铲式青贮玉米起茬及残膜回收联合作业机设计与试验

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230970

浙江农业学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (9): 2132-2145.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230970

铲式青贮玉米起茬及残膜回收联合作业机设计与试验

王晓阳¹(), 李强¹, 赵武云¹, 戴飞¹, 严兆荣², 王久鑫¹^,^*()

1.甘肃农业大学机电工程学院,甘肃兰州 730070
2.甘肃犇牛农牧机械制造有限公司,甘肃张掖 734000

收稿日期:2023-08-09 出版日期:2024-09-25 发布日期:2024-09-30
作者简介:*王久鑫,E-mail:wjx@gsau.edu.cn
王晓阳(2002—),男,山西晋中人,硕士,研究方向为北方旱区作物生产装备工程。E-mail:3075608431@qq.com
通讯作者: *王久鑫,E-mail:wjx@gsau.edu.cn
基金资助:
甘肃省科学技术厅科技重大专项—农业类(23ZDNA005);甘肃省高等学校产业支撑计划项目(2021CYZC-25);甘肃省高校教师创新基金项目(2023A-57);甘肃省大学生创新创业训练计划项目(S202310733026)

Design and experiment of shovel-type combined machine for silage corn root stubble plucking and residual plastic film collecting

WANG Xiaoyang¹(), LI Qiang¹, ZHAO Wuyun¹, DAI Fei¹, YAN Zhaorong², WANG Jiuxin¹^,^*()

1. College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
2. Gansu Ben Niu Farming Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Zhangye 734000, Gansu, China

Received:2023-08-09 Online:2024-09-25 Published:2024-09-30

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为解决青贮玉米根茬和残膜难回收的问题,设计一种铲式青贮玉米起茬及残膜回收联合作业机。联合作业机主要由起膜起茬铲、升运链、分离滚筒筛、集膜箱等部件组成。对联合作业机的关键部件进行理论分析和田间试验,确定其结构和工作参数。利用 Design-Expert 软件设计了三因素三水平二次回归正交试验,以机具前进速度、起膜起茬铲入土深度、分离滚筒筛转速为影响因素,以残膜拾净率和根茬起茬率为响应指标,建立响应面三维模型,得出机具前进速度和起膜起茬铲入土深度对机具残膜拾净率影响显著,而起膜起茬铲入土深度和分离滚筒筛转速对机具起茬率影响显著。利用Design-Expert软件中的Optimization对机具作业参数进行优化分析,结果表明,优化的作业参数为机具前进速度3.54 km·h^-1,起膜起茬铲入土深度12.94 cm,分离滚筒筛转速51.53 r·min^-1。田间验证试验结果表明,在机具前进速度3.5 km·h^-1,起膜起茬铲入土深度13 cm,分离滚筒筛转速50 r·min^-1作业条件下,残膜拾净率89.26%,根茬起茬率90.37%,机具运行稳定可靠,满足残膜回收机的作业要求。

关键词: 青贮玉米, 起茬, 残膜回收, 联合作业机

Abstract:

To solve the problem of difficult recovery of silage corn stubble and residual film, a combined machine was designed. The machine is mainly composed of a shovel with removing root stubble and residual film, a lifting chain, a separation drum screen, a film collection box, and other parts. The key components of the combined machine was analyzed theoretically and tested in the field to determine their structure and working parameters. Design-Expert software was used to design a three-factor, three-level quadratic regression orthogonal test, with the forward speed of the machine, the depth of shovel, the speed of separation drum screen as the influencing factors, and the recovery rate of residual film and stubble removal rate as the response indexes to establish a three-dimensional model of the response surface, and it was concluded that the forward speed of the machine and the depth of shovel had a significant effect on the rate of removing root stubble, while the depth of shovel and the separation drum screen speed had a significant effect on the rate of removing root stubble. Using optimization in Design-Expert to optimize the operating parameters of the machine, the results showed that the optimized operating parameters were: the forward speed of the machine was 3.54 km·h^-1, the depth of shovel was 12.94 cm, and the separation drum screen speed was 51.53 r·min^-1. The results of field verification test showed that when the forward speed of the machine was 3.5 km·h^-1, the depth of shovel was 13 cm, and the separation drum screen speed was 50 r·min^-1, under the operating conditions, the recovery rate of residual film was 89.26%, the cut rate of root stubble was 90.37%. The combined machine is stable and reliable, meeting the requirements of the residual film recycling machine.

Key words: silage corn, root stubble plucking, residual plastic film recovery, combined machine

中图分类号:

S223.5

王晓阳, 李强, 赵武云, 戴飞, 严兆荣, 王久鑫. 铲式青贮玉米起茬及残膜回收联合作业机设计与试验[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2024, 36(9): 2132-2145.

WANG Xiaoyang, LI Qiang, ZHAO Wuyun, DAI Fei, YAN Zhaorong, WANG Jiuxin. Design and experiment of shovel-type combined machine for silage corn root stubble plucking and residual plastic film collecting[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2024, 36(9): 2132-2145.

图/表 23

图1 青贮玉米覆膜种植农艺模式示意图 1,玉米秸秆;2,气生根;3,地膜;4,次生根;5,土壤;6,覆土带。

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of silage corn mulching situation 1,Corn stalk; 2, Aerial root; 3, Mulch film; 4, Secondary root; 5, Soil; 6, Soil covering zone.

表1 残膜力学性能测试结果

Table 1 Test results of physical properties of residual film

时间 Time/d	拉伸载荷 Tensile load/N	断裂伸长率 Elongation at break/%
0	1.89	116
15	1.67	102
30	1.49	96
45	1.15	69
60	1.01	61
75	0.87	53

图2 联合作业机结构示意图 1,悬挂架;2,分离滚筒装置;3,集膜箱翻转油缸;4,集膜箱;5,限深轮;6,机架; 7,起膜起茬铲;8,变速箱;9,升运传送装置;10,导向板。

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of combined machine structure 1, Suspension bracket; 2, Separation drum device; 3, Collecting film box flip cylinder; 4, Collecting film box; 5, Depth wheel; 6, Frame; 7, Shovel; 8, Gear box; 9, Lifting and conveying device; 10, Guide plate.

图3 联合作业机传动示意图 1,动力输入轴;2,动力输出轴;3,链轮1;4,链轮2;5,升运传送装置;6,升运传送装置驱动轴;7,链轮3;8,链轮4;9,链轮5;10,分离滚筒筛。

Fig.3 Schematic diagram of combined machine 1, Power input shaft 1; 2, Power output shaft; 3, Sprocket 1; 4, Sprocket 2; 5, Power lifting and conveying device; 6, Power lift conveyor drive shaft; 7, Sprocket 3; 8, Sprocket 4; 9,Sprocket 5;10, Separation drum screen.

表2 铲式青贮玉米起茬及残膜回收联合作业机技术参数

Table 2 Technical parameters of combined machine

项目 Items	数值 Numerical value
机具尺寸	3 100×1 300×670
Machine size (length×width×height)/ (mm×mm×mm)
作业速度Operating speed/(km·h^-1)	2~4
作业幅宽Width of operating/mm	1 200
作业深度范围Operating depth range/cm	5~20
残膜拾净率Residual film recovery rate/%	≥88
根茬起茬率Root stubble cut rate/%	≥90

图4 平面铲结构示意图

Fig.4 Schematic diagram of plane shovel structure

图5 起膜起茬铲铲刃斜角受力分析

Fig.5 Force analysis of oblique angle of blade of shovel

图6 平面铲受力分析图

Fig.6 Force analysis diagram of plane shovel

图7 升运传送装置结构示意图 1,侧板;2,橡胶带;3,导向轮;4,抖动轮;5,栅条杆;6,驱动轮。

Fig.7 Structural diagram of lifting and conveying device 1, Side plate; 2, Rubber band; 3, Guide wheel; 4, Jitter wheel; 5, Grid bar; 6, Drive wheel.

图8 膜茬混合物在升运链处受力分析图

Fig.8 Stress analysis diagram of film stubble mixture at lifting chain

图9 分离滚筒装置结构示意图 1,机架; 2,滚筒托轮; 3,滚筒止推轮; 4,分离滚筒筛; 5,驱动链条; 6,驱动链轮; 7,隔板。

Fig.9 Structural diagram of separating roller device 1, Frame; 2, Drum roller; 3, Drum thrust wheel; 4, Separation drum screen; 5, Drive chain; 6, Drive sprocket; 7, Diaphragm.

图10 不同转速下物料在分离滚筒筛截面内的运动状态

Fig.10 Movement state of residual film mixture in the cross section of separation drum screen at different speeds

图11 滑落运动受力分析

Fig.11 Force analysis of sliding motion

图12 抛落运动受力分析

Fig.12 Force analysis of dropping motion

图13 离心运动受力分析

Fig.13 Force analysis of centrifugal motion

图14 膜茬混合物在隔板处受力分析图

Fig.14 Stress analysis diagram of film stubble mixture at diaphragm

图15 机具作业性能田间试验

Fig.15 Field test on operation performance of machine

表3 试验因素和水平

Table 3 Test factors and levels

试验水平 Levels	机具前进速度 Machine forward velocity/ (km·h^-1)	起膜起茬铲入土深度 Depth of shovel/cm	分离滚筒筛转速 Rotation speed of separation drum screen/(r·min^-1)
-1	2	10	45
0	3	13	50
1	4	16	55

表4 试验方案和结果

Table 4 Test scheme and results

试验序号 Test number	试验因素与水平Factors and levels			试验结果Results
试验序号 Test number	机具前进速度 Machine forward velocity/(km·h^-1)	起膜起茬铲入土深度 Depth of shovel/cm	分离滚筒筛转速 Rotation speed of the separation drum screen/(r·min^-1)	残膜拾净率 Residual film recovery rate/%	根茬起茬率 Root stubble cut rate/%
1	3	16	45	59.12	84.15
2	2	13	55	81.26	90.28
3	4	13	55	61.67	86.85
4	2	16	50	79.26	80.63
5	4	13	45	70.04	70.35
6	3	13	50	88.75	82.73
7	2	10	50	89.26	57.15
8	3	13	50	87.28	80.54
9	4	10	50	81.65	55.55
10	3	16	55	60.74	98.85
11	3	13	50	87.23	85.27
12	3	13	50	84.36	76.95
13	4	16	50	58.98	85.65
14	3	13	50	87.82	82.25
15	3	10	55	81.38	74.67
16	2	13	45	76.25	80.19
17	3	10	45	74.64	51.79

表5 回归模型方差分析

Table 5 Variance analysis of regression model

方差来源 Source	残膜捡拾率Residual film recovery rate				根茬起茬率Root stubble cut rate
方差来源 Source	平方和 Sum of squares	自由度 Degree of freedom	F值 F value	P值 P value	平方和 Sum of squares	自由度 Degree of freedom	F值 F value	P值 P value
模型	1 902.33	9	49.26	**	2 478.86	9	21.68	**
A	360.33	1	83.98	**	12.13	1	0.954 8
B	592.20	1	138.02	**	1 515.80	1	119.34	**
C	3.13	1	0.728 3		514.72	1	40.52	**
AB	40.13	1	9.35	*	10.96	1	0.862 6
AC	44.76	1	10.43	*	10.27	1	0.808 7
BC	6.55	1	1.53		16.73	1	1.32
A²	44.00	1	10.26	*	55.34	1	4.36
B²	181.62	1	42.33	**	281.58	1	22.17	**
C²	561.72	1	130.91	**	67.19	1	5.29
残差Residuum	30.04	7			88.91	7
失拟项Lack of fit	19.24	3	2.38	0.211 0	51.01	3	1.79	0.287 6
误差Pure error	10.80	4			37.90	4
总和Core total	1 932.36	16			2 567.77	16

图16 试验因素对残膜拾净率和根茬起茬率的影响 a,d,分离滚筒筛转速为50 r·min-1;b,e,机具前进速度为3 km·h-1;c, f,起膜起茬铲入土深度为13 cm。

Fig.16 Effect of experimental factors on rate of recovery of residual film and root stubble cut rate a, d, The speed of the separation drum screen is 50 r·min-1; b, e, The forward speed of the machine is 3 km·h-1; c, f, The depth of shovel is 13 cm.

表6 优化结果与试验值对比

Table 6 Comparison of optimization results with actual values %

项目 Items	残膜拾净率 Residual film recovery rate	根茬起茬率 Root stubble cut rate
大田试验平均值	89.26	90.37
Field test average
软件优化值	86.33	87.63
Software optimization value
相对误差Relative error	3.28	3.03

图17 试验地机具作业前后效果对比

Fig.17 Effect comparison of the machine before and after operation on test ground

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铲式青贮玉米起茬及残膜回收联合作业机设计与试验

Design and experiment of shovel-type combined machine for silage corn root stubble plucking and residual plastic film collecting

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