不同施肥和灌溉水平对三七生长特性和发病率的影响

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.08.10

浙江农业学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (8): 1426-1435.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.08.10

不同施肥和灌溉水平对三七生长特性和发病率的影响

刘艳伟(), 周潇, 杨启良^*(), 茶品元

昆明理工大学农业与食品学院,云南昆明 650500

收稿日期:2020-10-20 出版日期:2021-08-25 发布日期:2021-08-27
通讯作者: 杨启良
作者简介:*杨启良,E-mail: yangqilianglovena@163.com
刘艳伟(1981—),女,内蒙古开鲁人,蒙古族,博士,副教授,主要从事农业水土工程方面的教学和研究。E-mail: 1104296611@qq.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(51979134);云南省基础研究计划(202101AT070125);大学生创新创业训练计划(202010674117)

Effects of fertilization ratio and irrigation level on growth characteristics and incidence rate of Panax notoginseng

LIU Yanwei(), ZHOU Xiao, YANG Qiliang^*(), CHA Pinyuan

Faculty of Agriculture and Food, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China

Received:2020-10-20 Online:2021-08-25 Published:2021-08-27
Contact: YANG Qiliang

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了探究利于三七生长发育和降低发病率的灌溉施肥模式。以3年生三七为研究对象,采用大田试验,试验共设置3个灌水水平:W1(低水,0.5FC,FC为田间持水量)、W2(中水,0.7FC)、W3(高水,0.9FC),设置4个施肥水平:F1、F2、F3、F4,全年施肥量均为96 kg·667m^-2,根增重期∶苗期∶花期∶果期的施肥比例分别为25%∶25%∶25%∶25%、20%∶25%∶30%∶25%、15%∶30%∶30%∶25%和10%∶40%∶20%∶30%。分析生育期不同施肥量和灌溉耦合对三七生长特性、光合特性、干物质积累和发病率的影响。结果表明:W2F4处理的地上部分鲜重、地上部分干重、根鲜重、根干重都最大,其苗期和果期的株高和茎粗也最大;茎粗增量最大的处理为W1F3和W2F3,株高增长量最大的处理为W2F3和W2F4;三七花期的净光合速率(P_n)、叶片瞬时水分利用效率(WUE)和光能利用效率均高于果期;6、7、8月发病率较低的处理为W2F4和W2F3。综上可知,适当的水分胁迫和苗期、果期增肥有利于提高三七产量,降低发病率。

关键词: 三七, 水肥耦合, 根系结构, 干物质积累, 光合特性, 发病率

Abstract:

In order to explore the irrigation and fertilization mode which was conducive to the growth and development of Panax notoginseng and reduce the incidence of disease. Taking 3-year-old P. notoginseng as material, the field experiment was adopted, and the experiment set a total of three irrigation levels: W1 (low water, 0.5FC, FC was field water holding capacity), W2 (medium water, 0.7FC), W3 (high water, 0.9FC), and four fertilization levels: F1, F2, F3, F4, the annual fertilization amount was 96 kg·667m^-2, the fertilization ratios of root weight gaining stage: seedling stage: flowering stage: fruiting stage were 25%∶25%∶25%∶25%, 20%∶25%∶30%∶25%, 15%∶30%∶30%∶25% and 10%∶40%∶20%∶30%, respectively. Effects of different fertilizer rates during the growth period and irrigation coupling on the growth characteristics, photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter accumulation and incidence of P. notoginseng were analyzed. The results showed that fresh weight and dry weight of the above-ground part, fresh weight and dry weight of roots, plant height and stem thickness in the seedling and fruiting stages in W2F4 treatment were the largest. The largest increase in stem thickness was W1F3 and W2F3 treatments, and the largest increase in plant height was W2F3 and W2F4 treatments. Net photosynthetic rate (P_n), leaf instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE) and light energy use efficiency in the flowering stage of P. notoginseng were higher than those in the fruiting stage. W2F4 and W2F3 treatments had low incidence in June, July and August. In summary, it could be seen that proper water stress and fertilizer increase in seedling and fruit stage were beneficial to increase the yield of Panax notoginseng and reduce the incidence of disease.

Key words: Panax notoginseng, water and fertilizer coupling, root structure, dry matter accumulation, photosynthetic characteristics, morbidity

中图分类号:

S567.23⁺6

刘艳伟, 周潇, 杨启良, 茶品元. 不同施肥和灌溉水平对三七生长特性和发病率的影响[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2021, 33(8): 1426-1435.

LIU Yanwei, ZHOU Xiao, YANG Qiliang, CHA Pinyuan. Effects of fertilization ratio and irrigation level on growth characteristics and incidence rate of Panax notoginseng[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2021, 33(8): 1426-1435.

图/表 8

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处理 Treatment		茎粗Diameter		株高Height
处理 Treatment		苗期(3月) Seedling stage (March)	果期(11月) Fruiting stage (November)	苗期(3月) Seedling stage (March)	果期(11月) Fruiting stage (November)
F1	W1	4.30±0.04 de	5.02±0.43 cd	195.91±5.94 abc	231.35±10.51 d
	W2	4.17±0.04 ef	4.50±0.07 f	199.71±4.94 abc	214.98±11.3b4 ef
	W3	4.88±0.07 ab	5.11±0.17 cd	195.37±15.10 abc	261.77±5.47 c
F2	W1	4.35±0.23 de	5.40±0.31 bc	175.83±4.73 d	208.38±8.88 f
	W2	4.72±0.23 bc	4.97±0.24 de	203.18±3.50 ab	243.64±6.26 d
	W3	4.63±0.08 bc	5.03±0.15 cd	196.27±6.54 abc	238.85±11.56 d
F3	W1	3.50±0.11 g	4.60±0.23 ef	192.27±2.29 bc	241.35±3.75 d
	W2	3.98±0.14 f	5.15±0.06 cd	193.84±19.76 abc	292.67±5.44 b
	W3	4.53±0.16 cd	5.63±0.25 ab	184.65±3.30 cd	261.07±15.20 c
F4	W1	4.04±0.13 f	4.95±0.09 ed	184.43±5.39 cd	229.89±9.86 de
	W2	5.00±0.06 a	5.87±0.25 a	209.73±11.14 a	308.87±7.19 a
	W3	4.82±0.21 ab	4.99±0.11 cde	188.59±1.49 bcd	239.46±6.36 d

处理 Treatment		茎粗Diameter		株高Height
处理 Treatment		苗期(3月) Seedling stage (March)	果期(11月) Fruiting stage (November)	苗期(3月) Seedling stage (March)	果期(11月) Fruiting stage (November)
F1	W1	4.30±0.04 de	5.02±0.43 cd	195.91±5.94 abc	231.35±10.51 d
	W2	4.17±0.04 ef	4.50±0.07 f	199.71±4.94 abc	214.98±11.3b4 ef
	W3	4.88±0.07 ab	5.11±0.17 cd	195.37±15.10 abc	261.77±5.47 c
F2	W1	4.35±0.23 de	5.40±0.31 bc	175.83±4.73 d	208.38±8.88 f
	W2	4.72±0.23 bc	4.97±0.24 de	203.18±3.50 ab	243.64±6.26 d
	W3	4.63±0.08 bc	5.03±0.15 cd	196.27±6.54 abc	238.85±11.56 d
F3	W1	3.50±0.11 g	4.60±0.23 ef	192.27±2.29 bc	241.35±3.75 d
	W2	3.98±0.14 f	5.15±0.06 cd	193.84±19.76 abc	292.67±5.44 b
	W3	4.53±0.16 cd	5.63±0.25 ab	184.65±3.30 cd	261.07±15.20 c
F4	W1	4.04±0.13 f	4.95±0.09 ed	184.43±5.39 cd	229.89±9.86 de
	W2	5.00±0.06 a	5.87±0.25 a	209.73±11.14 a	308.87±7.19 a
	W3	4.82±0.21 ab	4.99±0.11 cde	188.59±1.49 bcd	239.46±6.36 d

肥 Fertilizer	水 Water	地上部分鲜重 Fresh weight of overground part	地上部分干重 Dry weight of overground part	根鲜重 Fresh root weight	根干重 Dry root weight
F1	W1	7.88±0.44 cd	1.99±0.21 abc	17.37±1.72 abc	4.12±0.90 c
	W2	7.49±0.99 d	1.59±0.30 cd	15.08±0.22 bc	4.71±0.74 bc
	W3	9.29±0.25 bcd	2.15±0.17 ab	15.91±3.47 bc	5.49±0.18 abc
F2	W1	9.80±0.36 bc	1.88±0.18 bcd	19.11±1.52 ab	4.88±0.16 bc
	W2	9.94±1.77 bc	1.90±0.14 bcd	17.51±0.76 abc	5.46±0.71 abc
	W3	8.06±0.83 cd	1.69±0.26 bcd	20.45±1.17 a	5.98±0.36 ab
F3	W1	10.70±1.18 ab	1.42±0.37 d	18.92±1.99 ab	5.92±0.69 ab
	W2	10.08±1.11 bc	2.38±0.09 a	15.78±3.79 bc	6.07±0.21 ab
	W3	9.93±0.78 bc	2.11±0.13 ab	14.64±3.30 c	6.03±1.72 ab
F4	W1	7.60±1.20 d	1.44±0.06 d	18.37±1.88 abc	5.92±0.37 ab
	W2	12.62±1.81 a	2.47±0.41 a	20.61±1.88 a	6.84±0.84 a
	W3	10.05±1.71 bc	2.42±0.41 a	15.90±1.17 bc	6.48±0.32 a

肥 Fertilizer	水 Water	地上部分鲜重 Fresh weight of overground part	地上部分干重 Dry weight of overground part	根鲜重 Fresh root weight	根干重 Dry root weight
F1	W1	7.88±0.44 cd	1.99±0.21 abc	17.37±1.72 abc	4.12±0.90 c
	W2	7.49±0.99 d	1.59±0.30 cd	15.08±0.22 bc	4.71±0.74 bc
	W3	9.29±0.25 bcd	2.15±0.17 ab	15.91±3.47 bc	5.49±0.18 abc
F2	W1	9.80±0.36 bc	1.88±0.18 bcd	19.11±1.52 ab	4.88±0.16 bc
	W2	9.94±1.77 bc	1.90±0.14 bcd	17.51±0.76 abc	5.46±0.71 abc
	W3	8.06±0.83 cd	1.69±0.26 bcd	20.45±1.17 a	5.98±0.36 ab
F3	W1	10.70±1.18 ab	1.42±0.37 d	18.92±1.99 ab	5.92±0.69 ab
	W2	10.08±1.11 bc	2.38±0.09 a	15.78±3.79 bc	6.07±0.21 ab
	W3	9.93±0.78 bc	2.11±0.13 ab	14.64±3.30 c	6.03±1.72 ab
F4	W1	7.60±1.20 d	1.44±0.06 d	18.37±1.88 abc	5.92±0.37 ab
	W2	12.62±1.81 a	2.47±0.41 a	20.61±1.88 a	6.84±0.84 a
	W3	10.05±1.71 bc	2.42±0.41 a	15.90±1.17 bc	6.48±0.32 a

各单因子及其耦合 Each single factor and their coupling	显著性分析Significance analysis
各单因子及其耦合 Each single factor and their coupling	地上部分鲜重 Fresh weight of overground part	地上部分干重 Dry weight of overground part	根鲜重 Fresh weight of root	根干重 Dry weight of root
水W	1.116	4.660^*	1.335	2.246
肥F	2.981^*	0.736	2.935^*	7.703^**
水肥耦合W×F	5.029^**	6.188^**	2.699^**	3.301^**

不同施肥和灌溉水平对三七生长特性和发病率的影响

Effects of fertilization ratio and irrigation level on growth characteristics and incidence rate of Panax notoginseng

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处理 Treatment	灌溉量 Irregation	生育期施肥比例Fertilization ratio during growth period/%
处理 Treatment	灌溉量 Irregation	根增重期(12—次年2月) Root weight gaining stage (December to February)	苗期(3—5月) Seedling stage (March to May)	花期(6—8月) Flowering stage (June to August)	果期(9—11月) Fruiting stage (September to November)
W1F1	0.5FC	25	25	25	25
W2F1	0.7FC	25	25	25	25
W3F1	0.9FC	25	25	25	25
W1F2	0.5FC	20	25	30	25
W2F2	0.7FC	20	25	30	25
W3F2	0.9FC	20	25	30	25
W1F3	0.5FC	15	30	30	25
W2F3	0.7FC	15	30	30	25
W3F3	0.9FC	15	30	30	25
W1F4	0.5FC	10	40	20	30
W2F4	0.7FC	10	40	20	30
W3F4	0.9FC	10	40	20	30

处理 Treatment		净光合速率 Net photosynthetic rate/(μmol· m^-2s^-1)		气孔导度 Stomatal conductance/ (mol·m^-2s^-1)		蒸腾速率 Transpiration rate/(mmol· m^-2s^-1)		叶片瞬时水分利用效率 Leaf instantaneous water use efficiency/ (μmol·mmol^-1)		光能利用效率 Light energy utilization efficiency/(μmol· μmol^-1)
肥	水	11:00	14:30	11:00	14:30	11:00	14:30	11:00	14:30	11:00	14:30
Fertilizer	Water
F1	W1	3.33 efg	2.80 f	0.009 cd	0.027 cd	0.16 cde	0.59 c	26.98 bc	4.90 de	33.64 cde	30.88 ab
	W2	2.93 h	3.31 cde	0.010 bc	0.031 bc	0.20 cd	0.73 b	14.96 de	4.54 e	36.06 cde	38.02 ab
	W3	3.15 gh	3.76 ab	0.010 bc	0.032 b	0.20 cd	0.75 b	15.91 cde	5.01 de	32.05 cde	39.93 ab
F2	W1	3.48 def	3.48 bcd	0.012 bc	0.042 a	0.23 bc	0.88 a	15.59 cde	3.60 e	48.02abcd	38.34 a
	W2	3.33 efg	3.17 de	0.005 de	0.020 e	0.09 f	0.46 d	39.17 a	6.91 b	60.69 ab	31.16 ab
	W3	4.14 a	2.86 f	0.002 e	0.028 bc	0.11 ef	0.63 c	44.88 a	4.85 de	41.90bcde	46.34 a
F3	W1	3.94 b	3.04 ef	0.001 e	0.027 bcd	0.11 ef	0.56 c	41.36 a	5.57 cd	48.47abcd	43.01 ab
	W2	3.74 b	3.87 a	0.001 e	0.029 bc	0.11 ef	0.56 c	35.36 ab	6.90 b	47.61abcd	24.98 b
	W3	3.56 cde	3.39 cd	0.005 de	0.020 e	0.15 ef	0.43 d	26.58 bcd	7.87 a	51.40 abc	45.36 a
F4	W1	3.14 gh	3.21 de	0.014 b	0.023 de	0.27 a	0.47 d	12.11 e	6.80 b	64.17 a	29.26 ab
	W2	3.30 fg	3.03 ef	0.020 a	0.022 e	0.35 a	0.46 d	10.89 e	6.76 b	27.62 de	33.67 ab
	W3	3.60 cd	3.56 bc	0.012 bc	0.027 cd	0.23 bc	0.58 c	16.94 cde	6.27 b	21.09 e	35.50 ab

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处理 Treatment		净光合速率 Net photosynthetic rate/(μmol· m^-2s^-1)		气孔导度 Stomatal conductance/ (mol·m^-2s^-1)		蒸腾速率 Transpiration rate/(mmol· m^-2s^-1)		叶片瞬时水分利用效率 Leaf instantaneous water use efficiency/ (μmol·mmol^-1)		光能利用效率 Light energy utilization efficiency/(μmol· μmol^-1)
肥	水	11:00	14:30	11:00	14:30	11:00	14:30	11:00	14:30	11:00	14:30
Fertilizer	Water
F1	W1	0.51 f	0.71 bc	0.018 abc	0.019 abc	0.69 abcd	0.56 ab	0.84 d	1.28 b	3.46 c	11.15 a
	W2	0.78 d	0.45 cd	0.022 b	0.013 c	0.85 ab	0.37 b	1.04 cd	1.13 b	10.72 bc	18.91 a
	W3	0.85 cd	0.59 bcd	0.014 cde	0.023 a	0.59 bcde	0.70 a	1.87 ab	0.76 cd	20.97 bc	5.66 a
F2	W1	0.66 e	0.37 d	0.016 bcd	0.016 bc	0.67 abcd	0.49 ab	1.20 cd	0.75 cd	13.53 bc	3.10 a
	W2	0.93 bc	0.50 bcd	0.018 abc	0.017 abc	0.69 abcd	0.48 ab	1.48 bc	1.05 bc	12.82 bc	15.02 a
	W3	0.96 b	0.58 bcd	0.018 abc	0.020 ab	0.76 abc	0.59 ab	1.39 bc	0.99 bcd	19.57 bc	31.63 a
F3	W1	0.86 cd	0.74 b	0.015 cde	0.021 ab	0.51 bcd	0.66 a	1.81 ab	1.20 b	9.44 bc	17.51 a
	W2	0.94 bc	0.49 bcd	0.016 cd	0.019 abc	0.64 abcd	0.52 ab	1.55 bc	0.97 bcd	39.47 a	8.18 a
	W3	0.92 bc	0.45 cd	0.022 a	0.021 ab	0.89 a	0.62 a	1.08 cd	0.72 d	16.48 bc	6.50 a
F4	W1	0.77 d	0.61 bcd	0.009 e	0.019 ab	0.41 e	0.59 ab	2.25 a	1.06 bc	16.60 bc	6.46 a
	W2	1.08 a	1.07 a	0.019 abc	0.019 ab	0.78 ab	0.60 a	1.52 bc	1.85 a	25.48 ab	28.02 a
	W3	0.64 e	0.41 d	0.011 de	0.019 abc	0.42 de	0.57 ab	1.52 bc	0.79 d	11.85 bc	6.04 a

处理 Treatment		净光合速率 Net photosynthetic rate/(μmol· m^-2s^-1)		气孔导度 Stomatal conductance/ (mol·m^-2s^-1)		蒸腾速率 Transpiration rate/(mmol· m^-2s^-1)		叶片瞬时水分利用效率 Leaf instantaneous water use efficiency/ (μmol·mmol^-1)		光能利用效率 Light energy utilization efficiency/(μmol· μmol^-1)
肥	水	11:00	14:30	11:00	14:30	11:00	14:30	11:00	14:30	11:00	14:30
Fertilizer	Water
F1	W1	0.51 f	0.71 bc	0.018 abc	0.019 abc	0.69 abcd	0.56 ab	0.84 d	1.28 b	3.46 c	11.15 a
	W2	0.78 d	0.45 cd	0.022 b	0.013 c	0.85 ab	0.37 b	1.04 cd	1.13 b	10.72 bc	18.91 a
	W3	0.85 cd	0.59 bcd	0.014 cde	0.023 a	0.59 bcde	0.70 a	1.87 ab	0.76 cd	20.97 bc	5.66 a
F2	W1	0.66 e	0.37 d	0.016 bcd	0.016 bc	0.67 abcd	0.49 ab	1.20 cd	0.75 cd	13.53 bc	3.10 a
	W2	0.93 bc	0.50 bcd	0.018 abc	0.017 abc	0.69 abcd	0.48 ab	1.48 bc	1.05 bc	12.82 bc	15.02 a
	W3	0.96 b	0.58 bcd	0.018 abc	0.020 ab	0.76 abc	0.59 ab	1.39 bc	0.99 bcd	19.57 bc	31.63 a
F3	W1	0.86 cd	0.74 b	0.015 cde	0.021 ab	0.51 bcd	0.66 a	1.81 ab	1.20 b	9.44 bc	17.51 a
	W2	0.94 bc	0.49 bcd	0.016 cd	0.019 abc	0.64 abcd	0.52 ab	1.55 bc	0.97 bcd	39.47 a	8.18 a
	W3	0.92 bc	0.45 cd	0.022 a	0.021 ab	0.89 a	0.62 a	1.08 cd	0.72 d	16.48 bc	6.50 a
F4	W1	0.77 d	0.61 bcd	0.009 e	0.019 ab	0.41 e	0.59 ab	2.25 a	1.06 bc	16.60 bc	6.46 a
	W2	1.08 a	1.07 a	0.019 abc	0.019 ab	0.78 ab	0.60 a	1.52 bc	1.85 a	25.48 ab	28.02 a
	W3	0.64 e	0.41 d	0.011 de	0.019 abc	0.42 de	0.57 ab	1.52 bc	0.79 d	11.85 bc	6.04 a