作者: 朱建强
作者简介:*朱建强,E-mail:zyjb@sina.com
夏苏敬(1997—),女,四川广安人,硕士研究生,主要从事水土环境与农业方面的研究。E-mail: 744232712@qq.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金联合资助基金(U21A2039);国家重点研发计划(2016YFD0800500)

Reducing nitrogen loss from paddy filed and ensuring yield of direct seeding rice by adjusting nitrogen base-topdressing ratio

XIA Sujing(), QIAO Yue, ZHU Jianqiang()

College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China

Received:2021-09-26 Online:2022-11-25 Published:2022-11-29
Contact: ZHU Jianqiang

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

水稻直播条件下,苗期防涝排水会增大稻田氮素流失风险,适当调整氮肥基施和追施的比例,可降低这种风险。在N、P₂O₅、K₂O用量分别为180、75、105 kg·hm^-2的条件下,以江汉平原稻田氮肥习惯施用比例(基肥、分蘖肥、穗肥比例为6∶4∶0)为对照(CK),另设7个氮肥基追比的处理(基肥、分蘖肥、穗肥的比例分别为:T1,4∶6∶0;T2,4∶4∶2;T3,4∶2∶4;T4,2∶6∶2;T5,2∶4∶4;T6,0∶8∶2;T7,0∶6∶4),开展田间试验,实测不同处理下氨挥发损失、氮径流损失和水稻成熟期的产量。结果表明:T7处理总氮径流流失最小(8.79 kg·hm^-2),T3处理的氨挥发损失最小(11.90 kg·hm^-2),T7处理总的氮素损失最小(22.89 kg·hm^-2),T4处理的产量最高(9 270.0 kg·hm^-2)、T5处理的产量次之(9 150.0 kg·hm^-2)。综合考虑氮素损失和水稻产量,推荐基肥、分蘖肥、穗肥中氮素的施用比例为2∶6∶2或2∶4∶4。

关键词: 氮肥基追比, 径流氮损失, 氨挥发, 直播稻

Abstract:

Field drainage for waterlogging prevention at seedling stage of direct seeding rice increases the risk of nitrogen loss from paddy field. Appropriate adjustment of nitrogen base-topdressing ratio can provide scientific basis for risk reduction during this process. In the present study, N, P₂O₅, and K₂O application amount were set as 180, 75 and 105 kg·hm^-2, respectively. A field experiment was conducted with different nitrogen base-topdressing ratios. The conventional fertilization method in Jianghan Plain (the proportion of N in basal fertilizer, tillering fertilizer and panicle fertilizer was 6∶4∶0 ) was taken as the control (CK), and treatments were set according to the proportion of N in basal fertilizer, tillering fertilizer and panicle fertilizer, specifically, 4∶6∶0 (T1), 4∶4∶2 (T2), 4∶2∶4 (T3), 2∶6∶2 (T4), 2∶4∶4 (T5), 0∶8∶2 (T6), 0∶6∶4 (T7). The ammonia volatilization loss and nitrogen runoff loss during rice growth and rice yield under different treatments were measured in the field. It was shown that the nitrogen runoff loss was the smallest under T7 treatment (8.79 kg·hm^-2). The ammonia volatilization loss was the smallest under T3 treatment (11.90 kg·hm^-2). The total nitrogen loss was the smallest under T7 treatment (22.89 kg·hm^-2). The highest yield was found under T4 treatment (9 270.0 kg·hm^-2), which was followed by T5 treatment (9 150.0 kg·hm^-2). Given the nitrogen loss and rice yield, the recommended proportions of N in basal fertilizer, tillering fertilizer and panicle fertilizer in the experimental conditions were 2∶6∶2 and 2∶4∶4.

Key words: base-topdressing ratio of nitrogen fertilizer, nitrogen runoff loss, ammonia volatilization, direct-seeding rice

中图分类号:

S147.3
S511

夏苏敬, 乔月, 朱建强. 调整氮肥基追比减少稻田氮素损失和保证直播稻产量[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2022, 34(11): 2482-2490.

XIA Sujing, QIAO Yue, ZHU Jianqiang. Reducing nitrogen loss from paddy filed and ensuring yield of direct seeding rice by adjusting nitrogen base-topdressing ratio[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2022, 34(11): 2482-2490.

图/表 4

表1 不同处理的氮素径流流失

Table 1 Total nitrogen runoff loss under different treatments

处理 Treatment	L_N/(kg·hm^-2)				PBF/%		PTF/%
处理 Treatment	5月26日 May 26th	6月8日 June 8th	6月22日 June 22th	7月9日 July 9th	5月26日 May 26th	6月8日 June 8th	6月22日 June 22th	7月9日 July 9th
CK	21.24 a	1.24 c	4.69 a	1.83 a	19.67	1.15	6.51	2.54
T1	15.75 b	1.61 ab	4.79 a	1.80 a	21.88	2.24	4.44	1.67
T2	15.14 b	1.55 ab	4.31 abc	1.58 bc	21.03	2.15	5.99	2.19
T3	14.98 b	1.81 a	3.52 de	1.56 c	20.81	2.51	9.78	4.33
T4	8.45 c	1.71 ab	3.96 bcd	1.74 abc	23.47	4.75	3.67	1.61
T5	8.79 c	0.26 e	3.24 e	1.70 abc	24.42	3.50	4.50	2.36
T6	1.70 d	0.76 d	4.41 abc	1.70 abc	—	—	3.06	1.18
T7	1.89 d	0.72 d	4.48 ab	1.70 abc	—	—	4.15	1.57
CK0	1.70 d	1.47 bc	3.78 cde	1.78 ab	—	—	—	—

表2 各处理下不同形态氮的径流流失

Table 2 Analysis results of runoff loss of different forms of nitrogen

处理 Treatment	总氮Total nitrogen			$NH 4 +$ -N		$NO 3 -$ -N
处理 Treatment	L_N/(kg·hm^-2)	R_N/%	PRNL/%	L_N/(kg·hm^-2)	PRNL/%	L_N/(kg·hm^-2)	PRNL/%
CK	28.99 a	11.26	—	14.73 a	—	1.50 a	—
T1	23.96 b	8.46	17.35	12.86 b	12.70	1.15 b	23.33
T2	22.58 b	7.69	22.11	12.60 b	14.46	0.46 cd	69.33
T3	21.87 b	7.30	24.56	12.15 b	17.52	0.43 cd	71.33
T4	15.85 c	3.96	45.33	8.80 c	40.26	0.59 cd	60.67
T5	15.00 c	3.48	48.26	8.11 d	44.94	0.30 d	56.67
T6	9.58 d	0.47	66.95	5.36 e	63.61	0.55 cd	63.33
T7	8.79 d	0.03	69.68	4.60 e	68.77	0.73 c	51.33
CK0	8.73 d	—	69.89	4.88 e	66.87	0.62 cd	58.67

表2 各处理下不同形态氮的径流流失

Table 2 Analysis results of runoff loss of different forms of nitrogen

处理 Treatment	总氮Total nitrogen			$NH 4 +$ -N		$NO 3 -$ -N
处理 Treatment	L_N/(kg·hm^-2)	R_N/%	PRNL/%	L_N/(kg·hm^-2)	PRNL/%	L_N/(kg·hm^-2)	PRNL/%
CK	28.99 a	11.26	—	14.73 a	—	1.50 a	—
T1	23.96 b	8.46	17.35	12.86 b	12.70	1.15 b	23.33
T2	22.58 b	7.69	22.11	12.60 b	14.46	0.46 cd	69.33
T3	21.87 b	7.30	24.56	12.15 b	17.52	0.43 cd	71.33
T4	15.85 c	3.96	45.33	8.80 c	40.26	0.59 cd	60.67
T5	15.00 c	3.48	48.26	8.11 d	44.94	0.30 d	56.67
T6	9.58 d	0.47	66.95	5.36 e	63.61	0.55 cd	63.33
T7	8.79 d	0.03	69.68	4.60 e	68.77	0.73 c	51.33
CK0	8.73 d	—	69.89	4.88 e	66.87	0.62 cd	58.67

表3 不同处理下氨挥发损失量

Table 3 Ammonia volatilization loss under different treatments

处理 Treatment	基肥—分蘖肥前 Base fertilizer-tillering fertilizer		分蘖肥—穗肥前 Tillering fertilizer-panicle fertilizer		穗肥后 After panicle fertilizer		全生育期 Whole growth duration
处理 Treatment	P_A/(kg·hm^-2)	PAVL/%	P_A/(kg·hm^-2)	PAVL/%	P_A/(kg·hm^-2)	PAVL/%	P_A/(kg·hm^-2)	PAVL/%	R_A/%
CK	8.37 a	—	8.17 c	—	0.95 c	—	17.49 a	—	6.87
T1	4.89 b	-41.58	10.93 b	+33.78	0.82 c	-13.68	16.64 b	-4.86	6.39
T2	4.84 b	-42.17	7.97 c	-2.45	1.48 b	+55.79	14.29 c	-18.30	5.09
T3	4.79 b	-42.77	5.14 d	-37.09	1.97 a	+107.37	11.90 e	-31.96	3.76
T4	3.26 c	-61.05	10.78 b	+31.95	1.53 b	+61.05	15.57 b	-10.98	5.80
T5	3.29 c	-60.69	7.82 c	-4.28	2.02 a	+112.63	13.13 d	-24.93	4.44
T6	1.02 d	-87.81	13.45 a	+64.63	1.84 a	+93.68	16.31 b	-6.75	6.21
T7	1.02 d	-87.81	11.15 b	+36.47	1.93 a	+103.16	14.10 c	-19.38	4.98

表4 不同处理下的氮素损失、直播稻产量与氮肥偏生产力(NPFP)

Table 4 Nitrogen loss, rice yield and nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP) under different treatments

处理 Treatment	氮素损失 Nitrogen loss/(kg·hm^-2)	氮损失率 Nitrogen loss rate/%	水稻产量 Rice yield/(kg·hm^-2)	NPFP/(kg·kg^-1)
CK	46.48	18.12	8 366.7±385.9 b	46.48
T1	40.60	14.86	8 500.0±216.0 b	47.22
T2	36.87	12.78	8 941.7±62.4 ab	49.54
T3	33.77	11.06	9 033.3±249.4 ab	50.19
T4	31.42	9.76	9 270.0±230.9 a	51.50
T5	28.13	7.93	9 150.0±40.8 a	50.83
T6	25.89	6.68	8 733.3±170.0 b	48.52
T7	22.89	5.02	8 683.3±131.2 b	48.24
CK0	13.86	—	4 781.3±240.7 c	—

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调整氮肥基追比减少稻田氮素损失和保证直播稻产量

Reducing nitrogen loss from paddy filed and ensuring yield of direct seeding rice by adjusting nitrogen base-topdressing ratio

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