Gene editing: past and present

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.05.24

Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis ›› 2022, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (5): 1091-1102.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.05.24

• Review • Previous Articles

Gene editing: past and present

LI Lin¹(), ZHU Xueming¹, BAO Jiandong¹, WANG Jiaoyu¹, LIN Fucheng¹^,²^,^*()

1. State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
2. State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China

Received:2022-01-13 Online:2022-05-25 Published:2022-06-06
Contact: LIN Fucheng

Abstract

Abstract:

Gene editing technology can precisely modify the genomes of animals, plants, microorganisms, and humans, bringing revolutionary opportunities for targeted crop breeding and precise treatment of human genetic diseases. It is hailed as one of the greatest biological discoveries of the 21st century. Gene editing technologies mainly include four types: meganuclease, zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR associated protein 9(CRISPR-Cas9). Among them, CRISPR-Cas9 has become the mainstream gene editing technology for its “faster, more accurate, and simpler”, and won the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. In this review, we systematically summarized the development process, technical principles, applications, and challenges faced by gene editing.

Key words: gene editing, targeted crop breeding, genetic diseases

CLC Number:

LI Lin, ZHU Xueming, BAO Jiandong, WANG Jiaoyu, LIN Fucheng. Gene editing: past and present[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2022, 34(5): 1091-1102.

Figures/Tables 2

Fig.1 Basic working principle of three gene-editing technologies A, Meganuclease recognizes long DNA sequences without obvious binding and cleavage domains. B, ZFNs, each of which recognizes 3 bases. C, TALENs, each TALE identifies a single base. D, all three enzymes cause DNA double-strand breaks, which can be repaired by error-prone non-homologous end linking (NHEJ) or homologous directed repair (HDR). NHEJ causes random insertion deletions and gene destruction at the target site, and HDR can insert specific DNA templates (single or double strands) at the target site for precise gene editing.

Fig.2 The basic working principle of CRISPR-Cas9 Cas9 nucleases target cleaved DNA sequences that are complementary to single guide RNA (sgRNA) upstream of protospacer-adjacent motifs (PAM).

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Gene editing: past and present

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