山药中部分活性物质的功效研究与应用进展

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230494

浙江农业学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (4): 920-931.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230494

山药中部分活性物质的功效研究与应用进展

赵小亮¹(), 龙则宇¹^,², 鲁雲¹^,², 金微微²^,³^,^*()

1.兰州理工大学生命科学与工程学院,甘肃兰州 730050
2.温州市农业科学研究院,浙江温州 325006
3.温州市特色食品资源工程技术研究中心,浙江温州 325006

收稿日期:2023-04-12 出版日期:2024-04-25 发布日期:2024-04-29
作者简介:*金微微,E-mail:wwjin2003@163.com
赵小亮(1982—),男,甘肃灵台人,博士,副教授,研究方向为糖化学与糖药物。E-mail:zhxl819@163.com
通讯作者: 金微微
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(32260231);国家自然科学基金(31860250);甘肃省高校教师创新基金项目(2023A-020);浙江省科技计划项目(2020C02046);温州市重大科技创新攻关项目(ZN2020001);温州市重大科技创新攻关项目(ZN2019001)

Research and application progress on efficacy of active substances in Dioscorea opposite Thunb.

ZHAO Xiaoliang¹(), LONG Zeyu¹^,², LU Yun¹^,², JIN Weiwei²^,³^,^*()

1. School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
2. Wenzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou 325006, Zhejiang, China
3. Wenzhou Specialty Food Resource Engineering Technology Research Center, Wenzhou 325006, Zhejiang, China

Received:2023-04-12 Online:2024-04-25 Published:2024-04-29
Contact: JIN Weiwei

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

山药(Dioscorea opposita Thunb.)是中国传统的药食同源作物,含有多糖、皂苷等多种活性物质,这些物质因具有免疫调节、抗肿瘤、抗氧化等功效而受到学者们的广泛关注。山药中的多糖类物质活性成分广泛,但结构易受提取方式的影响。尿囊素已被用于临床治疗十二指肠溃疡,具有良好开发价值,但提取方式低效。文章从含量、开发前景、发挥功效的重要性3方面入手,聚焦山药中的多糖、皂苷、淀粉、尿囊素4种活性物质,对各自的提取方式、功效进行总结,同时阐述山药在药食方面的应用,为山药活性成分的高效提取和实际转化发展提供思路与参考。

关键词: 山药, 活性物质, 功效, 药食应用

Abstract:

Yam (Dioscorea opposita Thunb.) is a traditional homologous crop of medicine and food in China, which contains many kinds of active substance such as polysaccharides and saponins. These substances have aroused widely interest of researchers due to their immune regulation, anti-tumor and anti-oxidation effects. Polysaccharides in yam have a wide range of active ingredients, but the structure is susceptible to the extraction method. Allantoin has been used clinically for the treatment of duodenal ulcers and has good developmental value, but the extraction method is inefficient. In this paper, polysaccharide, saponin, starch and allantoin from yam were selected as study objects. Their content, development prospect and importance of exerting efficacy, and extraction methods and efficacy were summarized. Meanwhile, medicine and food application of yam was expounded, which provided ideas and reference for efficient extraction and practical transformation and development of yam in the future.

Key words: yam, active substance, efficacy, medicine and food applications

中图分类号:

TS218

赵小亮, 龙则宇, 鲁雲, 金微微. 山药中部分活性物质的功效研究与应用进展[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2024, 36(4): 920-931.

ZHAO Xiaoliang, LONG Zeyu, LU Yun, JIN Weiwei. Research and application progress on efficacy of active substances in Dioscorea opposite Thunb.[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2024, 36(4): 920-931.

图/表 4

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材料来源地 Material source	结构特征 Structural characteristics	单糖组成及相对摩尔比 Monosaccharide composition and relative molar ratio	参考文献 Reference
重庆 Chongqing		—	[6]
河南 Henan	抗氧化活性最强组分的主链: Main chain of components with the strongest antioxidant activity: →2-β-D-Glc-(1→6)-α-D-Glc-(1→2)-β-D-Glc-(1→6)-α-D-Glc-(1→	Ara,Gal,Glc,Man,GalA:0.04∶0.09∶0.69∶0.13∶0.04	[10]
广州 Guangzhou		Rib,Rha,Ara,Xyl,Man,Glc,GalA:0.26∶0.22∶1.45∶0.42∶14.90∶79.72∶3.03	[11]
天津 Tianjin	经红外分析,存在α构型、β构型和吡喃糖环结构,含有1-2、1-3、1-4、1-6和1-3,6型糖苷键。 Infrared analysis shows that there are alpha configuration, beta configuration and pyranose ring structure, which contain 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-6 and 1-3, 6 glycosidic bonds.	Rha,Ara,Man,Glc,Gal,GalA. 3.08∶4.11∶25.59∶8.72∶8.08∶1	[13]
河南 Henan	三种多糖的主链: Main chains of three polysaccharides: →2)-β-D-Manp-(1→; 1,2-β-Manp; →1)-β-D-Galp-(4→	共同的单糖组成与比例: Common monosaccharide composition and proportion: Man,Rib,Rha,GalA,Glc,Gal,Ara,Fuc 155.71∶1.00∶1.83∶66.44∶12.25∶6.32∶2.60∶10.05; 106.65∶1.88∶1.44∶32.97∶3.74∶2.54∶1.00∶6.09; 116.10∶1.00∶2.58∶36.44∶2.57∶3.34∶1.31∶7.69	[13]

材料来源地 Material source	结构特征 Structural characteristics	单糖组成及相对摩尔比 Monosaccharide composition and relative molar ratio	参考文献 Reference
重庆 Chongqing		—	[6]
河南 Henan	抗氧化活性最强组分的主链: Main chain of components with the strongest antioxidant activity: →2-β-D-Glc-(1→6)-α-D-Glc-(1→2)-β-D-Glc-(1→6)-α-D-Glc-(1→	Ara,Gal,Glc,Man,GalA:0.04∶0.09∶0.69∶0.13∶0.04	[10]
广州 Guangzhou		Rib,Rha,Ara,Xyl,Man,Glc,GalA:0.26∶0.22∶1.45∶0.42∶14.90∶79.72∶3.03	[11]
天津 Tianjin	经红外分析,存在α构型、β构型和吡喃糖环结构,含有1-2、1-3、1-4、1-6和1-3,6型糖苷键。 Infrared analysis shows that there are alpha configuration, beta configuration and pyranose ring structure, which contain 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-6 and 1-3, 6 glycosidic bonds.	Rha,Ara,Man,Glc,Gal,GalA. 3.08∶4.11∶25.59∶8.72∶8.08∶1	[13]
河南 Henan	三种多糖的主链: Main chains of three polysaccharides: →2)-β-D-Manp-(1→; 1,2-β-Manp; →1)-β-D-Galp-(4→	共同的单糖组成与比例: Common monosaccharide composition and proportion: Man,Rib,Rha,GalA,Glc,Gal,Ara,Fuc 155.71∶1.00∶1.83∶66.44∶12.25∶6.32∶2.60∶10.05; 106.65∶1.88∶1.44∶32.97∶3.74∶2.54∶1.00∶6.09; 116.10∶1.00∶2.58∶36.44∶2.57∶3.34∶1.31∶7.69	[13]

方法 Method	优点 Advantages	缺点 Disadvantages	参考文献 Reference
热水浸提 Hot water extraction	成本低,操作便捷 Low cost and convenient operation	得率低,提取时间久 Low yield, long extraction time	[21]
微波辅助提取 Microwave assisted extraction	溶剂消耗少,提取效率高 Low solvent consumption and high extraction efficiency	大功率破坏产物结构,对实验人员以及设备要求高 High power destroys the product structure, high requirements for operators and equipment	[22]
超声波辅助提取 Ultrasonic-assisted extraction	提取时间短 Short extraction time	功率过大破坏结构 Excessive power destroys the structure	[24]
酶法提取 Enzymatic extraction	反应条件温和 Mild reaction conditions	不同酶适应的pH与温度条件对多糖结构影响明显 The suitable pH and temperature conditions for the enzymes impact the structure of the polysaccharide	[10]
超滤辅助提取 Ultrafiltration assisted extraction	节能环保,高效 Energy saving and environment- friendly, high efficiency	—	[27]
深共晶溶剂提取 Deep eutectic solvents extraction	溶剂绿色环保 Environment-friendly solvent	挥发性差,回收利用困难 Poor volatility, difficult to recycle	[28]
超高压提取 Extra-high voltage extraction	耗时短,提取液杂质含量低 Short time consumption and low impurity content in the extract	设备成本高,不适合工业生产 High equipment cost, not suitable for industrial production	[30]

方法 Method	优点 Advantages	缺点 Disadvantages	参考文献 Reference
热水浸提 Hot water extraction	成本低,操作便捷 Low cost and convenient operation	得率低,提取时间久 Low yield, long extraction time	[21]
微波辅助提取 Microwave assisted extraction	溶剂消耗少,提取效率高 Low solvent consumption and high extraction efficiency	大功率破坏产物结构,对实验人员以及设备要求高 High power destroys the product structure, high requirements for operators and equipment	[22]
超声波辅助提取 Ultrasonic-assisted extraction	提取时间短 Short extraction time	功率过大破坏结构 Excessive power destroys the structure	[24]
酶法提取 Enzymatic extraction	反应条件温和 Mild reaction conditions	不同酶适应的pH与温度条件对多糖结构影响明显 The suitable pH and temperature conditions for the enzymes impact the structure of the polysaccharide	[10]
超滤辅助提取 Ultrafiltration assisted extraction	节能环保,高效 Energy saving and environment- friendly, high efficiency	—	[27]
深共晶溶剂提取 Deep eutectic solvents extraction	溶剂绿色环保 Environment-friendly solvent	挥发性差,回收利用困难 Poor volatility, difficult to recycle	[28]
超高压提取 Extra-high voltage extraction	耗时短,提取液杂质含量低 Short time consumption and low impurity content in the extract	设备成本高,不适合工业生产 High equipment cost, not suitable for industrial production	[30]

方法Method	优点Advantages	缺点Disadvantages
碱提取 Alkali extraction	产率高 High yield	不环保 Not environment-friendly
酶提取 Enzyme extraction	产率高,纯度高 High yield, high purity of product	酶利用率低,底物转化率低 Low enzyme utilization, low substrate conversion rate
超声提取 Ultrasonic extraction	提取时间短,可作为辅助与其他方式结合 Short extraction time, could be combined with other methods	单独使用时产率低 Low yield when used alone

山药中部分活性物质的功效研究与应用进展

Research and application progress on efficacy of active substances in Dioscorea opposite Thunb.

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方法 Method	优点 Advantages	缺点 Disadvantages	参考文献 Reference
生物酶处理提取 Extraction by biological enzyme treatment	提取效率高 High extraction efficiency	较高的成本 High cost	[53]
超声辅助提取 Ultrasonic-assisted extraction	快速、环保 Rapid, environment-friendly	超声探头老化降低产率 Ultrasonic probe aging reduces efficiency	[54]
表面活性剂提取 Surfactant extraction	成本低,反应温和 Low cost, mild reaction	不适宜的活性剂对环境造成污染 Unsuitable active agents cause pollution to the environment	[55]
亚临界水提取 Subcritical water extraction	无毒、易回收、可持续利用 Nontoxic, easily recovered, sustainable	不适用于高含水样品,仪器成本高 Not suitable for high water content samples, high instrument cost	[56]

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