Numerical analysis of flow characteristics and structural optimization of bellows based on CFD-DEM

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.01.21

Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis ›› 2023, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (1): 191-201.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.01.21

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Numerical analysis of flow characteristics and structural optimization of bellows based on CFD-DEM

ZHANG Yifan(), HE Ruiyin(), DUAN Qingfei, XU Yong

College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China

Received:2021-09-24 Online:2023-01-25 Published:2023-02-21

Abstract

Abstract:

In order to explore the relationship between bellows structural parameters and conveying uniformity, the optimal parameter combination was obtained to improve the uniformity of pneumatic fertilizer discharge. Based on CFD-DEM coupling simulation technology, this paper constructed a quadratic response surface model with the variation coefficient of fertilizer discharge uniformity as the response value. On the basis of single factor test, BDD method was used to study the influence of the interaction between bellows width, bellows spacing and wavelength on fertilizer discharge uniformity, and the best parameter combination of bellows was obtained, Finally, the bench test was carried out to verify the simulation model and optimization results. The simulation results showed that the variation coefficient of fertilizer discharge uniformity firstly decreased and then increased with the increase of wavelength, width and ripple spacing. The order of significance of the influence of bellows structural parameters on fertilizer discharge uniformity was width>wavelength>ripple spacing. The optimal structural parameters of bellows were wavelength 18.103 mm, ripple spacing 12.158 mm and width 8.863 mm. At this time, the variation coefficient of fertilizer discharge uniformity was 7.5%. In the single factor bench test, the change trend of urea particle simulation predicted value was consistent with the actual value of the bench, and the values basically coincided. The average value of the relative error between the variation coefficient of corrugated pipe fertilizer discharge uniformity of the optimal parameter combination and the predicted value of the simulation test was 5.84%, which showed that the simulation model was accurate and reliable. The change trend of compound fertilizer particles was basically consistent with that of urea particles, which showed that the simulation model was universal. This study can provide a reference for the use and optimization of bellows.

Key words: corrugated pipe, response surface, simulation test, structural optimization, fertilizer uniformity

CLC Number:

S220.3

ZHANG Yifan, HE Ruiyin, DUAN Qingfei, XU Yong. Numerical analysis of flow characteristics and structural optimization of bellows based on CFD-DEM[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2023, 35(1): 191-201.

Figures/Tables 16

Fig.1 Structural diagram of bellows a, Bellows geometric structure diagram; b, 3D modeling rendering.

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of meshing results

Fig.3 Dividing grid box and accumulating counting the number of particles in each box

Table 1 Single factor test factor level table mm

水平 Level	因素Factor
水平 Level	波长 Wavelength	波纹间距 Ripple spacing	幅宽 Width of cloth
1	0	0	2
2	5	5	4
3	10	10	6
4	15	15	8
5	20	20	10

Fig.4 Variation coefficient of fertilizer uniformity under different width of cloth

Fig.5 Variation coefficient of fertilizer uniformity under different wavelengths

Fig.6 Variation coefficient of fertilizer uniformity under different ripple spacing

Table 2 Factors and levels of experiment based on BDD method

编码 Code	影响因素 Influence factor	水平Level
编码 Code	影响因素 Influence factor	-1	0	+1
A	幅宽Width of cloth/mm	6	8	10
B	波纹间距Ripple spacing/mm	0	10	20
C	波长Wavelength/mm	10	15	20

Table 3 Orthogonal test table based on BDD method

序号 Serial number	编码 Code			变异系数 Coefficient of variation/%
序号 Serial number	A	B	C	变异系数 Coefficient of variation/%
1	0	0	0	7.65
2	1	-1	0	11.60
3	0	0	0	8.84
4	1	0	-1	15.30
5	1	0	1	8.70
6	1	1	0	9.76
7	-1	-1	0	11.45
8	-1	0	-1	15.24
9	0	0	0	8.61
10	-1	1	0	15.5
11	0	0	0	7.45
12	0	-1	1	12.54
13	0	1	1	11.50
14	0	0	0	8.43
15	0	1	-1	17.89
16	0	-1	-1	11.61
17	-1	0	1	15.45

Fig.7 Residual analysis of BDD method a, Normal distribution probability of internal biochemical residuals; b, Residual error and predictive value of external biochemistry; c, Predicted values and actual values.

Table 4 Analysis of variance results

方差来源 Variance source	平方和 Sum of squares	自由度 Freedom	均方差 Mean variance	F值 F value	P值 P value	显著性 Significance
模型Model	165.77	9	18.42	44.42	<0.000 1	极显著Significant
A	18.85	1	18.85	45.46	0.000 3
B	6.94	1	6.94	16.73	0.004 6
C	17.55	1	17.55	42.33	0.000 3
AB	8.67	1	8.67	20.92	0.002 6
AC	11.59	1	11.59	27.96	0.001 1
BC	13.40	1	13.40	32.31	0.000 7
A²	18.30	1	18.30	44.12	0.000 3
B²	13.60	1	13.60	32.79	0.000 7
C²	48.44	1	48.44	116.84	<0.000 1
残差Residual	2.90	7	0.41
失拟项Lack of fit	1.41	3	0.47	1.25	0.401 7	不显著
纯误差	1.50	4	0.37			Not significant
总和	168.67	16

Fig.8 response surface analysis results of BDD method a, Interaction between wavelength and ripple spacing on coefficient of variation; b, Interaction between ripple spacing and width of cloth on coefficient of variation; c, Interaction of wavelength and width of cloth on coefficient of variation.

Fig.9 Pneumatic fertilizer discharge test bench 1, Fertilizer discharge pipe; 2, Distributor; 3, Bellows; 4, Elbow; 5, Jet feeder; 6, Fertilizer discharge control box; 7, Fan governor; 8, Fertilizer discharge motor; 9, Fan; 10, Fertilizer discharge device; 11, Fertilizer box.

Fig.10 Comparison between simulated value and actual value of urea granules a, Comparison between simulation values and actual values of different widths; b, Comparison between simulated values and actual values of different wavelengths; c, Comparison between simulation value and actual value of different ripple spacing.

Fig.11 Comparison of bench test results of urea granules and compound fertilizer granules a, Comparison of urea and compound fertilizer with different widths; b, Comparison of urea and compound fertilizer with different wavelengths; c, Comparison of urea and compound fertilizer with different ripple spacing.

Table 5 Bench experiment results %

试验编号 Test number	排肥均匀性变异系数 Coefficient of variation of fertilizer uniformity	仿真试验预测值 Simulation estimate	相对误差 Relative error	相对误差均值 Relative error mean
1	7.89	7.5	5.2	5.84
2	7.68		2.4
3	7.74		3.2
4	8.22		9.6
5	8.16		8.8

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Numerical analysis of flow characteristics and structural optimization of bellows based on CFD-DEM

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