刺激隐核虫感染对小黄鱼肠道的组织结构、免疫水平与微生物组成的影响

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20250018

浙江农业学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (11): 2265-2274.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20250018

刺激隐核虫感染对小黄鱼肠道的组织结构、免疫水平与微生物组成的影响

潘鑫煜¹(), 黄慧灵², 韩明明³^,^*(), 沈宁远², 赵旭东², 楼宝³

1.浙江万里学院生物与环境学院,浙江宁波 315100
2.浙江海洋大学水产学院,浙江舟山 316022
3.浙江省农业科学院水生生物研究所,浙江杭州 310021

收稿日期:2025-01-09 出版日期:2025-11-25 发布日期:2025-12-08
作者简介:潘鑫煜(1999—),女,浙江建德人,硕士研究生,研究方向为鱼类养殖与微生物应用。E-mail:1571667138@qq.com
通讯作者: ^*韩明明,E-mail:sealion1984@126.com
基金资助:
宁波市公益性科技计划项目(2021S053)

Effects of Cryptocaryon irritans infection on the intestinal histology, immune level and microbiota composition of Larimichthys polyactis

PAN Xinyu¹(), HUANG Huiling², HAN Mingming³^,^*(), SHEN Ningyuan², ZHAO Xudong², LOU Bao³

1. College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, Zhejiang, China
2. Fisheries College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, Zhejiang, China
3. Institute of Hydrobiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China

Received:2025-01-09 Online:2025-11-25 Published:2025-12-08

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

刺激隐核虫(Cryptocaryon irritans)是一种海水鱼类寄生纤毛虫,其感染性强,致死率高。肠道是鱼类重要的营养和免疫器官,并通过口腔与外界水体病原直接接触。为探究刺激隐核虫感染对鱼类肠道结构与功能的影响,本研究以小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)为研究对象,系统比较健康对照组与刺激隐核虫感染组小黄鱼肠道的微结构、免疫指标和微生物组成的差异。结果表明,感染刺激隐核虫导致小黄鱼肠道微绒毛结构破损、密度降低,并显著提升肠道中白细胞介素(IL-1β)和补体3(C3)的含量。在微生物组成方面,感染组小黄鱼肠道微生物的Chao1指数与Shannon指数显著降低,微生物多样性和丰富度均下降;其中,弧菌属(Vibrio)、拟普雷沃菌属(Alloprevotella)和拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)的相对丰度显著升高,而奈瑟菌属(Neisseria)的相对丰度显著下降。KEGG分析进一步表明,感染组中GnRH信号通路和FcγR介导的吞噬作用增强,而咖啡因代谢、矿物质吸收和视黄醇代谢水平显著降低。综上所述,刺激隐核虫感染可破坏小黄鱼肠道微绒毛结构,引发强烈免疫反应,导致肠道微生物多样性和丰富度降低,以及基础代谢受到破坏性影响。本研究从组织、免疫与微生态3个层面揭示了刺激隐核虫对小黄鱼肠道的影响,为今后开发基于肠道微生物调控的鱼类健康管理策略提供了理论依据。

关键词: 小黄鱼, 刺激隐核虫, 微生物多样性, 免疫因子

Abstract:

Cryptocaryon irritans is a highly infectious and lethal parasitic ciliate affecting marine fishes. The intestine, as a vital organ for nutrition and immunity in fish, is directly exposed to waterborne pathogens through the oral cavity. To investigate the impact of C. irritans infection on intestinal structure and function in fish, this study used the small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis) as a model and systematically compared differences in intestinal microstructure, immune parameters, and microbial composition between healthy control and infected groups. The results showed that C. irritans infection caused structural damage and reduced the density of intestinal microvilli, while significantly increasing the levels of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and complement 3 (C3) in the intestine. In terms of microbial composition, the infected group exhibited significant decreases in both Chao1 and Shannon indices, indicating reduced microbial diversity and richness. Specifically, the relative abundances of Vibrio, Alloprevotella, and Bacteroides increased significantly, whereas that of Neisseria was significantly reduced. KEGG analysis further revealed enhanced activities of the GnRH signaling pathway and FcγR-mediated phagocytosis pathway in the infected group, while metabolic pathways such as caffeine metabolism, mineral absorption, and retinol metabolism were significantly suppressed. In summary, C. irritans infection disrupts the intestinal microstructure of L. polyactis, triggers a strong immune response, reduces microbial diversity and richness, and impairs fundamental metabolic functions. This study elucidates the effects of C. irritans on the small yellow croaker intestine from histological, immunological, and microecological perspectives, providing a theoretical basis for future strategies in fish health management through intestinal microbiota modulation.

Key words: Larimichthys polyactis, Cryptocaryon irritans, microbial diversity, immune factor

中图分类号:

S941.51

潘鑫煜, 黄慧灵, 韩明明, 沈宁远, 赵旭东, 楼宝. 刺激隐核虫感染对小黄鱼肠道的组织结构、免疫水平与微生物组成的影响[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2025, 37(11): 2265-2274.

PAN Xinyu, HUANG Huiling, HAN Mingming, SHEN Ningyuan, ZHAO Xudong, LOU Bao. Effects of Cryptocaryon irritans infection on the intestinal histology, immune level and microbiota composition of Larimichthys polyactis[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2025, 37(11): 2265-2274.

图/表 7

图1 患体表白点病的小黄鱼

Fig.1 Small yellow croaker suffering from white spot disease

图2 小黄鱼肠道的扫描电镜观察结果 A、B为健康组小黄鱼肠道扫描电镜图片。C、D为感染组小黄鱼肠道扫描电镜图片。其中a和b为小黄鱼健康肠道绒毛表面组织结构;c和d为小黄鱼感染刺激隐核虫后肠道内表面观察到的刺激隐核虫滋养体。

Fig.2 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations of small yellow croaker intestine A and B are scanning electron microscopy images of small yellow croaker intestine from healthy group; C and D are scanning electron microscopy images of small yellow croaker intestine from infection group. Among them, a and b are the surface tissue structure of the normal intestinal villi in small yellow croaker; c and d are the attached Cryptocaryon irritans trophozoites on the intestine inner surface in small yellow croaker infected with Cryptocaryon irritans.

图3 健康组与感染组小黄鱼肠道中免疫因子与抗氧化酶的含量 *表示p<0.05,***表示p<0.001,ns表示无显著差异。

Fig.3 Contents of immune factors and antioxidative enzymes in the intestines of small yellow croaker from the healthy group and the infection group * and *** represent p<0.05 and 0.001, respectively, and ns represents no significant difference.

表1 健康组和感染组小黄鱼肠道微生物的Chao1指数与Shannon指数

Table 1 Chao1 and Shannon indices between the healthy group and infection group of small yellow croaker

组别 Group	Chao1指数 Chao1 index	Shannon指数 Shannon index
健康组Healthy group	3 214.10±487.58 a	7.83±1.04 a
感染组Infection group	2 731.57±465.00 b	7.63±1.26 b

图4 健康组与感染组小黄鱼肠道微生物在门水平的组成与相对丰度

Fig.4 Composition and abundance of intestinal microbiota at the phylum level in healthy and infected small yellow croaker

图5 健康组与感染组小黄鱼肠道微生物在属水平的组成与相对丰度

Fig.5 Composition and abundance of intestinal microbiota at the genus level in small yellow croaker from the healthy group and the infection group

图6 健康组和感染组小黄鱼肠道基于16S rRNA的KEGG预测结果

Fig.6 KEGG prediction results based on 16S rRNA of small yellow croaker from the healthy group and the infection group

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刺激隐核虫感染对小黄鱼肠道的组织结构、免疫水平与微生物组成的影响

Effects of Cryptocaryon irritans infection on the intestinal histology, immune level and microbiota composition of Larimichthys polyactis

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