Application of microbial deodorant in livestock and poultry farms

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.08.22

Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis ›› 2021, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (8): 1552-1564.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.08.22

Application of microbial deodorant in livestock and poultry farms

MA Shixia¹^,²(), BAI Qianwen¹^,², ZHOU Wei¹^,², MA Xianying¹^,², TIAN Pan³, CAI Xindong¹^,², FAN Sisi¹^,², WANG Xiaohang¹^,², MA Zhongren¹, CHEN Shien¹^,², SUN Na¹, DING Gongtao¹^,^*()

1. Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
2. College of Life Sciences and Engineering,Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730124, China
3. Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co,.Ltd., Lanzhou 730046, China

Received:2020-11-10 Online:2021-08-25 Published:2021-08-27
Contact: DING Gongtao

Abstract

Abstract:

The odor gases such as NH₃, H₂S and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted during livestock and poultry breeding cause serious harm to the environment, human and animal health. In this paper, the main components and sources of malodorous gases in livestock and poultry farms, mechanism and current research progress of microbial deodorants were summarized, and mechanism of microbial degradation of odor gases was described elaborately. These odor gases mainly come from the anaerobic fermentation of intestinal flora and indigenous microorganisms in livestock and poultry manure. The composition is complex, and the emission reduction and regulation of odor gases has become an important task of livestock and poultry farms. Biological deodorization has become the main method for deodorization in livestock and poultry farms due to its strong adaptability to the environment, long duration and promising removal effect. Microbial deodorant is a combination of deodorizing microorganisms, which decomposes odorous gases as nutrients and oxidizes them into odorless and harmless end products such as CO₂, H₂O, S $O 4 2 -$ and N $O 3 -$ by using their physiological metabolic activities.

Key words: microbial deodorant, livestock and poultry farms, odor gas, mechanism of action

CLC Number:

MA Shixia, BAI Qianwen, ZHOU Wei, MA Xianying, TIAN Pan, CAI Xindong, FAN Sisi, WANG Xiaohang, MA Zhongren, CHEN Shien, SUN Na, DING Gongtao. Application of microbial deodorant in livestock and poultry farms[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2021, 33(8): 1552-1564.

Figures/Tables 6

References 102

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恶臭气体 Odor gas		来源 Source	危害 Harm	参考文献 Reference
NH₃		粪尿、饲料残渣和垫料等有机物被细菌分解 Organic matters such as feces and urine,feed residues and bedding materials are decomposed by bacteria	刺激机体黏膜,降低生产力;破坏中枢神经系统 Stimulate the mucous membrane and reduce the productivity;damage the central nervous system.	[30-31]
H₂S	含硫有机物 Sulfur containing organic compounds	粪便中含硫有机物经微生物(主要是硫酸盐还原菌SRB)的厌氧发酵 The sulfur-containing organic matter in feces is anaerobic fermented by microorganisms (mainly SRB)	刺激机体黏膜,破坏中枢和呼吸神经系统 Stimulate the mucous membrane and destroy the central and respiratory nervous system	[8, 32]
VOCs	胺类化合物 Amine compounds 芳香族化合物 Aromatic compounds	胃肠道中各种微生物(例如乳酸菌属、梭菌属、拟杆菌属等)的厌氧发酵 Anaerobic fermentation of various microorganisms (such as lactic acid bacterium, Clostridia, Bacteroides, etc) in gastrointestinal tract	降低免疫力,引发呼吸道疾病 Reduce immunity and cause respiratory diseases	[8, 33]

恶臭气体 Odor gas		来源 Source	危害 Harm	参考文献 Reference
NH₃		粪尿、饲料残渣和垫料等有机物被细菌分解 Organic matters such as feces and urine,feed residues and bedding materials are decomposed by bacteria	刺激机体黏膜,降低生产力;破坏中枢神经系统 Stimulate the mucous membrane and reduce the productivity;damage the central nervous system.	[30-31]
H₂S	含硫有机物 Sulfur containing organic compounds	粪便中含硫有机物经微生物(主要是硫酸盐还原菌SRB)的厌氧发酵 The sulfur-containing organic matter in feces is anaerobic fermented by microorganisms (mainly SRB)	刺激机体黏膜,破坏中枢和呼吸神经系统 Stimulate the mucous membrane and destroy the central and respiratory nervous system	[8, 32]
VOCs	胺类化合物 Amine compounds 芳香族化合物 Aromatic compounds	胃肠道中各种微生物(例如乳酸菌属、梭菌属、拟杆菌属等)的厌氧发酵 Anaerobic fermentation of various microorganisms (such as lactic acid bacterium, Clostridia, Bacteroides, etc) in gastrointestinal tract	降低免疫力,引发呼吸道疾病 Reduce immunity and cause respiratory diseases	[8, 33]

方法 Method	填料(滤料) Packing (filter)	优点 Advantage	缺点 Disadvantage
生物过滤法 Biofiltration method	堆肥、木屑、泥炭等 Compost, sawdust, peat, etc	操作简单、能耗小、用水量少 Simple operation,low energy consumption and low water consumption	占地面积大,需定期更换填料,处理效率低 Large footprint with regular filler replacement and low disposal efficiency
生物滴滤法 Biological drop filtration method	沸石、陶瓷、塑料等 Zeolites, ceramics, plastics, etc	承载量大,可重复利用,压力损失小,操作条件易控制 Large load capacity, reusable, small pressure loss, easy control of operating conditions	需定期更换填料和营养物质,气体停留时间长,处理效率低 The filler and nutrients need to be replaced regularly, the gas residence time is long, and the treatment efficiency is low
生物洗涤法 Biological wash method	活性污泥 Activated sludge	可处理大量臭气,操作条件易控制,占地面积小 A large amount of odor can be treated, the operating conditions are easy to control, and the footprint is small	需定期添加营养物质,设备费用大,操作复杂 Nutrients need to be added regularly, equipment is expensive and operation is complicated

方法 Method	填料(滤料) Packing (filter)	优点 Advantage	缺点 Disadvantage
生物过滤法 Biofiltration method	堆肥、木屑、泥炭等 Compost, sawdust, peat, etc	操作简单、能耗小、用水量少 Simple operation,low energy consumption and low water consumption	占地面积大,需定期更换填料,处理效率低 Large footprint with regular filler replacement and low disposal efficiency
生物滴滤法 Biological drop filtration method	沸石、陶瓷、塑料等 Zeolites, ceramics, plastics, etc	承载量大,可重复利用,压力损失小,操作条件易控制 Large load capacity, reusable, small pressure loss, easy control of operating conditions	需定期更换填料和营养物质,气体停留时间长,处理效率低 The filler and nutrients need to be replaced regularly, the gas residence time is long, and the treatment efficiency is low
生物洗涤法 Biological wash method	活性污泥 Activated sludge	可处理大量臭气,操作条件易控制,占地面积小 A large amount of odor can be treated, the operating conditions are easy to control, and the footprint is small	需定期添加营养物质,设备费用大,操作复杂 Nutrients need to be added regularly, equipment is expensive and operation is complicated

底物 Substrate	菌种 Strain	品种 Variety	试验期 Trial period/d	添加量 Added volume	作用效果 Effect	参考文献 Reference
基础日粮 Basal diet	地衣芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌 Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis	约克夏×长白猪 Yorkshire× Landrace	112	1.47×10⁸ CFU·g^-1	提高干物质和N元素的消化率,显著降低粪便中NH₃的排放量 Improve the digestibility of dry matter and N element,significantly reduce the NH₃ emission in feces	[68]
基础日粮 Basal diet	枯草芽孢杆菌、酵母菌、乳酸菌 Bacillus subtilis, yeast, lactic acid bacteria	马岗肉鹅 Magonaute geese	28	2.00%	提高饲料利用率,降低粪便中NH₃和 H₂S排放量 Increase feed utilization and decrease fecal NH₃ and H₂S emissions	[69]
基础日粮 Basal diet	枯草芽孢杆菌、乳酸杆菌 Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus	三元杂交断奶仔猪 Weaned piglets from triple cross	28	2.00%	降低粪便中H₂S和NH₃含量 Reduce levels of H₂S and NH₃ in feces	[70]
玉米-豆粕型全价饲料 Corn-soybean meal type full valent feed	乳酸菌、地衣芽孢杆菌 Lactic acid bacteria, Bacillus licheniformis	约克夏×荣昌猪 Yorkshire× Rongchang pig	30	0.50%	降低粪便中VOCs含量,提高新鲜粪便菌群丰度 Decrease the amount of VOCs in feces and increase the abundance of fresh fecal flora	[71]
基础日粮 Basal diet	解淀粉芽孢杆菌 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens	罗斯308 Ross 308	35	5 g·kg^-1	提高血清免疫球蛋白水平,降低大肠杆菌数量和粪便中NH₃和H₂S的排放 Elevate serum immunoglobulin levels and decrease Escherichia coli counts and fecal NH₃ and H₂S emissions	[72]
基础日粮 Basal diet	地衣芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌 Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis	长白猪×约克夏× 杜洛克 Landrace× Yorkshire× Duroc	105	0.8 g·kg^-1	提高饲料消化率、增加粪便中乳酸菌数量、降低粪便中NH₃和总硫醇的排放量 Increase feed digestibility,increase fecal Lactobacillus counts,and decrease fecal NH₃ and total thiol emissions	[73]
基础日粮 Basal diet	枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌 Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis	樱桃谷肉鸭 Cherry valley duck	28	1 g·kg^-1	降低舍内NH₃浓度和微生物数量 Decrease house NH₃ concentration and microbial count	[74]
	枯草芽孢杆菌 Bacillus subtilis			2 g·kg^-1

Application of microbial deodorant in livestock and poultry farms

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场所 Place	菌种 Strain	试验期 Trial period/d	频率 Frequency	用量 Consumption	有害气体 Hazardous gases	效果 Effect	参考文献 Reference
猪舍 Pigsty	啤酒酵母、乳酸菌 Brewer’s yeast, lactic acid bacteria	5	每日1次 Once per day	每舍2 L原液(1∶10) 2 L stock solution per house (1∶10)	H₂S	去除率达29% The removal rate was 29%	[83]
		15	每日2次 Twice per day	每舍1 L原液(1∶20) 2 L stock solution per house (1∶20)	NH₃	去除率达15% The removal rate was 15%
猪舍 Pigsty	乳酸菌、酵母菌 Lactic acid bacteria,yeast	30	每日1次 Once per day	每舍1.4 L原液 (除臭剂∶水=1∶10) 1.4 L stock solution per house(deodorant∶water= 1∶10)	NH₃	最终浓度1.95 mg·m^-3 The final concentration was 1.95 mg·m^-3	[84]
兔舍 Hutch	酵母菌、醋酸杆菌、乳酸杆菌、放线菌、光合细菌 Yeast,Acetobacteraceti, Lactobacillus, Actinomyces, photosynthetic bacteria	10	一次性喷洒 Disposable spray	20 kg(菌剂∶水=1∶500) 20 kg(microbial inoculum∶water=1∶500)	NH₃	最终浓度2.2 mg·m^-3 The final concentration was 2.2 mg·m^-3	[85]
					H₂S	最终浓度2.8 mg·m^-3 The final concentration was 2.8 mg·m^-3
鸡舍 Henhouse	啤酒酵母、乳酸菌 Brewer’s yeast,lactic acid bacteria	3	每日1次 Once per day	每舍2 L原液(1∶10) 2 L stock solution per house (1∶10)	NH₃	含量降低41.12% Content reduction 41.12%	[86]
		7	每日2次 Twice per day	每舍1 L原液(1∶20) 1 L stock solution per house (1∶20)
		3	每日1次 Once per day	每舍2 L原液(1∶10) 2 L stock solution per house (1∶10)	H₂S	含量降低54.56% Content reduction 54.56%
		7	每日2次 Twice per day	每舍1 L原液(1∶20) 1 L stock solution per house (1∶20)

底物 Substrate	菌种 Strain	添加量 Additions/%	t	θ/℃	pH	有害气体 Hazardous gases	去除率 Removal rate/%	参考文献 Reference
新鲜鸡粪 Fresh chicken feces	WSD-5纤维素降解复合菌 WSD-5 cellulose degrading complex	5	44 d	-	8.0~9.3	NH₃	28.90	[98]
新鲜鸡粪 Fresh chicken feces	嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌、产朊假丝酵母、枯草芽孢杆菌 Stearothermophilus, Candida prion producing yeast, Bacillus subtilis	5	12 d	-	6.95	NH₃	53.11	[99]
新鲜鸡粪 Fresh chicken feces	甲基营养型芽孢杆菌 G-6 Methylotrophic Bacillus G-6	5	10 h	37	-	H₂S	57.80	[100]
						NH₃	29.26
鸡粪 Chicken feces	WSD-5纤维素降解复合菌 WSD-5 cellulose degrading complex	5	44 d	55~60	-	NH₃	28.90	[101]
	松鼠葡萄球菌、巨大芽孢杆菌 Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus megaterium						34.10
猪粪 Pig feces	乳酸片球菌CC7、解淀粉芽孢杆菌CC13、罗伦隐球酵母CC16 Pediococcus lactis CC7, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CC13, Cryptococcus rosenbergii CC16	10	54 h	32	7	NH₃	85.6	[102]

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