Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis

Effects of potassium application rate on chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics and yield of spring maize in Ningxia under integrated drip irrigation

WANG Jia, MU Ruirui, YANG Qiaoqiao, LIU Wei, ZHANG Yuehe, KANG Jianhong

2021, 33(8): 1347-1357. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.08.01

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Through two-year field experiments in 2018-2019, the effects of different potassium application rates on the chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics and yield of Ningxia spring maize were studied. Using Tianci 19 as the test material, a random block test design was adopted, with six gradient potassium fertilizer treatments, K0 (0 kg·hm^-2), K1 (60 kg·hm^-2), K2 (120 kg·hm^-2), K3 (180 kg·hm^-2), K4 (240 kg·hm^-2), K5 (300 kg·hm^-2).The results showed that potassium fertilizer can enhance the fluorescence characteristics of maize and increase the yield of spring maize in Ningxia. When potassium was applied at 180 kg·hm^-2, SPAD, maximum fluorescence(F_m), potential activity of PSⅡ(F_v/F_o), the primary maximum photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ(F_v/F_m), PSⅡcomprehensive performance index(PI), light energy absorbed by unit reaction center (ABS/RC) and other indicators all reached the optimum. In the range of 0-180 kg·hm^-2, the yield of maize increased with the increase of potassium application. When the amount of potassium application exceeded 180 kg·hm^-2, the yield of spring maize began to decline.Correlation analysis showed that the yield was related to SPAD, F_m, minimum fluorescence (F_o), F_v/F_o, F_v/F_m, PI, ABS/RC, which showed different degrees of positive correlation. Therefore, the best application amount of potassium was 180 kg·hm ^-2.

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Optimization potential of phosphorus input in wheat production in China and its effects on yield, grain nutrition and ecological environment

LI Shunjin, AN Yuli, CUI Yutao, LI Haoran, CHEN Xinping, ZHANG Wei

2021, 33(8): 1358-1366. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.08.02

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In order to explore the effects of phosphorus (P) fertilizer application on wheat yield, ecological environment and human nutrition health in China, a meta-analysis was conducted by collecting published literatures to evaluate the contribution of P input to wheat yield, grain zinc (Zn) nutrition and ecological environment by using environmental energy analysis and Zn absorption model. It was shown that the application of P fertilizer averagely increased wheat yield by 21% on the national scale compared to no P applied, and the threshold of P input (based on P₂O₅, the same as below) for high yield production of wheat was 58.9 kg·hm^-2. Different regions had different thresholds due to various soil conditions and climatic factors. The threshold of P input in north China, northwest China, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and the southwest China was 71.6, 58.1, 47.8, 60.0 kg·hm^-2, respectively.Compared to the present P input, the application of threshold of P input could save P fertilizer in the wheat production system in China by 82.07×10⁴ t per year, and it would decrease the comprehensive environmental cost more than 36 million yuan per year. In addition, the Zn mass fraction and bioavailability in wheat grain could be enhanced by 3.83 mg·kg^-1 and 2.87 mg·d^-1, respectively, under thethreshold of P input.

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Construction of genetic map and analysis of QTL for grain protein traits using F_2∶5 pedigrees derived from Ningchun No.4×Hedong black wheat

WANG Zhangjun, YAO Mingming, YU Huixia, WANG Yanqing, LI Qingfeng, LIU Fenglou, LIU Caixia, ZHANG Shuangxi, ZHANG Xiaogang, LIU Shengxiang

2021, 33(8): 1367-1378. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.08.03

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To adapt to the demand about green high quality and efficient cultivar breeding of wheat, and industry improving for Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, using 248 F_2∶5 pedigrees of Ningchun No.4 × Hedong black wheat as materials, their genetic map was constructed, and grain protein traits QTL (quantitative trait locus) were analyzed, so as to provide breeding intermediate materials and QTL for genetic improvement of wheat protein traits in this area. The results showed that a molecular genetic map of 21 chromosomes in wheat was constructed using 197 SSR (simple sequence repeats) markers, the total length was 2 342.63 cM with an average interval distance of 11.89 cM. The distribution of quality traits in F_2∶5 pedigrees were significantly separated. Average values of crude protein content (14.49%) and wet gluten content (30.96%) were between those of high-parent and low-parent, the average value of stabilization time (10.86 min) was over the high parents. The proportion of over mid-parent was 50.81%, 77.82% and 50.00% in crude protein content, stabilization time and wet gluten content, respectively; Proportions of ultra-high parents was 21.77%, 59.27% and 22.98%, respectively. There was significantly positive correlation among three grain protein trait indices. 36 QTL loci of grain protein traits were explored by 22 SSR markers, there were 14 QTL, 6 QTL and 16 QTL of crude protein content, stabilization time and wet gluten content, respectively, those involved in chromosomes 1A, 2A, 3A, 5A, 7A, 1B, 2B, 6B, 1D, 2D, 3D, 4D, 5D, 6D and 7D, maximum logarithm of odds (LOD) score of these 36 QTL was 14.9, the contribution rates to phenotype were from 3% to 6%, their additive effects were from -1.71 to 1.17, and QTL enrichment regions of grain protein traits existed in 11 marker loci.

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Infection investigation and genetic evolution analysis of dairy cow coccidiosis in parts of Ningxia

ZHAO Hongxi, LIU Jibing

2021, 33(8): 1379-1384. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.08.04

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To investigate dairy cow coccidiosis infection status and epidemic characteristics in Ningxia, the fecal samples of calves with diarrhea collected from five large scale dairy farm in Wuzhong, Shizuishan and Helan of Ningxia were collected. The morphology, species and infection status of pathogeny were counted by saturated NaCl floating method and McMaster Egg Slide Counting method. Genomic DNA of coccidial oocyst was extracted for amplification and sequencing of 18S rRNA. DNAstar was used for sequence analysis with the published 18S rRNA gene of coccidia of dairy cattle, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. Results showed that in the random of 179 samples, the average cow coccidiosis infection rate was 56.98%, the range of infection rate was 40.00%-80.84%, and average number of oocysts per gram feces (OPG) value was 1 358. Morphological observation showed that sporogenous oocysts were round or elliptic, and preliminarily demonstrated the dominant species in this area were Eimeria zuerni and Eimeria bovis, whose size were (25.7-36.0)μm×(21.4-27.1)μm. Sequence analysis showed that strains isolated from Ningxia had a distant relationship with other strains, but there was a close relationship between the local strains. This study not only enriched the epidemiological materials of dairy cow coccidiosis, but also laid a foundation for the prevention and treatment of the disease.

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Genetics analysis based on mitochondrial COⅠ sequences in five cultured populations of red-claw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus)

LIU Shili, BIAN Yuling, JIA Yongyi, CHI Meili, LI Fei, ZHENG Jianbo, CHENG Shun, GU Zhimin

2021, 33(8): 1385-1392. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.08.05

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Cherax quadricarinatus is native to Australia with good breeding prospects. In the present study, the genetic diversity and structure of five cultured populations of Cherax quadricarinatus were evaluated based on mitochondrial COⅠ sequences, to provide basic data for scientific introduction, variety selection, and germplasm resource protection. The results showed that the complete sequence of the mitochondrial COⅠ region was 1 534 bp, of which 24 were variation sites, accounting for 1.6% of the analysis sites. In the 24 variation sites, 22 were parsimony-informative sites, and the average transversion ratio was 6.14. The content of (A+T) (58.7%) was higher than that of (G+C) (41.3%). A total of 35 haplotypes were defined in 143 individuals. Zhejiang, Hainan, and Taiwan cultured populations had some shared haplotypes (COⅠ-01, COⅠ-02, and COⅠ-03), and these three haplotypes were dominant also. The haplotype diversity of Jiangsu cultured population (0.739) was the lowest, while the highest was found in Anhui cultured population (0.881). The haplotype diversity index and nucleotide diversity index of whole samples were 0.896 and 0.004 65, respectively. The genetic distance between different cultured populations varied from 0.002 63 to 0.006 81, and the genetic distance between Zhejiang and Hainan cultured populations was the closest, while the genetic distance between Hainan and Anhui cultured populations was the furthest. The genetic differentiation coefficient within populations was 0.342 1 (P<0.01), indicating genetic differentiation within populations. The genetic diversity of the five cultured populations of C. quadricarinatus was different, indicating that there was some gene exchange among populations. These results provided molecular biological basis for the rational development and utilization of the germplasm resources of C. quadricarinatus.

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Association analysis of VIPR-1 gene polymorphism and early growth traits in egg quail

DONG Zhihao, CHEN Yu, HUANG Gaoxiang, BAI Junyan, LI Jingyun, ZHAO Shujuan, LEI Ying, WANG Xinle, HU Qihang, FAN Zhengyu

2021, 33(8): 1393-1401. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.08.06

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To analyze whether VIPR-1 gene can be used as a molecular marker or candidate gene for early growth traits of quail or not, in this study, three egg quails, namely Chinese yellow quail, Chinese white quail and Korean quail, were used as experimental materials. PCR-RFLP and sequencing were used to detect the polymorphism of exon 6-7 of VIPR-1 gene, and the correlation between the polymorphism and the early growth traits of egg quail was analyzed. The results showed that 15 SNP loci were detected in exon 6-7 of VIPR-1 gene in three egg quails, which were A94G, G97T, C201T, A204G, A233G, C260G, A299T, C354T, A355G, C378T, C407G, A425C, A543G, G585T, A586G. Three genotypes, AA (285 bp/811 bp), AG(285 bp/811 bp/1 096 bp) and GG(1 096 bp), were detected by restriction enzyme analysis of HpyCH4IV (A355G). The genotypic frequencies of AA, AG and GG were 0.227, 0.636, 0.136, 0.087, 0.609, 0.304, respectively. The frequencies of AG and GG genotypes in Korean quail were 0.235 and 0.765, respectively. At the age of 1-4 weeks, the HpyCH4IV locus of VIPR-1 gene was significantly correlated with the daily gain, body weight, tibial length, chest width, chest depth, sternal length and tibial circumference of Chinese yellow quails (P<0.05). There was a significant correlation between HpyCH4IV locus and tibial circumference of Chinese white quails (P<0.05). There was a significant correlation between HpyCH4IV locus and body weight, chest width and chest depth of Korean quail (P<0.05). At the age of 5-7 weeks, the HpyCH4IV locus of VIPR-1 gene was significantly correlated with the body weight, sternal length, tibial length, body length, chest width, chest depth, tibial circumference, daily gain and relative growth rate of Chinese yellow quails (P<0.05). There was a significant correlation between HpyCH4IV locus and daily gain and relative growth of Chinese white quails (P<0.05). There was a significant correlation between HpyCH4IV locus and body weight of Korean quail (P<0.05). In conclusion, the HpyCH4IV locus (A355G) in exon 6-7 of VIPR-1 gene has some influence on the early growth traits of quail.

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Effect of different maturity on fruit quality of apricot

ZHANG Zhigang, LIU Yufang, LI Changcheng, LI Hong, CHENG Ping, YANG Lu

2021, 33(8): 1402-1408. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.08.07

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To understand the effect of different maturity on apricot fruit quality, small white apricot, grossy white apricot, large green apricot and tree dry apricot in Xinjiang were taken as the matertals, maturity was judged according to turning yellow rate. The relationship between different maturity and fruit quality of 4 apricot cultivars with different harvest maturity (Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ) was analyzed. The physical characters of the 4 apricot cultivars, such as vertical diameter and single fruit weight, were in turn as glossy white apricot>large green apricot>small white apricot>tree dry apricot. Four apricot varieties increased with fruit ripeness, the total sugar content increased while the hardness decreased.The maturity of 4 varieties was negatively correlated with hardness and total phenol(P<0.05), there was a significant positive correlation with total sugar and reducing sugar (P<0.05), and there was little difference in other indicators. When the quality of small white apricot in maturity Ⅱ was the best, which was the optimal harvest time, the quality of glossy white apricot, large green apricot and tree dry apricot in maturity Ⅲ was the best for the optimal harvest time. It is necessary to further study the optimum harvesting period for apricot quality under different storage conditions.

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Effects of reduced application of chemical fertilizers and ratio of base and topdressing fertilizers on yield and quality of garlic in integrated mode of water and fertilizer

QI Zhenyu, CAI Licong, HU Weizhen, CAI Pan, ZHANG Longping, REN Yanyun, ZHOU Yanhong

2021, 33(8): 1409-1415. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.08.08

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In order to understand the effect of the appropriate ratio of base and topdressing fertilizers for water and fertilizer integrated irrigation on the yield and quality of garlic, the local purple garlic in Jiaxiang was used as an experimental variety, and different irrigation treatments were set under the fertigation condition with 20% reduction of fertilizer. The results showed that the water and fertilizer integrated irrigation treatment saved about 40.85 m³ of water per 667 m² and the water-saving rate reached 52.50% compared with the conventional flood irrigation. Among different ratios of base and topdressing fertilizers and irrigation methods, the treatment of water and fertilizer coupling sprinkler irrigation, 60% basal fertilizers and 40% topdressing fertilizers had the best effect on yield increase. The yield of garlic sprouts and garlic increased by 14.48% and 10.89% compared with the conventional flood irrigation, respectively. Meanwhile, water and fertilizer integrated irrigation improved the quality parameters of garlic. Soluble protein and soluble sugar increased by 9.01% and 15.75% compared with the conventional flood irrigation, respectively. These results suggested that water and fertilizer integrated irrigation and optimizing ratio of base and topdressing fertilizers could reduce fertilizer and water usage and increase crop yields.

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Effects on photochemical fluorescence properties under salt-alkaline stresses about Sinocalycanthus chinensis

ZHOU Beining, MAO Lian, HUA Zhuangzhuang, LU Jianguo

2021, 33(8): 1416-1425. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.08.09

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Three-year-old seedlings of Sinocalycanthus chinensis were used as experimental materials and set up eightalkaline salt NaHCO₃ treatment levels (CK, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%) to explore the effects of different alkaline salt stresses on the photosynthetic fluorescence characteristics of Sinocalycanthus chinensis, whichprovided theoretical guidance for the production practice and cultivation of Sinocalycanthus chinensis. The results showed that under NaHCO₃ stress, photosynthetic indices such as net photosynthetic rate (P_n), transpiration rate (T_r), stomatal conductance (G_s), water use efficiency (WUE), maximum net photosynthetic rate (P_nmax) and light saturation point (LSP) all showed downward trends, and the higher the concentration was, the more significant the decline. The intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i) exhibited changes of decreasing followed by increase, while the light compensation point (LCP) showed an upward trend. With the increase of NaHCO₃ concentration, the OJIP curve of Sinocalycanthus chinensis leaves gradually showed an obvious K point, and F_o exhibited changes of decreasing followed by increase, while F_m, F_v, F_v/F_m and F_v/F_o exhibited changes of increasing followed by decrease. The light energy absorbed by the unit reaction center ABS/RC, the energy dissipated by heat DI_o/RC and the energy captured for Q_A reduction TR_o/RC all exhibited changes of decreasing followed by increase, while the energy used for electron transfer in the unit reaction center ET_o/RC gradually decreased. It indicated that the alkaline salt stress caused damage to the photosynthetic system of Sinocalycanthus chinensis, and the higher the concentration was, the greater the damage degree was. Low concentration of NaHCO₃ stress caused the decrease of net photosynthetic rate P_nof Sinocalycanthus chinensis due to stomatal limitation and had a weak inhibitory effect on the photochemical fluorescence performance of leaves, which properly improved the activity of PSⅡreaction center. The reason for the decrease of P_n caused by high concentration (>0.3%) stress might be non-stomatal restriction, seriously damaging the donor side and receptor side of PSⅡreaction center and leading to the inactivation of most PSⅡreaction centers.

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Effects of fertilization ratio and irrigation level on growth characteristics and incidence rate of Panax notoginseng

LIU Yanwei, ZHOU Xiao, YANG Qiliang, CHA Pinyuan

2021, 33(8): 1426-1435. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.08.10

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In order to explore the irrigation and fertilization mode which was conducive to the growth and development of Panax notoginseng and reduce the incidence of disease. Taking 3-year-old P. notoginseng as material, the field experiment was adopted, and the experiment set a total of three irrigation levels: W1 (low water, 0.5FC, FC was field water holding capacity), W2 (medium water, 0.7FC), W3 (high water, 0.9FC), and four fertilization levels: F1, F2, F3, F4, the annual fertilization amount was 96 kg·667m^-2, the fertilization ratios of root weight gaining stage: seedling stage: flowering stage: fruiting stage were 25%∶25%∶25%∶25%, 20%∶25%∶30%∶25%, 15%∶30%∶30%∶25% and 10%∶40%∶20%∶30%, respectively. Effects of different fertilizer rates during the growth period and irrigation coupling on the growth characteristics, photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter accumulation and incidence of P. notoginseng were analyzed. The results showed that fresh weight and dry weight of the above-ground part, fresh weight and dry weight of roots, plant height and stem thickness in the seedling and fruiting stages in W2F4 treatment were the largest. The largest increase in stem thickness was W1F3 and W2F3 treatments, and the largest increase in plant height was W2F3 and W2F4 treatments. Net photosynthetic rate (P_n), leaf instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE) and light energy use efficiency in the flowering stage of P. notoginseng were higher than those in the fruiting stage. W2F4 and W2F3 treatments had low incidence in June, July and August. In summary, it could be seen that proper water stress and fertilizer increase in seedling and fruit stage were beneficial to increase the yield of Panax notoginseng and reduce the incidence of disease.

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Analysis of inter-species relationship of Phyllagathis cavaleriei and its related species by use of ITS sequences

LU Pengcheng, ZHANG Wenchun, CHEN Jianfang, HUANG Xuemin, YE Jing, PENG Donghui

2021, 33(8): 1436-1444. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.08.11

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In oder to clarify the phylogenetic relationship between Phyllagathis cavaleriei and its related species and provide data basis for its cross breeding,46 samples were collected from China, including P. cavaleriei and its related species P. cavaleriei var. tankahkeei and P. cavaleriei var. wilsoniana in China. Sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the ribosomal gene (nrDNA) of the tested samples was analyzed, and phylogenetic tree was constructed to study the phylogenetic relationship. The results showed that length of ITS1, ITS2, and 5.8S sequences of 46 materials were 246, 230, and 160-161 bp, respectively. Total 426 variable sites were found in ITS1 and ITS2 sequences with 232 informative sites. There were 202 mutation sites and 84 informative sites in 5.8S sequence. Based on ITS sequence, an evolutionary tree was constructed, materials could be divided into two branches. P. cavaleriei and P. cavaleriei var. tankahkeei were clustered into one branch in the cluster tree, and the branches were embedded into each other, while P. cavaleriei var. wilsoniana was clustered into a single branch. The above results showed that P. cavaleriei was closely related to P. cavaleriei var. tankahkeei, while P. cavaleriei var. wilsoniana was far related. The results supported Flora of China to deal with P. cavaleriei var. tankahkeei as a different name of P. cavaleriei, P. cavaleriei var. wilsoniana was a separate species.

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Transcriptome analysis of Hemerocallis fulva under low temperature stress

HUANG Changbing, CHENG Peilei, YANG Shaozong, ZHANG Huanchao, JIANG Zhengzhi, JIN Limin

2021, 33(8): 1445-1460. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.08.12

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Low temperature stress is one of the most serious abiotic stresses in Hemerocallis fulva breeding and production. In this study, the rhizomes of cold-tolerant and cold-sensitive H. fulva before and after low temperature treatment were used as materials, and the gene expression differences of cold-tolerant and cold-sensitive H. fulva under low temperature stress were compared using transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) technology. The results were as follows: More than 35 880 734 high-quality clean reads were obtained from all four samples; After low temperature treatment, the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of cold-tolerant hemerocallis was higher than that of cold sensitive type, and the DEGs were mainly concentrated in secondary metabolites and other related pathways; The expression trends of Ca²⁺ signaling pathway genes, MAPKs signaling pathway genes, transcription factors, and heat shock protein genes showed different changes in the two Hemerocallis species, which might lead to different responses to low temperature stress. qRT-PCR results showed that the trends of DEGs expression were consistent with those of RNA-seq. These results indicated that Ca²⁺ signaling pathway genes and MAPKs signaling pathway genes played important role in H. fulva response to low temperature stress.

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Isolation and identification of pathogen causing anthracnose on Aspidistra elatior

HUANG Yuting, SUN Jie, ZHANG Huijuan, ZHU Yan, JIANG Ming

2021, 33(8): 1461-1467. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.08.13

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To identify the pathogenic fungus causing anthracnose on Aspidistra elatior, tissue isolation method was applied on the samples collected and a fungus strain YYL was obtained. Acupuncture method was used to confirm its pathogenicity. Based on the morphological identification results, ITS, ACT, GAPDH, and CAL fragments were cloned for multigene analysis. The results showed that YYL had high pathogenicity, and the characteristics of colony, hyphae, and conidium were well matched to Colletotrichum lilii. The gene fragments from YYL shared the highest similarity with C. lilii, and the ITS and ACT sequences of both YYL and C. lilii were identical. By combining the morphological features and molecular biological identification results, C. lilii was identified as the pathogen causing anthracnose on Aspidistra elatior.

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Screening of cellulase producing strains from rotten wood in Xinjiang cold area and analysis of their characteristics of enzyme production at low temperature

FENG Xinxin, LI Fenglan, XU Yongqing, LI Lei, HE Fumeng, FENG Yanzhong, YUAN Qiang, LIU Di

2021, 33(8): 1468-1476. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.08.14

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In order to screen out the strains which can degrade cellulose efficiently at low temperature and improve the degradation rate of cellulose under low temperature, in this study, rotten wood in cold area of Xinjiang was used as experimental material, and the low-temperature cellulose degrading bacteria were screened. Four strains of fungi which could grow at low temperature and degrade cellulose were screened at 4 ℃. Morphological and molecular biological methods were used for identification of low temperature strains. They were Penicillium chrysogenum, two Trichoderma citrinoviride strains and Neurospora sitophila. The cold tolerance test showed that all the strains were cold resistant. Studies on the characteristics of enzyme production of 4 low-temperature bacteria showed that the optimal culture time for cellulase production was 9 d, the optimal initial pH of the culture medium was 7, the optimal temperature was 25 ℃, and the optimal inoculation amount was 5%. The straw degradation test showed that these four strains of fungi had ability to degrade the straw, and had the best degradation effect on the corn straw with the fermentation rate above 40%.

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Accumulation ability and bioremediation potential of water dropwort on nine elements in livestock and poultry breeding wastewater

ZHAO Huijun, YAO Dongrui, SUN Linhe, CUI Jian, CHANG Yajun, CAO Jianjun

2021, 33(8): 1477-1488. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.08.15

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To clarify the absorption and accumulation ability to elements in livestock and poultry breeding wastewater and the bioremediation potential of water dropwort, an in-situ experiment was performed with livestock and poultry breeding wastewater as a nutrient source to study the dynamic changes of 9 elements (C, N, P, K, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, Zn), stoichiometric characteristics, accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus, etc, in different organs of water dropwort at different growth stages. It was shown thatthe average mass fraction of C (542.46 g·kg ^-1), N (41.35 g·kg^-1) and P (7.03 g·kg^-1) of water dropwort were 1.5, 1.6 and 2.1 times of those of aquatic plants in inland waters of China, respectively. The total N and P accumulation of the water dropwort were 165.90 g·m^-2 and 119.7 g·m^-2, respectively, which was higher than that of water hyacinth.The highest mass fraction of K was found in the stem of water dropwort, while Ca, Na, Mg, Fe and Zn were enriched in the root. The mass fraction of N in leaves was higher than that in the root and stem, and the comprehensive accumulation index of nine elements in leaves was significantly(P<0.05) higher than that in root and stem.In water dropwort, the C∶N was 9.42-18.55, and the C∶P was 48.82-194.72, which were lower than the global average level. The correlation between N content and C∶N, P content and C∶P decreased with the growth of water dropwort. The N∶P of water dropwort was 3.59-10.56 (<14), indicating that the growth of water dropwort was still limited by N under the expeirment condition.The results informed that the water dropwort with strong accumulation capacity for N and P in livestock and poultry breeding wastewater is an ideal green plant for the restoration of heavily eutrophic water.

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Determination of suitable harvesting time of Macadamia integrifolia cv. HAES695 for processing of slotted nut

HE Peng, ZHANG Tao, SONG Haiyun, ZHENG Shufang, QIN Zhenshi, TAN Qiujin, HUANG Xiyun, TANG Xiuhua, XU Peng, CHEN Haisheng, WANG Wenlin

2021, 33(8): 1489-1496. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.08.16

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The changes of kernel quality and slotted effect of the Macadamia integrifolia cv. HAES695 (695 for short), one of the main Macadamia nut variety in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, were investigated. The nut in shell of 695 was used as raw material, the kernel quality and slotted effect of Ⅰ (August 20th), Ⅱ (August 30th), Ⅲ (September 9th) and Ⅳ (September 19th) harvest period (plus or minus one day) were studied in 2017 and 2019. The contents of fat, total sugar, protein and amino acid in the nuts of different maturity were determined. The amino acid ratio coefficient method was used to evaluate the nutrition of the samples, the qualified rate, shell-off rate and perfect kernel ratio were determined. The results showed that coefficients of variation of L-aspartic acid, proline, methionine and total sugar were higher in different years, there was no significant difference in the contents of glutamate, glycine, valine, L-isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, L-phenylalanine, histidine, arginine, essential amino acid, total amino acid, ratio coefficient of amino acid among the 12 indexes (P>0.05), threonine, serine, glutamic acid, alanine, proline and lysine were significantly decreased in harvest period Ⅱ and later (P<0.05). The slotted effect were greatly affected by harvest period, the slotted qualified rate was the best at harvest period Ⅱ, qualification rate of slotted effect was better at harvest period Ⅰ and Ⅱ, the perfect kernel ratio at harvest period Ⅲ was the worst, and the fat content at harvest period Ⅱ was lower than that at harvest period Ⅳ. There was a significant negative correlation between protein and score of ratio coefficient of amino acid, a significant negative correlation between fat and qualified rate, a significant positive correlation between fat and score of ratio coefficient of amino acid, a significant positive correlation between qualified rate and shell-off rate, a significant correlation between shell-off rate and perfect kernel ratio, by factor analysis, it was found that the cumulative contribution rate of the two factors was 97.45%, which could reflect enough information of each index. The comprehensive evaluation of fruit quality showed that the fruit quality was the best around harvest period Ⅱ, which was most suitable for processing open-shelled fruits.

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Apple stem/calyx recognition based on fringe projection

CAI Jiaxu, WANG Fei, XI Dongdong, LIU Lu, WANG Yuwei

2021, 33(8): 1497-1504. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.08.17

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To avoid the interference of apple stem/calyx area on its surface defect detection, an apple stem/calyx recognition method is proposed in the present assay. Firstly, by taking use of phase-shifting fringe projection technology, the deflection phases of the reference plane under multiple angles are simulated with mathematical transformation. Secondly, the phase-height images under multiple angles are obtained by subtracting the deflection phases from the absolute phase of the apple. Based on the concavity characteristic of the stem/calyx, the phase-height images are filled with morphological grayscale algorithm to obtain the phase filled images. Finally, the phase difference images are computed by subtracting the phase-height images from the phase filled images, then the stem/calyx area can be accurately located through threshold segmentation. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively recognize the stem/calyx area of apple at different positions, and has good robustness and applicability with the recognition accuracy of 97.33%.

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Determining tree species and crown width from unmanned aerial vehicle imagery in hilly loess region of west Shanxi, China: a case study from Caijiachuan watershed

WU Ningshan, WANG Jiaxi, ZHANG Yan, YUAN Mutian, ZHANG Qi, GAO Chiyu

2021, 33(8): 1505-1518. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.08.18

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In the present study, Caijiachuan Watershed in the hilly loess region of west Shanxi was selected as the study area to examine the feasibility of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) remote sensing in extracting forest species and stand characteristics. The information of forest species and crown width were identified and extracted from visible images of UAV using the object-based nearest neighbor classification method, and the accuracy was evaluated by comparison with field investigation. The presented method was also used in the watershed level to investigate forest species and canopy characteristics in the farmland sub-watershed and plantation sub-watershed. The results showed that the Kappa coefficient of the confusion matrix for forest species classification was 0.898 and 0.728 in the farmland sub-watershed and in the plantation sub-watershed, respectively, suggesting higher accuracy under the condition of low canopy density than that under multiple vegetation types with high canopy density. According to the determination coefficient between the extracted and measured crown width, the accuracy of crown width extraction of planted forests and economic forest (R²>0.7) was higher than that of secondary forests (R²=0.422 3). Based on the UAV remote sensing and the presented method, it was found that the mixed forest of Robinia pseudoacacia L., Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. and Platycladus orientalis(L.) Franco was dominant, along with the economic forest, Malus domestica Borkh. in the plantation sub-watershed, as the stand density of Pinus tabulaeform was 1 744 hm ^-2, with the average crown width of 2.24 m, ad the stand density of Malus domestica was 382 hm ^-2 with the average crown width of 4.26 m. There were 912 Malus domestica, with a stand density of 439 hm ^-2 and an average crown width of 3.84 m in the farmland sub-watershed. These results indicated that the proposed method coupled with UAV remote sensing would improve the efficiency and increase the accuracy of forest resource surveys with the capability in forest species classification, tree number counting and crown width estimation.

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Evaluation of rural tourism land competitiveness based on neural-network method and weighted model: a case study of Miyun District in Beijing, China

XIAN Weixuan, SHANG Guobei, LIU Qiaoqin, LIU Yu

2021, 33(8): 1519-1528. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.08.19

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Scientific evaluation of the competitiveness of rural tourism land and identification of its obstacles are the premise and basis for optimizing the layout of rural tourism industry, and also an effective way to achieve rural revitalization.In the present study, Miyun District of Beijing was selected as an sample. Thirteen indicators from three dimensions of resource endowment characteristics, regional ecological environment and tourism development conditions were selected to construct a tourism land competitiveness evaluation model based on neural-network method, which would help reveal the pattern of rural tourism land competitiveness in Miyun District. The diagnostic model of obstacle factors was introduced to analyze limiting factors of the competitiveness types of main rural tourism land. The results were shown as follows. (1) Low-competitiveness rural tourism land was distributed in clusters in the south of Miyun District and northeast of Miyun Reservoir. Medium-competitiveness rural tourism land was distributed along Chao River Axis Zone, Bai River Axis Zone, Andamu River Axis Zone and northern mountainous belt, with 176 units in Xin’anzhuang and Fenggezhuang Village and so on. High competitiveness rural tourism land was in the form of dots, covering the villages of Zhangjiafen, Simatai, Jiayu, Hebei, Shicheng, Shengshuitou, Shimayu and Longtangou. (2) The medium competitiveness region was divided into the resource, environment and development obstacle types based on main obstacle factors, and corresponding optimization countermeasures were put forward, respectively. The results could provide references for rural industrial land planning.

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Poverty reduction effect of employment by agricultural management organizations under rural revitalization

BAO Hongjie, WANG Yilong, CUI Xufeng

2021, 33(8): 1529-1541. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.08.20

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Based on the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) data and endogenous switching Probit (ESP) model, the inhibitory effect of employment by agricultural management organbizations on farmers’ multi-dimensional relative poverty was analyzed under counterfactual framework from the perspective of rural revitalization. It was shown that the employment status(whether employed or not by agricultural management organizations) had a significant (P<0.01) negative effect on the multi-dimensional relative poverty probability. Under the counterfactual assumption, the probability of multi-dimensional relative poverty would be increased by 19.4% if the employed farmers were not employed by agricultural management organizations. Meanwhile,the probability of multi-dimensional relative poverty would be decreased by 6.1% if the unemployed farmers were employed by agricultural management organizations. The overall treatment effect was -0.096, indicating that if farmers were employed by agricultural management organizitions, the probability of multi-dimensional relative poverty would be decreased by 9.6%.From the perspective of group differences, the poverty reduction effect was higher on those with higher education level, higher proportion of household agricultural labor force, or contract signed. Accordingly, countermeasures were put forward inluding encouraging agricultural management organizations to increase employment opportunities, strengthening farmers’ skills training, improving the way of interest connection.

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Consumer participation and satisfaction with digital green inclusive financial products

YAO Xingyuan, WANG Weifang

2021, 33(8): 1542-1551. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.08.21

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Consumer participation showed an impact on the satisfaction of digital green inclusion financial products, thus contributing to the promotion of rural revitalization, the achievement of the dual carbon goals, and the promotion of high-quality development. Based on the micro questionnaire survey data, empirical research found that the improvement of participation identification and the increase of participation behavior had a positive impact on the satisfaction of digital green inclusive financial products. Relatively, participation identification and social engagement had a greater positive impact on overall satisfaction;the influence of participation depth was greater than that of participation density. The influence of specific participation on satisfaction of different dimensions was heterogeneous. Therefore, in the design of financial products and services, attention should be paid to the positive impact of participation on satisfaction and its heterogeneity. In particular, attention should be paid to the positive role of online social participation as well as enriching various forms of participation.

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Application of microbial deodorant in livestock and poultry farms

MA Shixia, BAI Qianwen, ZHOU Wei, MA Xianying, TIAN Pan, CAI Xindong, FAN Sisi, WANG Xiaohang, MA Zhongren, CHEN Shien, SUN Na, DING Gongtao

2021, 33(8): 1552-1564. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.08.22

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The odor gases such as NH₃, H₂S and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted during livestock and poultry breeding cause serious harm to the environment, human and animal health. In this paper, the main components and sources of malodorous gases in livestock and poultry farms, mechanism and current research progress of microbial deodorants were summarized, and mechanism of microbial degradation of odor gases was described elaborately. These odor gases mainly come from the anaerobic fermentation of intestinal flora and indigenous microorganisms in livestock and poultry manure. The composition is complex, and the emission reduction and regulation of odor gases has become an important task of livestock and poultry farms. Biological deodorization has become the main method for deodorization in livestock and poultry farms due to its strong adaptability to the environment, long duration and promising removal effect. Microbial deodorant is a combination of deodorizing microorganisms, which decomposes odorous gases as nutrients and oxidizes them into odorless and harmless end products such as CO₂, H₂O, S $O 4 2 -$ and N $O 3 -$ by using their physiological metabolic activities.

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