Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis

Studies on immunomodulatory and antioxidant activities in vitro of recombinant human lactoferrin from transgenic rice

QIN Yi, LYU Guoying, ZHANG Zuofa

2018, 30(1): 1-6. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.01.01

Abstract ( 476 )

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In the present study, the immunomodulatory and antioxidant activities of the recombinant human lactoferrin (rhLF) were studied. The antioxidant activities of rhLF were investigated by DPPH, ABTS and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities and the immunomodulatory activities were determined by the detection of cell proliferation and phagocytic activity of RAW264.7. It turns out that rhLF exhibited scavenging activity against DPPH, ABTS and OH· radical as well as immunomodulatory activities. rhLF possessed excellent antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities, and was the important resource of the exploitation of health-care food.

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Identification and bioinformatics analysis of ARF gene family in buckwheat

LI Hongyou, HE Dong’ao, CAI Fang, ZHANG Xiaona, SHI Taoxiong, CHEN Qijiao, CHEN Qingfu

2018, 30(1): 7-7. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.01.02

Abstract ( 581 )

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Auxin response factors (ARF) genes response to auxin signaling and play vital roles in plant growth and development. In the study, a total of 21 ARF genes from buckwheat genome were identified by using BlastP analysis, and then the gene structure, physical and chemical characteristics of encode proteins, conserved domains, conserved motif, subcellular localization, potential phosphorylation sites and evolutionary relationship of these genes were analyzed. Gene structure analysis showed that 21 ARF genes contain intron, and the intron number between genes was different. Conserved domains analysis indicated that all ARF proteins contain B3 and ARF domain, and some proteins also include Aux /IAA domain. Conserved protein motif analysis found that 10 conserved motifs with a range of 13 to 55 amino acids existed in buckwheat ARF proteins. Subcellular localization analysis showed that great majority of ARF proteins located in nucleus and a few of proteins located in chloroplast. Potential phosphorylation sites analysis indicated that all ARF proteins contain Ser, Thr and Tyr phosphorylation sites, but the number of each class’s phosphorylation site between genes was different. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 21 ARF genes were divided into Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ subfamily, and Ⅰ subfamily could be further classed into Ⅰa and Ⅰb subclass, and subfamily Ⅱ could be further divided into Ⅱa and Ⅱb subclass. This study laid a foundation for cloning of buckwheat ARF genes and further functional dissection in growth and development of buckwheat.

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Characteristics of water supply-demand and drought of winter wheat during growing period in Xinyang region

XUE Yunhong, LIU Zhen, LIU Jifeng, LI Xuewen, YIN Zhouxiang

2018, 30(1): 14-25. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.01.03

Abstract ( 592 )

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Drought and flood are the important factors that affect the development of agricultural economy in Xinyang. Analysis of water supply-demand and drought characteristics of winter wheat nearly 50 years can provide a theoretical reference for the rational layout of yielding, reasonable water use and policy formulation for disaster prevention and mitigation of winter wheat. Based on the daily scale data of 9 meteorological stations in Xinyang area from 1962 to 2011 year, the effective precipitation and water demand in the whole growth period and the growth stage of winter wheat were estimated. The temporal and spatial characteristics of water supply and demand were analyzed in the calculation of water budget index and the analysis of drought characteristics were studied by using SPI at different time scales. The results showed that the value of the spatial distribution of water demand in winter wheat in the northwest and southeast were higher and the central region was relatively lower. In terms of trends, the change trend of time was increasing. The growth period of winter wheat water budget index showed that water deficit, and compared to the central and southern region, water deficit was more serious in the northwest. In terms of trends, the change trend of time is decreasing. The SPI value of winter wheat was not significantly decreased during the whole growth period, and the variation range was 0.125·10a^-1. There was no significant decreasing trend in the SPI value of winter wheat during the pre-winter growth period, reviving and heading period and grain-filling and ripening period, while the SPI value in the wintering period showed no significant increasing trend. There were differences in the occurrence of drought at different growth stages, and the occurrence frequency of mild drought and frequency of drought in different growth stages were also different. The mild and or more serious drought frequency in the northern region was higher than that in the northern and southern region, and the drought frequency with moderate or higher severities was higher in the western and southern region. In conclusion, the water of winter wheat in Xinyang was deficient, and the drought status of each growth stage was different.

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Isolation, identification and drug sensitive test of Trichosporon loubieri from beef cattle

ZHONG Rui, JIANG Yaozhang, MA Xiaoping, ZUO Zhicai, HUANG Xiaoli, DENG Junliang, SHEN Liuhong, YU Shumin

2018, 30(1): 26-35. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.01.04

Abstract ( 761 )

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In order to have a deeper understanding of the causes of skin disease that beef cattle suffered and find the effective treatment, we collected the dandruff and hair of beef cattle skin with dermatophytosis then carried our an inspection and a separation of mycology. The dandruff and hair of beef cattle skin with dermatophytosis were collected and used for fungi culture. The morphological characteristics and IGS sequences of the isolated strains were identified. The pathogenicity test was carried out in mice, and drug sensitive test was performed. Finally, one strain of fungi, zrfg01, was obtained. The length of the IGS sequence was 542 bp amplified by PCR, which was submitted to GenBank (ID, MF401393.1). NCBI blast result showed that zrfg01 had 100% similarity with Trichosporon loubieri. According to the morphological identification, IGS sequence analysis and phylogenetic tree, the isolated strain was identified as T. loubieri. The pathogenicity test revealed that the fungus had a selective pathogenesis to mice. The drug susceptibility test showed that under the environment of 25 ℃, T. loubieri was resistant to terbinafine and fluorouracil, but sensitive to clotrimazole, amphotericin B, fluconazole and voriconazole. This study provided an important reference for the diagnosis and treatment of dermomycosis caused by T. loubieri.

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Identification and biological characteristics analysis of Moraxella from swine

LIAO Changyu, ZHANG Pengfei, WANG Yin, YANG Zexiao, YAO Xueping, JIANG Ruijiao, WU Xulong, ZHANG Bo, ZHOU Lijun, SONG Yong

2018, 30(1): 36-42. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.01.05

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A gram-negative bacterium was isolated from the heart of dead piglets, and morphological observation, biochemical identification and 16S rDNA sequence were performed. The strain was identified as Moraxella porci sp., which was named as Moraxella porci-ZY20001. The pathogenicity test, drug susceptibility test and partial resistance gene were detected in strain ZY20001. The results showed that the bacteria caused the pleural effusion in mice and showed varying degrees of sensitivity to erythromycin, penicillin, polymyxin and other antibiotics (a total of 21 kinds), except piperacillin. The strain ZY20001 had a TEM-type β-lactamase-resistant gene, and the phenotype was not consistent with the genotype. This study provided scientific reference for the further study of the evolution and drug therapy of Moraxella, and the analysis of relationship between penicillin resistance phenotype and genotype would enrich the epidemiological survey data.

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Genotypic basis of elite fruit shape and umami taste traits in Zhepu bottle gourds as revealed by multiplex PCR

WU Xiaohua, WU Xinyi, WANG Ying, WANG Baogen, LU Zhongfu, XU Pei, LI Guojing

2018, 30(1): 43-49. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.01.06

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Breeding for cultivars with elite fruit shape and umami taste traits is an important objective of bottle gourd breeders. In this study, we examined the genotypes of 4 Zhepu bottle gourd cultivars at 16 known SNPs associated with umami taste and 37 SNPs for fruit shape by using a multiplex PCR technology. We found Zhepu No.1 has 6 alleles improving free Glu content and 1 allele for elite fruit shape, Zhepu No.9 harbored 5 alleles improving free Glu content and 2 alleles for elite fruit shape, while Zhepu No.6 and Zhepu No.8 both contained 4 free Glu content-improving alleles and 11 elite fruit shape alleles. Our study preliminarily reveals the genotypic basis of the excellent fruit shape and peculiar umami taste in several Zhepu bottle gourds, which will facilitate stacking these traits with other favored agronomical traits by marker assisted selection.

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Correlation, clustering and principal component analysis of primary agronomic traits of vegetable soybean

HE Liying, YIN Chengjie, HUANG Shoucheng, HE Qingyuan, SHU Yingjie

2018, 30(1): 50-57. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.01.07

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Variation, correlation analysis, cluster analysis and principal component analysis of primary agronomic traits of 41 vegetable soybean varieties that were planted around Huaihe River, including growth period, plant height, stem diameter, lodging, nodes on main stem, pod height, pods per plant, effective pods per plant, pod length, pod width, grains per pod and fresh weight of 100 grains were studied. The results showed that 12 agronomic traits of 41 vegetable soybean varieties had large variation, and the variation of pod height was the highest (variation coefficient was 31.41%), the least variation coefficient was 6.45% of pod width. Correlation analysis showed that, the correlation coefficients between growth period and plant height, pods per plant, pod length, as well as that between pod length and pod width were larger than 0.5, the absolute value of correlation coefficient between the other traits was less than 0.5. By cluster analysis, 41 species of vegetable soybean varieties were divided into four groups at 5.597 3 of the Euclidean distance, and the agronomic traits of each type were different. The principal component analysis showed that the total contribution rate of the seven agronomic traits that included growth period, plant height, stem diameter, lodging, nodes on main stem, pod height and pods of per plant was 87.028 1%, which could reflect the main agronomic traits of vegetable soybean.

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Cloning and haplotype analysis of α-momorcharin promoter in bitter gourd

LIU Ziji, ZHU Jie, NIU Yu, YANG Yan

2018, 30(1): 58-64. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.01.08

Abstract ( 484 )

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In order to explore the expression regulation of α-momorcharin gene, the upstream sequence, 1 620 bp in length including start codon of α-momorcharin gene was cloned in bitter gourd (Y5). The 1 500 bp upstream of the transcription start site was selected for analysis based on PlantCARE promoter prediction tools. The results showed that in addition to containing the core elements of TATA-box and CAAT-box, the α-momorcharin promoter also contained light response elements, gibberellin response element, heat stress response element, drought response element, salicylic acid response element, jasmonic acid response element etc. Taking 28 bitter gourd germplasm as materials, the SNP and InDel distribution in promoter region of α-momorcharin was analyzed. Twenty-four SNP loci and 1 InDel were found. Four haplotypes were identified in α-momorcharin gene promoter through SNP and InDel grouping. Three SNPs were located in transcription factor binding sites, which may play important roles in regulating the expression of α-momorcharin gene.

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Dark culture of embryogenic calli after cryopreservation and semithin section observation of its regenerated plantlet of Dioscorea bulbifera L.

HONG Senrong, NING Bensong, YE Siyu, LIU Yan, ZHANG Mingxin, ZHAN Xuelin

2018, 30(1): 65-70. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.01.09

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Using embryogenic calli of Dioscorea bulbifera L. as materials, its dark culture time after cryopreservation of embryogenic calli was studied, the microstructure of embryogenic calli cultured in dark after cryopreservation and its regenerated plants were observed with semithin sections in this paper. The results showed that: After cryopreservation by encapsulation-vitrification, dark culturing for 1-5 d, the survival rate of D. bulbifera embryogenic calli increased with dark culture time prolonged, when dark culture time was over 5 d, the survival rate of D. bulbifera embryogenic calli decreased significantly. Semithin section observation results showed that after being cultured directly in the photoperiod after freezing, the cells of the calli arranged loosely and some parts would appear larger gaps. When cultured in the photoperiod with suitable dark culture after freezing, the cells of the calli arranged more closely and the cell gaps became smaller. Root, stem and leaf structure of plantlets regenerated from embryogenic calli of D. bulbifera cultured in darkness after cryopreservation had no significant difference compared with plantlets regenerated subcultured normally, and their average number of chloroplast of mesophyll cells also had no significant difference. Therefore, dark culture after cryopreservation could ensure the cellular structural integrity of embryo callus tissue to a certain extent and no morphological variation was observed in regenerated plants.

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Physiological response of Sedum aizoon L. to lead accumulation and lead stress with different rhizosphere pH

ZHAO Yingpeng, HE Zhongqun

2018, 30(1): 71-79. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.01.10

Abstract ( 603 )

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To explore tolerance index and lead accumulating rule of Sedum aizoon seedlings with different rhizosphere pH levels under lead stress and to find the best pH at which the seedling can improve its tolerance to Pb²⁺, the multinomial physiological indexes of Sedum aizoon seedlings at different rhizosphere pH levels (5, 6, 7, 8) under different concentrations of Pb²⁺ (0, 20, 60, 100, 140 mg·L^-1) were measured. The results showed as follows: 1) Root length, plant height and dry weight all decreased with the improving of Pb²⁺ concentration at the same pH level, growth of seedlings were inhibited and tolerance index decreased, chlorophyll contents increased at first and decreased later on, content of GSH and activities of SOD, POD, CAT decreased while content of MDA increased gradually; Lead contents in root, stem and leaf gradually increased with the increase of lead concentration, and the lead accumulation were root>stem>leaf. 2) Root length, plant height and dry weight increased at first and then decreased with the improving of pH values at the same Pb²⁺ concentration; When the pH was 6, plant grew well with the highest tolerance index; Tolerance index, contents of chlorophyll and GSH, activities of SOD, POD and CAT all increased at first then decreased, and all of them reached the highest value at pH=6; However, MDA content decreased gradually, and reached the lowest value when the pH was 6; Lead contents in root, stem and leaf decreased gradually. In summary, the growth of Sedum aizoon seedling was affected by rhizosphere pH level and Pb²⁺ concentration, and absorption of Pb²⁺ was influenced by pH. When the rhizosphere pH was 6, tolerance of plant to lead could be enhanced, absorption reached the maximum when Pb²⁺ was 20 mg·L^-1.

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Allelopathy of aqueous extracts from Paris polyphylla var. Yunnanensis roots on four ornamental plants

MAO Meiqin, ZHAO Yan, WEI Yulan, MA Mingdong

2018, 30(1): 80-90. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.01.11

Abstract ( 409 )

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Different concentrations of aqueous extracts from Paris polyphylla var. Yunnanensis roots were used for allelopathic study on seed germination and seedling growth of Tagetes patula, Salvia japonica, Trifolium repens, Festuca arundinacea by the laboratory bioassay in order to provide certain scientific basis for reasonable utilization of Paris polyphylla var. Yunnanensis in garden. The results showed that aqueous extracts from Paris polyphylla var. Yunnanensis roots had significant effects on seed germination and seedling growth of four ornamental plants. But the effects of different concentrations of aqueous extracts on four garden plants were quite different. The aqueous extracts from Paris polyphylla var. Yunnanensis roots had inhibitory effects on seed germination and seedling growth of four ornamental plants. And when the concentration of aqueous extracts increased, the inhibition enhanced gradually. On the contrary, lower treatments (≤0.04 g·mL^-1) increased seed germination and seedling growth of Salvia japonica in a degree. The comprehensive sensitivity of the allelopathic effect on the four ornamental plants of aqueous extracts from Paris polyphylla var. Yunnanensis roots was in the order of Tagetes patula>Trifolium repens>Festuca arundinacea>Salvia japonica. The aqueous extracts from Paris polyphylla var. Yunnanensis roots had inhibitory effects on chlorophyll content of four ornamental plants. On the contrary, aqueous extracts at a concentration of 0.02 g·mL^-1 were found to be facilitated to chlorophyll content for Salvia japonica. When the concentration of aqueous extract increased, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) increased at first and decreased later, and peroxidase (POD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased. On the contrary, lower treatments (≤0.04 g·mL^-1) increased malondialdehyde content of Salvia japonica in a degree. Therefore, aqueous extracts from Paris polyphylla var. Yunnanensis roots make four plants suffer from oxidative stresses firstly. Then, they show an allelopathic inhibition.

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Effects of different fertilizes on phenolics of Huangguogan fruit

HUANG Shengjia, YE Shuang, LIU Xinya, XI Lijuan, WANG Zhihui, FU Jialing

2018, 30(1): 91-98. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.01.12

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In the present study, Huangguogan was used as material to explore the effects of organic fertilizer, inorganic fertilizer and organic-inorganic compound fertilizer on phenolics of Huangguogan, with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and grey relational analysis. It was shown that eight phenols were detected in Huangguogan fruit under all treatments except naringenin, but the contents of detected phenols varied significantly (P<0.05). The increase of Huangguogan phenolic compounds contents was the highest with application of 3 kg·plant^-1 organic fertilizer, and was followed by treatments with application of 6 kg·plant^-1 organic fertilizer or low-N, P inorganic fertilizer (N,0.41 kg·plant^-1; P, 0.90 kg·plant^-1). In order to increase the value of fruit and improve the comprehensive utilization of fruit, the content of phenolics in Huangguogan should be increased. For this purpose, it was suggested to decrease the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus in inorganic fertilizer, and increase application of organic fertilizer or organic-inorganic compound fertilizer appropriately.

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Pathogenic diagnosis of synergistic infection of potato mosaic disease

SONG Xijiao, XIE Li, XUAN Yuji, WANG Fang, YAN Chengqi, CHEN Jianping

2018, 30(1): 99-105. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.01.13

Abstract ( 488 )

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In 2015, an infected potato plant was found in Zhejiang Ningbo, which had the typical symptom of dwarf and mosaic leaf was thought to be a potato viral disease. Two kinds of linear virus particles with the typical length of 600-900 and 400 nm were observed under transmission electron microscopy by the negative staining of infected potato leaves. Ultra-thin section revealed that viral products were accumulated in the mesophyll cells. Except for observing the virus like particles in cytoplasm, two other kinds of inclusion bodies could also be observed in one cell including the cylindrical inclusion (CI) body and the laminated inclusion component (LIC), which was induced by two kinds of different viruses, CI induced by Potyvirus and LIC induced by Potexvirus, implying a doubly infected in this plant. To verify the pathogen, a molecular assay was performed by RT-PCR and sequencing, by using of the universal primers of Potyvirus and the specific primers of Potexvirus. At last, with the positive results of pathogenic diagnosis, we confirmed that this sick potato was induced by a synergistic infection with two viruses of potato virus X(PVX) and potato virus Y (PVY).

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Identification of antagonistic bacteria gfj-4 to maize sheath blight pathogen and antifungal activity of its fermentation supernatant

DUAN Haiming, YU Li, SHEN Shihui, HUANG Weidong, YU Haibing

2018, 30(1): 106-116. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.01.14

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The study aimed to clarify the antagonistic effect of strain gfj-4 on plant pathogens and its potential in biological control of plant diseases. The traditional morphology, physiological-biochemical properties as well as 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis were applied to the bacteria classification. The pathogen of maize sheath blight worked as the indicator, the fermentation supernatant with different dilution times, and the culture time, inoculation amount and pH value on the antifungal activity of Rhizoctonia solani were determined by mycelial growth rate method. The inhibition of lipopeptides extracted from fermentation supernatant on the other 16 plant pathogens were determined by oxford cup method. It showed that the strain gfj-4 was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The fermentation supernatant of strain gfj-4 had significant inhibitory activity on the mycelial growth, and the inhibition rate was from 31.1% to 92.4% within the dilution factor expanded from 8 to 25 times. The EC₅₀ of fermentation supernatant to R. solani was 53.1 μL·mL^-1. The highest inhibition rate of 12-fold dilution of fermentation supernatant was 82.0% when incubation time was 96 h, and the inhibition rate to R. solani was 83.2% when the inoculation amount was 0.5% (V/V), the inhibitory rate reached 82.6% when the pH value was 7.0. The inhibition ratio of the crude lipopeptides diluted from 60 to 180 times extracted from the fermentation broth was from 43.8% to 92.0%. The EC₅₀ of lipopeptides to R. solani was 5.90 μL·mL^-1. Compared with the control group, it was found that the mycelia growth of R. solani was reduced and the growth of mycelium was sparse, and the aerial mycelium was also inhibited significantly. The inhibitory effects of lipopeptides on the other 16 plant pathogens were also investigated and the inhibition zones were from 16.7 to 31.0 mm, and the inhibitory effect on the Bipolaris maydis was the strongest, while it had the weakest inhibitory activity against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.

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Effects of silicon, calcium, potassium and magnesium fertilizer on acid paddy soil improvement in Zhejiang Province

HAN Kefeng, CHEN Yuping, HU Tiejun, ZHANG Feng, ZHOU Fei, CHENG Jianqiu, WU Lianghuan

2018, 30(1): 117-122. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.01.15

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In order to alleviate the acidification of paddy soil in Zhejiang Province, a three-year field plots experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of silicon, calcium, potassium and magnesium fertilizer on rice yield and soil nutrient contents. The main results showed that application of silicon, calcium, potassium and magnesium fertilizer could increase rice yields, and the optimum application rate was 1 500 kg·hm^-2. Meanwhile, this fertilizer also could enhance soil pH value, decrease exchangeable hydrogen and exchangeable aluminum contents, increase available silicon and base cation.

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Effects of bamboo charcoal addition on nitrogen and phosphorus loss and microbial community structures in greenhouse vegetable soil

CHEN Chongjun, LIU Yuxue, FENG Yu, WANG Jianfang

2018, 30(1): 123-128. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.01.16

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Via high-throughput sequencing analysis technology, bamboo charcoal was used as an addictive to investigate its effects on the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus and microbial community structures in greenhouse vegetable soil. It was shown that, compared with control, the yield of vegetable was significantly (P<0.05) increased by 21.5% with bamboo charcoal addition, and the average concentration of total nitrogen (TN) in surface water was decreased by 5.5%, and the average concentration of total phosphorus (TP) in surface water was significantly (P<0.05) decreased by 48.3%. The results of Chao, ACE, Shannon and Simpson index showed that the bamboo charcoal addition increased soil microbial diversity and promoted the enrichment of dominant bacteria species, yet not significantly.

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Monitoring drought in Chaoyang County of Liaoning Province using temperature vegetation drought index (TVDI)

LIU Yanwei, WANG Shuying, JIAO Zhongshuai, YANG Guofan, YANG Qiliang

2018, 30(1): 129-136. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.01.17

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In order to explore the drought in Chaoyang County of Liaoning province from May to August in 2016, to combine the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and surface temperature (Ts) to establish a two-dimensional characteristic spatial distribution using Landsat 8 data. The two-dimensional characteristic spatial distribution was used to fit the dry and wet side equations, calculate the temperature vegetation dryness index (TVDI), and analyze the drought distribution and evaluation. The model was established by using the measured values of soil water content and the retrieved land surface temperature. Model verification and accuracy analysis were relayed by the measured values and the retrieved soil water content. The results showed that the maximum surface temperature decreased, and the minimum surface temperature basically increased with the increase of NDVI. Minimum surface temperature and the maximum surface temperature trend line intersected in one point into triangle shape approximation. In 2016, from May to August, there were different levels of drought in Chaoyang County, and the worst drought occurred in June. The correlation between TVDI and soil moisture at different depths was significant. Thus, TVDI can be used to monitor drought conditions.

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Multiple deposition reaction of rice straw by hydrothermal carbonization

XIANG Tianyong, QIAN Guang, ZHU Jie, SHAN Shengdao, LAN Jianming

2018, 30(1): 137-143. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.01.18

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The dynamical processes in the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of rice straws at 225-300 ℃ were investigated and monitored by elementary analysis, FT-IR (Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy) and XRD (X-ray diffraction). It was shown that within 40 minutes, the main weight losses occurred as a result of the dissolution of a large number of soluble compounds, and the relative contents of C-O-C and OH functional groups in products increased first and then decreased in the initial stage of reaction, C contents increased and O/C decreased as induced by the destruction of hemicellulose and amorphization of cellulose. In subsequent HTC process, biochars yields, relative contents of functional groups and compositions of the elements showed a periodic fluctuation, indicating the characteristic and mechanism of multiple deposition reaction. Generally, the polymerization and aromatization reactions occurred with the occurrence of a new round of hydrolysis and cracking reactions, resulting in a sufficient amount of soluble substrate to induce a new round of polymerization and deposition reaction. Increasing the reaction temperature is beneficial to the aromatization of solid phase products and would shorten the HTC process, but also would reduce yields and the oxygen-containing functional groups of biochars in some degree.

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Chemical metrological characteristics of soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in vineyards at east piedmont of Helan Mountains in Xixia District, Yinchuan City

YANG Haijiang, ZHONG Yanxia, ZHAO Yafeng, TIAN Xin

2018, 30(1): 144-149. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.01.19

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In the present study, vineyards, i.e. Changyu vineyard, Yinchuan Forest Farm, Zhenbeibu, and Luhuatai Farm, located in the east piedmont of Helan Mountains in Xixia District, Yinchuan City, were selected as study areas. Based on the analysis of soil C, N, P stoichiometric characteristics, Pearson correlation analysis and one-way ANOVA were introduced for further analysis. It was shown that the overall C, N, P content was relatively low for the national average level. Specifically, soil C, N, P content was within national Level 5, Level 5 and Level 3, respectively. Soil C/N was 11.199, which was in accordance with the national average value. Soil C/P was 11.459, which was far below the national average value. Soil N/P was 1.065, which was below the national average value. Soil P content was relatively high in the study area, while N content was low. Soil C, N, P content differed within different farms. The soil nutrient contents in Yinchuan Forest Farm and Luhuatai Farm were relatively higher than those in Zhenbeibu and Changyu vineyard.

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Glucose enrichment to control Microcystis (cyanobacteria) bloom under high nutrient level

WANG Xiaodong, LIU Xingguo, LU Shimin, CHE Xuan, ZHU Hao, LIU Chong, ZHU Lin

2018, 30(1): 150-158. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.01.20

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In order to control cyanobacterial Microcystis bloom, an experiment with glucose enrichment was carried out under high nutrient level with 5 L glass bottles in greenhouse. There was a control of no glucose enrichment (Control) and a treatment with glucose enrichment (+Glu), each with 3 replicates. The initial water for the experiment was severely Microcystis bloomed, in which the chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration was 422.78 μg·L^-1. The glucose enrichment was according to the total nitrogen concentration, and with the dissolved organic carbon to total nitrogen ratio (DOC∶TN) ≈ 20∶1. During the experiment, every bottle was aerated with an air stone. The results showed that, the Chl-a, dissolved oxygen and pH values both at 09∶00 A.M. and 14∶00 P.M. in the treatment were all significantly lower than those in the control (P<0.05), and the DOC, total suspended solids (TSS) and organic suspended solids (OSS) concentrations in the treatment were all significantly higher than the control (P<0.05). And there was no significant difference in the total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), dissolved total nitrogen (DTN), dissolved total phosphorus (DTP) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) contents between the control and the treatment (P>0.05). Then the discovery for the phytoplankton under microscope showed, with the elongation of the experiment, the Microcystis colonies became smaller with fewer cells both in the control and the treatment, and the Microcystis colonies in the treatment became much smaller, even with morphology in two cells or unicell. The results indicated that, glucose enrichment can control Microcystis bloom, and the mechanism was that organic carbon improved the growth of heterotrophic microorganism, which competed nutrients with Microcystis.

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Determination of 10 pesticide residues in garlic by QuEChERS-ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

LIN Jing, ZHANG Shun, CAI Ting, CAO Hui, LIU Peng, XUN Kai, LE Yuanjie

2018, 30(1): 159-166. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.01.21

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A method for rapid and accurate determination of 10 pesticide residues in garlic by QuEChERS-ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was developed. Samples were extracted by acidified acetonitrile, dehydrated with anhydrous magnesium sulfate (500 mg) and cleaned up by primary secondary amine (PSA, 500 mg) and octadecyl bonded silica gel (C₁₈, 500 mg). The target samples were separated by Waters C₁₈ column with gradient elution using acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution as mobile phases. The positive ion mode and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode were used in the analysis, and the analytes were quantified by external standard method using matrix-matched calibration curves. The limits of detection of the 10 pesticides were in the range of 0.020 to 0.800 μg·kg^-1 and the limits of quantitation were in the range of 0.067 to 2.670 μg·kg^-1. The correlation coefficients in the linear range were more than 0.99. Average recoveries were from 73.4% to 109.0% and the relative standard deviations (RSD) were from 1.2% to 9.8%. The method is simple, easy, sensitive, reproducible and applicable to the simultaneous determination of 10 pesticide residues in garlic.

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Review on evaluation of training performance of vocational farmer

LI Baozhi, MI Songhua, YANG Liangshan, HUANG Hexiao, ZHU Qibiao

2018, 30(1): 167-175. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.01.22

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The present study constructed a general classification framework and provided suggestions for future research from the perspective of literature review at home and abroad. Firstly, by combing the starting point, dynamics and evolutionary path in general training evaluation research, a general framework was constructed. Then, evaluation results and its influencing factors of Chinese vocational farmer training were summarized. Finally, suggestions derived from above analysis were proposed from both theory and practice.

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