Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis

Spatiotemporal expression profiling of two P450 genes, CYP4M38 and CYP4M39, in rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

BAI Qi, LU Yanhui, ZHENG Xusong, LYU Zhongxian

2018, 30(4): 521-527. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.04.01

Abstract ( 851 )

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Cytochrome P450 plays an important role in insect metabolism of exogenous substances, which is an important detoxification system of insects. The CYP4 family is an important branch of the insect cytochrome P450 gene family, which is closely related to the detoxification and metabolism of insects. In this study, the sequence homology and spatiotemporal expression profiles of CsCYP4M38 and CsCYP4M39 were investigated in order to clarify the expression information of CYP4 family gene in Chilo suppressalis. The results showed that CsCYP4M38 and CsCYP4M39 had highest sequence homology to MsCYP4M2 (56.86%) and MsCYP4M1 (59.96%), respectively. The phylogenetic tree showed that CsCYP4M38 and CsCYP4M39 belonged to the CYP4 family. The results of spatiotemporal expression profiling showed that the expression patterns of two genes in different developmental stages and different tissues were different. The CsCYP4M38 was expressed higher in the second instar larvae, 5^th instar larvae and female adults, but lower in the 1^st instar larvae. The CsCYP4M39 expressed higher in the larval stage, and the expression of CsCYP4M39 increased and then decreased. The expression level of CsCYP4M39 was lower in the egg, pupae and adult of C. suppressalis. The expression levels of CsCYP4M38 and CsCYP4M39 in the fat body, midgut and epidermis were relatively high, and both expressed highest in the fat body. The expression of CsCYP4M38 and CsCYP4M39 in different stages showed variability, which indicated that these two genes had different functions in different developmental stages of C. suppressalis, and both genes were expressed highest in the fat body, indicating the fat body might be the main detoxification tissue of insects.

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Effects of different aphid density stress on physiological substances in resistant and susceptible maize varieties at seedling stage

WU Degong, FANG Wenhao, DU Junli, YU Haibing, WANG Changjin, LI Jinpeng, CHU Lina, TANG Li

2018, 30(4): 528-536. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.04.02

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Two different aphid resistant maize (Zea mays L.) varieties, Zhengdan 958(resistant variety) and Liyu 16(susceptible variety),were used in this study, and the dynamic changes of malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble sugar, chlorophyll (Chl), soluble protein and five protective enzymes were measured after different density of aphids (0,10,20,40,80 heads per plant) suction stress in three leaf stages. The results showed that: in the different density of aphids sucking stress, the soluble sugar content of Zhengdan 958 and Liyu 16 increased with the density of aphids, and the growth rate of Zhengdan 958 was less than Liyu 16. Chlorophyll content of two varieties decreased with aphid density increased, and the decrease rate of Liyu 16 was higher than that of Zhengdan 958. The change of soluble protein content was almost the same as the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), showing an upward trend, but the percentage change of MDA, soluble protein content in Zhengdan 958 was lower than that of Liyu 16.Therefore, there was a negative correlation between chlorophyll content and aphid density, while soluble sugar content, soluble protein and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were positively correlated with aphid density. The chlorophyll content change rate could be used as an index of aphid resistance, but the soluble sugar content, soluble protein and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were negatively correlated with the aphid resistance of maize. The activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD), peroxidase(PPO) and catalase(CAT) in Zhengdan 958 and Liyu 16 increased first and then decreased with the increase of aphid density. But the activities of five protective enzymes were higher than the control group; while the activity of polyphenol oxidase(PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase(PAL) showed upward trend with the increase of aphid density. According to the results, it can be seen that the enzyme activity was related to the density of aphid at maize seedling stage. PPO and PAL play a leading role in the protective enzymes of maize, and SOD, POD and CAT play a protective role in lower aphid density.

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Study on extraction of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides and its protective effect on CCl₄-induced acute liver injury in rats

HAN Chunyang, YANG Mingchuan, YANG Zisheng, FENG Kangli, LIU Cuiyan

2018, 30(4): 537-547. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.04.03

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The present study was designed to investigate optimum extraction process of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides (PSP) and explore its protective effect on carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) induced liver injury in rats. Firstly, single factor experiment was carried out on the three main factors, including the ratio of liquid to material, time and temperature. Then, taking PSP extraction rate as response value, the extraction process was optimized by response surface analysis. Finally, the PSP was used to protect against CCl₄-induced liver injury in rats. The experiment rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: control group, model group, low dose, middle dose and high dose (75, 150, 300 mg·kg^-1) of PSP groups. The rats of PSP groups were administered with different doses of PSP by gavage. Control group and model group were fed with the same amount of distilled water. All rats were fed for 7 d. One hour after the last administration, the rats in the model group and PSP groups were injected intraperitoneally with 50% CCl₄ oil solution at the dose of 1 mL·kg^-1,and rats in the control group were received the same amount of soybean oil. Blood and liver samples were collected 24 h later after the last administration to test the pathological and histological changes of liver, the activities of ALT (alanine aminotransferase), AST (aspartate aminotransferase), ALP (alkaline phosphatase;) and the content changes of DBIL (direct bilirubin), TBIL (total bilirubin). The results showed that the optimum extraction conditions of PSP were as follows: liquid material ratio was 19.13:1, extraction time was 3.49 h and temperature was 73.33 ℃. Under these conditions, the actual PSP extraction rate was 10.107%. Compared with the model group, the middle dose PSP group and high dose PSP group could significantly (P<0.05) reduce the activities of ALT, AST, ALP and the contents of DBIL, TBIL in serum of rats. All doses of PSP could alleviate the pathological and histological changes of liver in different degrees, and the effect of high dose of PSP was the best. These results indicated that PSP had protective effect on CCl₄-induced liver injury in rats.

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Effect of culture density, size and depth layer on growth of Apostichopus japonicas in shallow cages

HU Yuan, ZHANG Tao, CAI Jingbo, TANG Ming, LUO Kui, HU Lihua

2018, 30(4): 548-553. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.04.04

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In the present study, effects of culture density (16.08, 21.44, 26.80, 32.16, 37.52 kg·m^-3), depth layer (0.50-1.25, 1.00-1.75, 1.50-2.25, 2.00-2.75 m) and size [initial individual weight (28.5±2.2), (35.4±1.7), (57.0±2.7) g] on specific growth rate (SGR) and coefficient of variation of individual weight (CV) of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicas were explored. The experiment lasted for 180 d. It was shown that culture density had significant (P<0.05) influence on SRG and CV of sea cucumber. With the increase of culture density, SGR decreased yet CV increased significantly (P<0.05). In this study, culture layer had no significant influence on sea cucumber SRG and CV. However, culture size significantly (P<0.05) influenced SRG and CV of sea cucumber. With the increased culture size, SGR increased yet CV decreased significantly (P<0.05). It was suggested that culture density of sea cucumber should not exceed 26.80 kg·m^-3, and the optimum culture layer and initial individual weight were 1.50~2.25 m and 33.3~62.5 g, respectively.

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Monitor and analysis on immune status of major infectious diseases of livestock and poultry in Ninghai County from 2013 to 2016

WANG Zongpei, WANG Shenyue, JIANG Junbao, LU Lei

2018, 30(4): 554-559. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.04.05

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The aim of this study was to monitor the immune status of major infectious diseases of livestock and poultry in Ninghai County from 2013 to 2016. The antibodies of swine, bovine, sheep, chicken and duck were determined according to the national standards. The testing results showed that the overall immune status of livestock and poultry in Ninghai County was good from 2013 to 2016. The average annual positive rates of foot and mouth disease (FMD) type O, classical swine fever and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome antibodies in swine were 76.27%, 75.84% and 79.88%, respectively. The positive rates of FMD types O, A and Asia I antibodies in bovine were all above 90%. The average annual positive rates of FMD types O and Asia I antibodies in goat were 65.37% and 67.52%, respectively, and the immunization needs to be strengthened. The positive rate of H7N9 antibodies in poultry (chicken and duck) were 0. The average annual positive rates of H5N1 in chicken and duck were 98.67% and 95.60%, respectively. The average annual positive rate of Newcastle disease (ND) antibody was 62.86%, which was affected by season. In summer, the positive rate of ND was the lowest (quarter average 54.64%). It still needs to strengthen the immunity of ND. This study has summarized the immunity effects of the major infectious diseases in Ninghai County from 2013 to 2016, which could provide the basic data for the formulation and evaluation of the compulsory immunization program in China.

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Immune effect of soybean antigen protein in piglets

ZHANG Yu, WANG Yuanhong, TANG Xuebing, PENG Chenglu, SHU Yingshuang, CAO Chengming, FENG Shibin, LI Yu, WANG Xichun, WU Jinjie

2018, 30(4): 560-567. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.04.06

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Piglets were immunized by oral administrating or injecting soybean antigen protein immunizing agents to study the effects of soybean antigen protein immunizing agents on serum antibody titers of β-conglycinin (7S), glycinin (11S), and serum IgA, IgM, IgE, IgG and IL-4 levels in piglets. Seventy “Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire” crossbred piglets (7-day-old) were randomly allocated into group A (control group), group B (7S sensitized group), group C (11S sensitized group), group D (7S orally immunized +sensitized group), group E (11S orally immunized +sensitized group), group F (7S injecting immunized +sensitized group) and group G (11S injecting immunized + sensitized group) with ten piglets each. Piglets were orally taken or injected with soybean antigen protein immunizing agents according to design at 7 days old and were immunized again at 14 days old, and the piglets in group A were injected with physiological saline. All the piglets were weaned at 21 days old. From 21 days old, piglets in group A were fed with basal diets, and piglets in group B, D, F and group C, E, G were fed with basal diets supplemented with 5% 7S or 5% 11S, respectively for 7 d. The skin sensitization test was conducted in piglets at 27 days old. Blood samples of ten piglets from each group were taken from vena cava anterior at 7, 14, 21 and 27 days old, and the sera was separated to measure IgA, IgM, IgE, IgG and IL-4 levels by ELISA method and antibody titers of 7S and 11S by agar diffusion method. The results showed that the skin sensitization valuing results of piglets were group B and C>group D and E>group A, F and G, meanwhile the sensitization effect of 7S was higher than that of 11S in piglets. Serum antibody titers in group F and G were higher than those in group D and E at the age of 21 days, and serum antibody titers in group B and C were higher than those in group D, E, F and G at the age of 27 days. Serum IgG, IL-4 levels of piglets in group F were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those in group A at 14 days old. Compared with group A, B and C, serum IgM, IgE, IgG and IL-4 levels of piglets were significantly (P<0.05) increased in group D, E, F and G at 21 days old, meanwhile those in group F and G were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those in group D and E, except IgG level in group G. At 27 days old, serum IgE, IgG and IL-4 levels of piglets in treatment groups were significantly (P<0.01) higher than those in group A, and those in group B were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those in group C, meanwhile those in group D and E were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those in group F and G. The experimental results suggested that the sensitization effect of 7S was higher than that of 11S in piglets. Soybean antigen protein immunizing agents could produce immune-protective effect in piglets, and the immune effect of 7S was prior to that of 11S. In addition, the effect of injecting immunization was prior to oral immunization with the same dose.

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Isolation and susceptibility test of pathogens responsible for porcine postweaning diarrhea

WANG Jing, DIAO Xiaolong, YANG Maoyi, WANG Quanfang, CHEN Xiaolan, ZHANG Long

2018, 30(4): 568-575. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.04.07

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In order to investigate the main causes of diarrhea of piglets in Taizhou, Jiangsu Province, 70 rectal swab samples were collected from the live diarrheic piglets, and 136 strains of bacteria were isolated by MA plates, in which 119 strains of Escherichia coli, 5 strains of Salmonella, 4 strains of Shigella, 8 strains of Cronobacter sakazakii were characterized by biochemical identification and 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. 81 strains of pathogenic E. coli were confirmed according to the animal test. Among them, 36 strains of pathogenic E. coli were identified belonging to 6 serotypes by agglutination tests, and the predominant serotypes were O₇₈ and O₁₀₁. In addition, among 81 pathogenic E. coli, 20 isolates were ST1+ST2, 44 isolates were LT1+ST2,while others were ST2. The drug resistance of pathogenic isolates were tested by Kirby-Barer method, and the results showed that more than 75% pathogenicity isolates were sensitive to ceftazidime, amikacin and ofloxacin, but resistant to tetracycline, cefuroxime, kanamycin and doxycycline seriously,and there were serious multi-drug resistance. These results would provide scientific data for the prevention and control of porcine postweaning diarrhea disease in Taizhou area.

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Optimizing transdermal agent preparation process of Eupatorium adenophorum and evaluating its effectiveness against Psoroptes cuniculi and Sarcoptes scabiei in vivo

WANG Liujie, FANG Chunlin, GU Xiaobin, XIE Yue, YANG Guangyou

2018, 30(4): 576-585. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.04.08

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To screen the extraction process of Eupatorium adenophorum and evaluate its acaricidal activity in vivo, 9-oxo-10,11-dehydro ageraphorone (euptox A), which is the main acaricidal active ingredient, was chosen as the detective index, and single factor level test and orthogonal test were carried out to investigate the influence of volume percentage of ethanol, solid to liquid ratio, extraction duration and extraction times on the extraction percentage. The optimal extraction conditions for ethanol extraction were proposed as: 95% volume percentage of ethanol, solid to liquid ratio of 1:20, extraction duration of 1 h, extraction times of three. The skin acute toxicity test and skin irritation test were carried out by sapreading the acaricidal preparations of E. adenophorum on the integral and damaged back skin of healthy rabbits. The results showed that after using the drug for 72 h, rabbits did not show any reaction of acute toxicity and irritation. In acaricidal clinical test, 30 rabbits with psoroptes mites and 26 rabbits with scabies mites were respectively divided into six groups. The animals in group A and B were treated with the acaricidal preparation contained azone and raw drug (E. adenophorum) 1.0, 0.5 g·mL^-1, respectively. The animals in groups C and D were treated with the acaricidal preparation contained raw drug 1.0, 0.5 g·mL^-1, which did not contain azone, respectively. The animals in group E and F were injected with ivermectin 0.2 mg (positive controls) and embrocated 0.9% normal saline on skin (negative controls), respectively. The results showed that,whether for the psoroptes mite group or the scabies mite group, the prepatation with high dose of E. adenophorum and azone worked best.

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Analysis on cyanidin content of ancient tea tree superior lines

CHENG Kai, LIU Jinping, DENG Daixin, CHEN Zhengwu, LI Zhongchao, ZHOU Shaojun, NIU Suzhen

2018, 30(4): 586-591. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.04.09

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The content of cyanidin of the ancient tea tree superior lines was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the optimal mobile phase of HPLC analysis on the content of cyanidin of the ancient tea superior lines consisted of acetonitrile and ultrapure water (9:1, V/V). Compared with the control Fuding Dabaicha, line 4 of ancient tea tree had the highest content of cyanidin and line 2 had the lowest content of cyanidin, which both showed the significant difference from the control.

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Effects of combined modifier on nutritional quality and lead accumulation of radish under lead stress

HU Liping, ZHOU Guoxing, LIU Guangmin, WANG Yaqin, HE Hongju

2018, 30(4): 592-599. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.04.10

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In order to verify the remediation effect of the combined modifier on lead polluted soil, pot experiments were used to study the effects of different concentrations of modifiers (0, 600, 900 and 1 200 mg·kg^-1) on soil organic matter content, pH, microbial community structure, lead accumulation and nutritional quality of the radish (Raphanus sativus L.) planted in two levels of lead polluted soil (800 mg·kg^-1 and 1 200 mg·kg^-1). The results showed that after applying 900 mg·kg^-1 modifier, the organic matter contents of the 800 mg·kg^-1 and 1 200 mg·kg^-1 of the lead polluted soil increased by 21.32% and 25.35%, respectively. In addition, the bacterial quantity, actinomycetes quantity, and total microorganism amounts of the two levels of the lead polluted soil significantly increased. However, applying the combined modifier had no significant effect on the pH of the soil. Moreover, after applying 900 mg·kg^-1 combined modifier, the lead contents in the fleshy root of the radish planted in the 800 mg·kg^-1 and 1 200 mg·kg^-1 of lead polluted soil decreased by 20.35% and 27.69%, respectively. Furthermore, the contents of vitamin C, soluble sugar, and dry matter of radish were largely improved. These data indicated that the security and nutritional quality of the radish planted in the lead polluted soil were obviously improved comparing with no modifier application.

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Effects of storage temperature on fruit quality of strawberry varieties Yuexin and Akihime

ZHANG Qing

2018, 30(4): 600-606. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.04.11

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The effects of three different storage temperatures (0 ℃, 4 ℃ and 15 ℃) on storage quality of strawberry varieties Yuexin and Akihime in terms of quality attributes such as fruit color, anthocyanin content, sugar and acid content were studied. The results indicated that the fruit quality of Yuexin and Akihime decreased progressively during storage. The quality of the fruits stored at low temperature (0 or 4 ℃) were better than that stored at 15 ℃. Considering the energy consumption, 4 ℃ was recommended for the storage of strawberry. Furthermore, Yuexin showed more advantages than Akihime when stored at 15 ℃.

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Cloning and expression analysis of PacAMR1 gene in sweet cherry

LI Jingxia, XIA Hui, LYU Xiulan, WANG Jin, LIANG Dong

2018, 30(4): 607-613. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.04.12

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Ascorbic acid (AsA) biosynthesis in plants occurs through a complex network. Regulation about this network is largely uncharacterized. PacAMR1, a gene that regulates pathway on AsA biosynthesis was identified from sweet cherry by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results of homology analysis showed that PacAMR1 protein shares high sequence similarity with that of other plants. Real-time PCR analysis showed that the relative expression level of PacAMR1 increased gradually with the development of fruit, however the AsA content was higher in early phage of fruit development. As leaves aged, PacAMR1transcripts accumulated with a concomitant increase. In contrast, the AsA content was highest in young leaves and lowest in old leaves. These results indicated that PacAMR1 appears to play an important role in modulating AsA biosynthesis in sweet cherry by negative regulating.

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Analysis of germplasm resources in 11 varieties Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq. by ISSR

WANG Xiangdong, MA Yanzhi, KE Shaoying

2018, 30(4): 614-621. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.04.13

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The aim of the study was to analyze the genetic diversity of 11 Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq.using ISSR, which would investigate the genetic diversity of Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq. germplasm resources in China. With 11 kinds of Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq. seedlings as materials, genomic DNA was extracted using the CTAB method. An orthogonal design was used to optimize the ISSR-PCR amplification system. 100 ISSR primers were used in the ISSR amplification. At last it counted the genetic distance between the tested materials and finally the cluster analysis was done. The results showed that a suitable ISSR reaction system was constructed with 25 μL reaction system containing 50 ng DNA, 0.75 μmol·L^-1 primer and 1 U Taq DNA polymerase. There were 55 primers amplified from the 100 primers, 458 bands were amplified, 8.3 bands were amplified from each primer, of which 246 bands were polymorphic, and the polymorphic rate was 53.71%. The genetic distances of 11 Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq. germplasm resources were between 0.2083-0.7091. When the genetic distance was 0.50, 11 kinds of materials could be divided into 2 categories. When the genetic distance was 0.40, 11 kinds of materials could be divided into 5 categories. In conclusion, the genetic diversity of germplasm resources of Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq. was lower in China.

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Ammonia volatilization from rice-crab culture systems in northern China

WANG Ang, MA Xuzhou, YU Yongqing, XU Jing, LYU Weiqun

2018, 30(4): 622-631. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.04.14

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In order to explore ammonia volatilization (AV) in the rice-crab system, a field experiment was carried out in Panjin, Liaoning Province. A split-plot design with two factors was arranged in this experiment, no crab and crab as the main factors, with and without fertilizer as sub-factors. The treatments included rice monoculture without fertilizer (R0M), rice-crab culture without fertilizer (R0C), rice monoculture with fertilization (R1M), and rice-crab culture with fertilizer (R1C). AV fluxes were measured via ventilation method. The results showed that seasonal AV losses from R0M, R0C, R1M and R1C fields were 8.56, 7.37, 45.64 and 41.34 kg·hm^-2, respectively. N fertilization was the dominant factor which significantly affected AV losses from the treatments. AV losses from R1M and R1C treatments were 4.33 and 4.65 times than those of R0M and R0C, respectively. In fertilized rice fields, 67.6%-76.7% of the AV losses occurred during 10 days after flooding. The rates of AV losses from no fertilized paddy field were small and stable. Compared with R0M and R0C, amounts of N accumulation in rice plants were significantly increased by 53.3% and 69.7% for R1M and R1C plots. Raising crab could significantly decrease AV losses from rice fields. AV loss from R1C was 28.4% lower than that from R1M treatment after the crab rearing in paddies, but there was little difference between them during the whole rice growth period. AV losses from R1M and R1C accounted for 28.5% and 26.0% of the seasonal N inputs, respectively. Rearing crab in rice fields could increase the amounts of N accumulation in rice plants. At maturity, N accumulation in rice plants in R1C treatment was 25.0% above that in R1M treatment, while the difference of AV and N accumulation were not significant between them under no fertilization.

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Effect of rice straw derived biochar addition on adsorption and degradation of androstenedione

WANG Daiyi, ZHANG Fengsong, PAN Juan, LIU Denglu, GOU Tizhong

2018, 30(4): 632-639. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.04.15

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The effects of rice straw biochar on the sorption and degradation of androstenedione in soils were studied by both batch equilibrium experiment and incubation experiment. The results showed that sorption coefficients (K_f) of cinnamon soil and alluvial soil were increased by 121.5% and 32.8%, respectively, after biochar addition. Degradation kinetics of androstenedione in control soils and biochar amended soils were well fitted with the first-order kinetics equation. The half-lives of androstenedione in cinnamon soil and alluvial soil amended with biochar were increased by 71.8% and 52.7%, respectively. The androstenedione in soils would keep for longer time as biochar added. However, the enhancement of androstenedione sorption ability to soils by adding biochar would likely to reduce the transportation of androstenedione to water.

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Prediction of soil organic matter distribution based on auxiliary variables and regression-radial basis function neural network (R-RBFNN) model

JIANG Yefeng, GUO Xi

2018, 30(4): 640-648. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.04.16

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Accurate spatial distribution information about soil organic matter (SOM) is critical for farmland use and soil environmental protection. In order to find the best interpolation method of SOM in Qibu Town in Wannian County, Jiangxi Province, a regression-radial basis function neural network (R-RBFNN) model was proposed based on environmental factors and neighbor information, regression Kriging (RK), based on environmental factors and neighbor information, and ordinary Kriging (OK) were also dopted to predict SOM distribution. Environmental factors were extracted from digital terrain and remote sensing image, and the four-direction search method was applied to get the neighbor information. To establish and validate this method, 78 soil samples were collected and randomly divided into two groups, as modeling points (62) and validation points (16). Results showed that, SOM content ranged from 17.30 to 53.58 g·kg^-1, with an average of 35.03 g·kg^-1, indicating a moderate variability. The nugget/sill ratio was 0.59, indicating a moderate spatial dependence for SOM. The prediction map obtained by RK and R-RBFNN was similar and more consistent with the true geographical information than OK. Moreover, compared to OK model with the validation points, RK model and R-RBFNN reduced the prediction errors, as the root mean square errors (RMSE), the mean absolute errors (MAE) and the mean relative errors (MRE) of RK were all reduced to those of OK, and the relative improvement was 66.67% and 71.79%, respectively. Therefore, both RK and R-RBFNN significantly improved the interpolation accuracy of SOM distribution due to the consideration of the environmental factors and neighbor information. In addition, R-RBFNN did not require calculation of semi-variogram, and thus exhibited better application potential.

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Isolation and identification of halophilic and halotolerant fungi from roots of Suaeda plants

WU Yuefu, GU Aixing, WANG Hongkai

2018, 30(4): 649-655. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.04.17

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In the present study, the traditional tissue-isolation method was used to isolate fungi from suaeda roots collected from Inner Mongolian for investigation of fungi composition structure and their salinity tolerance. Salinity tolerance of fungi were evaluated by fungal incubating method on PDA media with different concentrations of NaCl. The halophilic and halotolerant fungi were screened out and identified via both morphological characters and ITS rDNA sequencing. A total of 40 halotolerant fungi strains were isolated in this study, and were preliminary classified as Fusarium sp., Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp., Pythium sp., etc. Among these fungi, Aspergillus aculeatus, Fusarium oxysporum were newly recorded halotolerant fungi. Three halophilic fungi were isolated and all were classified as Aspergillus sydowii. Results of the present research indicated that thediversity of salinity-tolerance fungi was high in the halotolerant plant rhizosphere.

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Study on microwave drying uniformity of carrot slices

YU Jianfeng, ZHAO Jiang, CHEN Haiying, XIA Xiaolu, CUI Zhengwei

2018, 30(4): 656-660. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.04.18

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Drying uniformity is one of the important indexes affecting the drying quality of product. The drying uniformity of carrot slices was studied by dispersing the microwave and moving the material in the microwave cavity. The speed of the microwave stirrer, the speed of the material turntable, the power of microwave and the weight of carrot on the drying uniformity were studied via single-factor experiments. It was found that the increase of the microwave stirrer speed or the material turntable speed could reduce the nonuniformity. The increase of microwave power has negative effects on the quality of the final product. The material weight also affected the drying uniformity. The results provided a technical reference for the improvement of microwave drying uniformity.

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Effects of processing conditions on physicochemical properties of bacterial cellulose pellicle

YANG Ying, TANG Weimin, LU Shengmin

2018, 30(4): 661-665. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.04.19

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In order to explore the stability of self-produced bacterial cellulose (BC) pellicle, the gel produced by Gluconacetobacter intermedius CIs26 in citrus dregs media was chosen as research material. Effects of different processing conditions (pH, NaCl concentration, heating, and freeze) on the physicochemical properties of BC gel, including moisture content, water holding capacity, hardness, flavone content and color, were investigated. The results revealed that BC gel possessed good color stability, and its water content was hardly affected by pH. The pellicle showed the highest water-holding capacity in alkaline condition and the biggest hardness in acidic condition. With increased NaCl concentration, water holding capacity, moisture and flavone contents of BC gel were all reduced, whereas its hardness was increased at first but decreased subsequently. The water holding capacity and hardness of samples were enhanced after being frozen at -18 ℃ for 24 h. Generally speaking, BC gel could maintain good physicochemical properties under different experimental conditions, suggesting promising application potential.

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Effect of different thawing methods on pork eating quality

LIN Mo, LI Guanhao, YANG Huijuan, TANG Honggang, XIAO Chaogeng, CHEN Di, YE Mengdi, Li Hizen Andrei BORISOVIC, CHEN Lihong

2018, 30(4): 666-671. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.04.20

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In this study, the effect of three different methods of thawing, including low temperature thawing,room temperature thawing and water thawing, on pork quality has been studied. So the index of color, tenderness, water retention, protein content and fat content has been evaluated. The results showed that low temperature thawing process can significantly improve the pork L^* value, a^* value and b^* value so that the color of thawed pork can be effectively improved. Among these three thawing methods, it is better of thawing at low temperature with higher water-holding capacity and tenderness of the pork than that of the other two groups. Moreover, the nutrition quality of pork was the best after thawing at low temperature with higher content of protein and fat.

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Screening and main enzymatic property of high-producing glucose oxidase bacteria from marine environment

YE Riying, XU Defeng, SUN Lijun, WANG Yaling, WANG Junfeng, MO Rijian, WANG Jiawei, BAO Yan

2018, 30(4): 672-678. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.04.21

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In order to gain high-producing glucose oxidase bacteria from marine environment and provide new strains for glucose oxidase manufacture, producing glucose oxidase bacteria was separated with coloration culture method using methylene blue medium in Petri dish from sea mud, sea water and coral, the dominant producing glucose oxidase bacteria among them was screened with being coloration cultivated again, and it's producing glucose oxidase ability was measured with shaking liquid fermentation, and influence of pH and temperature on enzymatic activity were checked, afterwards it was identified in morphological, biochemical and 16S rDNA sequences. The results showed that several strains producing glucose oxidase were separated from sea mud, of which MS-4 was the highest producing glucose oxidase bacteria, it secreted glucose oxidase in fermentation fluid of normal LB culture reaching 8.8 U·mL^-1, and the glucose oxidase best fit act temperature was 14 ℃, pH was 7.0,and stability was maintained below 25 ℃. Synthesize identification showed that MS-4 was Bacillus cereus, the similarity of biochemical and 16S rDNA sequences were 98.8% and 100%, respectively. The experimental results indicated MS-4 was relatively high-producing glucose oxidase marine bacteria, and it could be studied and developed as a bacteria that produce glucose oxidase which could be used in food fresh keeping at low temperature.

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