Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis

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2025, 37(9): 0.

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Identification and expression analysis of members of the SWEET and SUT families in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

ZHANG Jun, ZHANG Bo, HU Bibo, LIU Jingliang, ZHANG Xiaoyu, LI Chunyang, XIONG Shengting, GUO Binbin, WANG Xiucun, MA Chao

2025, 37(9): 1825-1839. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240599

Abstract ( 58 )

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SWEETs(sugars will eventually be exported transporter) and SUTs(sucrose transporters) are two sugar transporters in plants that play important roles in carbohydrate transport. In order to analyze the evolutionary characteristics, functions and responses of TaSWEET and TaSUT genes in the wheat genome and their response to exogenous sugars, this study conducted genome-wide identification of wheat TaSWEET and TaSUT, and analyzed their phylogenetic relationships, gene structure, promoter sequence elements, and expression characteristics. 101 TaSWEET genes and 16 TaSUT genes had been identified in wheat genome, both of which could be divided into four subfamilies. The genetic structure exhibited differences in the number of exons and introns among the TaSWEET family and TaSUT family members,ranging from 4 to 18. Conservative motif analysis displayed that the TaSWEET family and TaSUT family members had 20 motifs, the motif structures within each subfamily were similar. Chromosome distribution pattern and homology analysis indicated that TaSWEET family and TaSUT family members were evenly distributed in the three subgenomes, and the segmental and tandem repeats of the whole genome promoted the amplification of TaSWEET genes. Subcellular localization prediction proved that most of the TaSWEET and all TaSUT members were located in the plasma membrane. TaSWEET contained 4-7 transmembrane helical structures, while TaSUT contained 8-12. The analysis of promoter elements forecasted that the TaSWEET and TaSUT families were rich in growth and development, hormone response and abiotic stress cis-acting elements. Wheat gene expression pattern analysis demonstrated that most of the TaSWEET and TaSUT family members expressed at low levels in wheat leaves, while 28, 25, 33, 39 and 21 members expressed at high levels in leaf, shoot, root, spike and grain, respectively. Through qRT-PCR detection, it was found that the expression levels of TaSWEET and TaSUT family genes were all down-regulated in roots after exogenous sugar treatment, while 3 genes were up-regulated in leaves under fructose treatment, and one gene was up-regulated under all three suger treatments. The above results provide a theoretical basis for further studying the regulation of growth and development of TaSWEET and TaSUT genes in wheat and their response to exogenous sugar treatment.

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Comprehensive evaluation of waxy corn quality based on various analytical methods

XU Weimeng, XU Yan, CHEN Guoli

2025, 37(9): 1840-1848. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20250047

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To accurately and comprehensively evaluate the quality of waxy corn varieties, and elucidate the interrelationships among quality traits, and reveal the differences among varieties, evaluation indices of crude starch content, amylopectin content, residue ratio, appearance, odor, color, waxiness, flavor, tenderness and thinness were adopted in this study. By utilizing variability analysis, correlation analysis, cluster analysis, principal component analysis and radar chart, a comprehensive assessment was conducted on 10 waxy corn varieties. It was shown that the selected indices exhibited coefficients of variation ranging from 1.77% to 9.16% among these varieties. Within these indices, residue ratio displayed the maximal variability, yet crude starch content exhibited the minimal variability. Correlation analysis revealed that, appearance, color, waxiness and amylopectin content were significantly (p<0.01) positively correlated with the taste score, therefore, these indices were identified as main determinants for waxy corn quality. The 10 varieties were divided into 3 clusters by cluster analysis. In the principle component analysis, Xunnuo 313, Yunuo 502, Yubainuo 501,Angongnuo 818 and Xunnuo 504 got higher scores, indicating a superior quality. As revealed by the radar chart method, the score of Yubainuo 501, Zhounuo 9, Xunnuo 504, Xunnuo 313 and Angongnuo 818 was higher. Based on these results, superior varieties of Xunnuo 504, Xunnuo 313 and Yubainuo 501 were identified. This integrative analytical framework could effectively mitigate the subjectivity inherent in conventional sensory evaluation and overcome the limitations of singular analytical approach, thereby provding more sound theoretical basis for quality assessment of waxy corn.

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Effects of water-fertilizer coupling regimes on maize yield and water and fertilizer use efficiency under mulched drip irrigation in Jingdian irrigation district of China

YAN Peizhong, CHEN Liang, ZHANG Shengyin, LIU Bin

2025, 37(9): 1849-1859. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20250037

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The development of modern agricultural water-saving technology is an effective way to solve the water shortage and improve the efficiency of water resources in the arid regions of northwest China. In order to study the effect of water-fertilizer coupling of drip irrigation under sub-membrane drip irrigation on the growth and yield of maize in Jingdian irrigation area and to find out a suitable regime, a plot experiment was conducted. The local drip irrigation amount and fertilizer application rate were used as control (CK), and 3 soil water matric potentials [-10 kPa (W1), -20 kPa (W2), -30 kPa (W3)] and 3 fertilizer applicatin rates [85% (F1), 75% (F2) and 65% (F3) of the control] were set. It was shown that W2F2 treatment exhibited the best performance under the experiment conditions. Under this treatment, the weight of aboveground dry matter of maize was significantly (p<0.05) increased by 13.7%, 9.0% than that of CK at the booting, filling period, respectively, the yield was 18.23 t·hm^-2, and the economic income was 42 548 yuan·hm^-2, which was 4.9% higher than that of CK. Besides, the water use efficiency and partial factor productivity of fertilizers under W2F2 treatment were increased by 12.5% and 36.3%, respectively, as compared with the CK, and W2F2 treatment had no significant adverse effect on soil salt content. Compared with the CK, W2F2 treatment could save water and fertilizer usage by 24.7% and 25.0%, respectively. Specifically, the water-fertilizer coupling regime of W2F2 treatment was as follows: 8 times of irrigation during the whole growth period, irrigation quota of 2 880 m³·hm^-2, and input of N 157.5 kg·hm^-2, P₂O₅ 82.5 kg·hm^-2 and K₂O 82.5 kg·hm^-2 with a ratio of 20%, 30%, 30%, 20% at seedling, jointing, booting and filling period, respectively.

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Characteristic metabolite content and cold resistance of 54 tea germplasms

YANG Chun, LIANG Sihui, WANG Anran, CHEN Juan, LI Yan, LIN Kaiqin, MI Xiaozeng, QIAO Dahe, CHEN Zhengwu, GUO Yan

2025, 37(9): 1860-1871. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240563

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To breed new tea plant cultivars with cold resistance and high quality, and clarify the correlation between characteristic metabolite content and cold tolerance in tea plants, the freezing injury index of 54 tea germplasms was obtained through field investigation. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to detect 27 biochemical components. Biochemical components which were closely related to cold resistance were identified through significance analysis of difference, correlation analysis, and path analysis. The results showed that among the 54 germplasms, 16 exhibited highly cold resistance and 7 showed highly cold sensitivity. Caffeine, epigallocatechin gallate(EGCG), and theanine were the predominant alkaloid, catechin, and amino acid components, respectively, with average contents of 32.96, 54.89, and 24.17 mg·g^-1. The average coefficient of variation and genetic diversity index of amino acids were higher than those of alkaloids and catechins. The EGCG content in highly cold resistant germplasms was significantly (p<0.01) higher than that in highly cold sensitive germplasms. Conversely, the contents of nine amino acids, including theanine, serine, and threonine, were significantly (p<0.05 or p<0.01) lower in highly cold resistant germplasms. Correlation analysis revealed a highly significant (p<0.01) negative correlation between EGCG and freezing injury index, while eleven amino acids (including alanine, serine, leucine and so on) showed significant (p<0.05 or p<0.01) positive correlations with freezing injury index. Path analysis showed that serine and glutamic acid are the biochemical components with the greatest impact on the tea plant freezing injury index, with their contribution rates to the freezing injury index being 0.53 and 0.50, respectively. They might be key biochemical components affecting cold resistance in tea plants. Based on the content of biochemical components and freezing injury index, six tea germplasms with both strong cold resistance and high theanine content were selected, which are suitable for high-altitude mountain tea regions in Guizhou Province. Among them, GT-GY-05 and GT-AS-81 exhibited strong cold resistance and high theanine content (≥30.0 mg·g^-1), making them suitable for breeding new cold resistant and high quality tea varieties.

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Greenhouse gases emission flux and impact factors in shrimp and crab mixed culture pond

ZHOU Dan, LIU Mei, ZHANG Zheng, ZOU Songbao, NI Meng, YUAN Julin

2025, 37(9): 1872-1880. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240696

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In order to reveal the greenhouse gases emission and influencing factors in shrimp and crab mixed culture pond, Eriocheir sinensis monoculture system (Q1) and mixed aquaculture system with high (Q2) or low (Q3) stocking densities of Macrobrachium rosenbergii were constructed. The greenhouse gases (CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O) emission flux in these systems were determined by the static suspension box-gas chromatography (GC), and the water quality and meteorological indicators were also measured and used for correlation analysis. The results showed that the CO₂ emission flux of Q1, Q2 and Q3 was -47.06-65.19,-36.57-118.10,-43.33-85.47 mg·m^-2·h^-1, respectively; the CH₄ emission flux of Q1, Q2 and Q3 was 0.07-4.47, 0.05-0.21, 0.04-2.81 mg·m^-2·h^-1, respectively; and the N₂O emission flux of Q1, Q2 and Q3 was -0.005-0.019,-0.031-0.009,-0.017-0.014 mg·m^-2·h^-1, respectively. The pH value of water was the main environmental factor affecting CO₂ emission flux in ponds, while the concentration of nitrite nitrogen in the water was the main environmental factor affecting the CH₄ and N₂O emission. Global warming potential (GWP) of Q1, Q2 and Q3 was 348.61, 209.29, 226.81 g·m^-2, respectively, and the unit product warming potential (UWP) of Q1, Q2 and Q3 was 2 294.24, 970.97, 1 296.80 g·kg^-1, respectively. In general, co-culture of Eriocheir sinensis and Macrobrachium rosenbergii increased CO₂ emission flux, yet decreased CH₄ emission flux, and had no significant impact on N₂O emission flux. Compared with the monoculture of Eriocheir sinensis, the mixed aquaculture could improve the economic benefit and decrease the GWP and UWP.

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Optimization of substrate formulation and cultivation techniques for Morchella eximia WSJD-1 in Guangxi region of China

LUO Yanglan, HUANG Liling, HUANG Shilyu, YAN Yong, WANG Canqin

2025, 37(9): 1881-1890. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240872

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To optimize the culture medium formulation for Morchella eximia strain WSJD-1 and identify key cultivation techniques for Morchella sp. in Guangxi, the Plackett-Burman experiment design, steepest ascent experiments and Box-Behnken response surface methods were used to optimize the substrate composition for WSJD-1 cultivation. Based on the optimized formulation, effects of different sowing dates, seeding rates, mulching methods, and continuous cropping cycle on morel growth in Guangxi were investigated. The results showed that the optimal substrate formula for WSJD-1 was: 83.0% wheat (mass fraction), 10.0% sawdust (mass fraction), 1.8% rice husk (mass fraction), 0.3% KH₂PO₄ (mass fraction), 0.3% MgSO₄ (mass fraction), 2.6% humus soil (mass fraction), 1% quick lime (mass fraction), and 1% gypsum (mass fraction). Under this formulation, the average sclerotia dry weight reached 20.879 g per bag, representing a 14.68% increase compared with the pre-optimization baseline. Variations in sowing date, seeding rate, mulching method, and continuous cropping cycle had little influence on the time required for mycelium germination, primordium formation, and young fruiting body emergence. In Guangxi, the optimal sowing date was between November 25th and December 2nd. The optimal seeding rate was 200 kg per 667 m². The highest yield (0.669 kg·m^-2) was achieved using a combination of white agricultural film covering the greenhouse exterior and black plastic mulch applied inside the greenhouse. Continuous cropping significantly reduced yield: yields after the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd cycles of continuous cropping decreased by 47.10%, 56.38%, and 64.78%, respectively, compared with the non-continuous cultivation. Furthermore, the incidence of pests and diseases increased markedly with the increase of continuous cropping cycles. This study clarified the optimal substrate formula for M. eximia WSJD-1 and key technical parameters for WSJD-1 cultivation in Guangxi, including the optimal sowing date, seeding rate, mulching method, and the impact of continuous cropping.

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Investigation of entomogenous fungi resources in Jiulongshan National Nature Reserve of Suichang County, Zhejiang Province, China

CHEN Yafei, SHI Xiaoxiao, YU Shuisheng, YE Bihuan, SONG Qiyan, SHEN Jianjun, CHEN Youwu

2025, 37(9): 1891-1904. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20241008

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To elucidate the entomogenous fungi resources in Jiulongshan National Nature Reserve of Suichang County, Zhejiang Province, a preliminary investigation was conducted in 2024. In this study, a total of 22 specimens were collected. Morphological observations, strain isolation, and purification were performed, followed by molecular identification based on the ribosomal large subunit (LSU) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. The results indicated that the isolated entomogenous fungi comprised 11 species across 7 genera, including 5 species of Cordyceps, 1 species of Blackwellomyces, 1 species of Beauveria, 1 species of Tolypocladium, 1 species of Ophiocordyceps, 1 species of Pleurocordyceps, and 1 species of Purpureocillium. Among these, Cordyceps was the dominant genus, with Cordyceps tenuipes being the most prevalent species. The primary hosts of these entomogenous fungi were found to be lepidopteran and hemiptera insects. This study revealed the species and host diversity of entomogenous fungi resources in Jiulongshan National Nature Reserve and provided a foundation for the further development and utilization of these resources in this region.

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Effects of sand culture and soil culture on growth, yield, and quality of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)

WU Ju, YANG Fei, WU Guoquan, FU Xian, XU Chenguang

2025, 37(9): 1905-1913. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240808

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Based on internet of things and integrated water-fertilization technology, the effects of sand culture and soil culture on the growth, yield, and quality of cucumber were studied. Using the cucumber varieties Jinlyu Qiuliang, Jinlyu 107, Jinlyu 2136, Jinlyu 265, and Zhonghua Youliangwang as materials, the plant agronomic traits, fruit yield, and fruit quality indicators of these five cultivars were measured under both sand culture and soil culture. The results showed that, compared with soil culture, sand culture significantly (p<0.05) increased plant height; however, soil culture resulted in greater stem diameter. The plot yield of four cucumber cultivars under sand culture was significantly higher than that under soil culture. In terms of quality, sucrose synthase activity was significantly higher in four sand-cultured cucumber cultivars, while vitamin C content was significantly lower in three sand cultured cucumber cultivars, and soluble sugar content was significantly lower in five sand-cultivated cultivars. Regarding mineral elements, the magnesium and potassium content in most cultivars were significantly lower under sand culture, whereas no significant differences were observed in manganese and iron content. The findings of this study provide a theoretical basis for modern cultivation techniques in cucumber production.

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Screening and phenotypic analysis of EMS-induced mutants in Lagenaria siceraria

ZHENG Cheng, WANG Ying, WANG Jian, GUO Xiao, WANG Baogen, WU Xinyi, ZHU Biao, LI Guojing, WU Xiaohua

2025, 37(9): 1914-1923. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240920

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To investigate suitable ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis conditions and screen for mutants in bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), seeds of the local variety Hangzhou Long Gourd were treated with different volume fractions of EMS and soaking time to determine the optimal mutagenesis parameters. Subsequently, these optimal conditions were applied to construct an EMS-induced mutant library.The results showed that the optimal EMS mutagenesis condition for bottle gourd was soaking seeds in 1.2% EMS solution for 12 h, under which the seed germination rate was 49.4%. Using this mutagenesis condition, an EMS mutant library containing 667 M₁ generation plants was established. From this library, 14 mutants exhibiting various phenotypes were identified, including yellowing leaf, wrinkled leaf, albino lethal plant, albino leaf, disease spot leaf, dwarf plant, short fruit and albino peel. The mutation rate was 2.10%. Phenotypic characterization and ultrastructural observation revealed that one yellowing leaf mutant, X-67, possessed lower photosynthetic pigment content and incomplete chloroplast development, potentially explaining its juvenile leaf yellowing phenotype. This study identified the optimal EMS mutagenesis conditions for bottle gourd and obtained a collection of EMS-induced mutants, providing valuable material resources for functional genomics research in bottle gourd.

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Effects of straw mulching on water, heat, fertility status of soil and yield and quality of flat peach

ZHU Weijing, WU Jia, HONG Chunlai, ZHU Fengxiang, HONG Leidong, ZHANG Tao, ZHANG Shuo, ZHU Huifen

2025, 37(9): 1924-1932. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240689

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To explore the effects of straw mulching on water, heat conditions and physiochemical properties of soil, as well as fruit yield and quality in orchards, flat peach variety Yulu in Ningbo of China was taken as the research object, and a field experiment with straw mulching and non-mulching in peach orchards was carried out for two consecutive years during 2021-2023. The results showed that straw mulching could regulate the soil temperature in 20 cm depth, as it increased the average soil temperature by 1.9 and 3.1 ℃ in January and February of 2022, yet decreased the average soil temperature by 1.3 and 0.7 ℃ in March and April of 2022. Besides, straw mulching increased the average soil moisture content. In 2023, straw mulching significantly (p<0.05) increased soil available phosphorus content by 190.26% as compared with the non-mulching treatment, yet the soil electrical conductivity and available nitrogen content decreased significantly by 29.93% and 7.82%, respectively. In 2022, straw mulching significantly increased the yield of flat peach by 14.55%, and improved the fruit quality, as the vitamin C content and soluble sugar content of flat peach were significantly increased by 23.76% and 5.75%, respectively. The results of correlation analysis showed that the contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen were the main factors affecting the yield and quality of flat peach. In summary, straw mulching could effectively regulate the soil temperature, moisture content and fertility to a more suitable status for the growth of flat peach, promote the absorption of nutrient elements by roots, thereby improving the yield and quality of flat peach.

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Detection of pest and disease in tea based on improved YOLOv8s

LIU Rui, WANG Lijuan, WANG Qiuhao, LIN Xudong, GUO Qihang, XU Duolin, LI Wenyan

2025, 37(9): 1933-1942. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240836

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The detection of pests and diseases in tea cultivation mainly relies on traditional manual methods, which has problems of low efficiency and poor precision. This paper proposed an improved YOLOv8s model, which aimed to achieve real-time and efficient detection of pests and diseases in tea. A dataset containing five common pests and diseases was constructed in this model. By adding the convolutional block attention module (CBAM), the representation ability of model was enhanced, important feature extraction was enhanced, and the recognition precision of model was improved. The FasterNet backbone network was adopted to reduce detection time while maintaining high precision and significantly reduce the model complexity. By adopting the WIoU loss function, the object overlapping problem in the process of image processing was effectively solved and the detection performance of model in real situations was improved. The results showed that compared with the traditional YOLOv8s model, the mean average precision of improved YOLOv8s-CFW model reached 98.2%, which was improved by 3.7 percentage points, the floating-point operations per second (FLOPS) and parameter count were reduced by 43.0% and 45.2%, respectively, and the detection time was reduced by 34.8%.The improved model demonstrates significant improvements in both precision and lightweight, meets the requirements of real-time detection, and provides reliable theoretical support for the automated detection of pests and diseases in tea.

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Effects of reduced chemical fertilization and biochar application on nitrogen and phosphorus leaching and soil properties of sandy soil

WEI Qingcui, JIANG Naying, SHEN Junyang, ZHANG Huanchao, ZHANG Hengfeng

2025, 37(9): 1943-1950. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240755

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In order to explore the inhibitory effect of reduced chemical fertilization and application of corn straw biochar on nitrogen and phosphorus leaching in sandy soil and soil quality improvement, a soil column leaching experiments was conducted with 5 treatments: CK, conventional fertilization ( usage of 105 kg·hm^-2 chemical fertilizer); JL, chemical fertilization reduction rate of 30% (usage of 73.5 kg·hm^-2); BC10, chemical fertilization reduction rate of 30% + 10 t·hm^-2 biochar; BC20, chemical fertilization reduction rate of 30% + 20 t·hm^-2 biochar; BC30, chemical fertilization reduction rate of 30% + 30 t·hm^-2 biochar. It was shown that, compared with the CK, the other treatments significantly (p<0.05) reduced the accumulative leaching amount of ammonium nitrogen (${NH}_{4}^{+}$-N) and nitrate nitrogen (${NO}_{3}^{-}$-N) by 15.96%-58.65% and 22.28%-56.13%, respectively; JL and B10 treatments significantly lowered the acuumulative leaching amount of ${PO}_{4}^{3-}$-P by 15.49%-16.90%, yet BC20 and BC30 treatments significantly increased the acuumulative leaching amount of ${PO}_{4}^{3-}$-P by 18.31%-29.58%. After 16 weeks, the total porosity of BC10, BC20, BC30 treatments was significantly increased by 8.35%-26.96% than that of CK, and the mass fraction of ${NO}_{3}^{-}$-N, dissolved organic nitrogen and available phosphorus was significantly increased by 8.46%-46.36%, 40.10%-105.56% and 8.06%-71.50%, respectively, under these treatments. Besides, BC20 and BC30 treatments increased soil pH value by 11.06% and 15.54% than that of CK, and BC30 treatment enhanced the water holding capacity of soil by 22.24%. In general, application of reduced chemical fertilization combined with corn straw biochar could significantly reduce nitrogen leaching in sandy soil. However, the use of high levels of biochar might increase the risk of ${PO}_{4}^{3-}$-P leaching. Under this experiment condition, application of chemical fertilizer with a reduciton rate of 30% based on the conventional usage and 10 t·hm^-2 biochar was appropriate.

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Inhibition mechanism of epigallocatechin gallate on glucoamylase

HUANG Weihong, LIU Yi, ZHENG Fuming

2025, 37(9): 1951-1957. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240700

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To investigate the inhibition mechanism of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on glucoamylase and its effect on glucoamylase structure during the digestion process, the methods including inhibition kinetics, fluorescence intensity, surface hydrophobicity analysis and molecular docking were comprehensively adopted. It was shown that EGCG exhibited mixed competitive inhibition on glucoamylase with competitive inhibition as the main factor. As the mass concentration of EGCG increased, the fluorescence intensity of glucoamylase at 425 nm gradually decreased, and the linear relationship of the Stern-Volmer curve of fluorescence quenching was good, and the fluorescence quenching mode belonged to static quenching. With the increase in EGCG mass concentration, the surface hydrophobic interaction of glucoamylase gradually decreased. The molecular docking revealed that the EGCG was bound to amino acids on the non-catalytic site of glucoamylase. It was concluded that the binding of EGCG to the non-catalytic site of glucoamylase affected the binding of the catalytic site and substrate, changed the structure of glucoamylase, affected the hydrophobic interaction of glucoamylase, thus reduced the catalytic efficiency of glucoamylase. These findings provided theoretical basis for the understanding of the interaction mechanism between EGCG and glucoamylase.

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Optimization of the preparation process and separation purification of antioxidant peptides from oat bran protein

LI Huaxin, YANG Xuankang, CHEN Ying, WU Xiaoting, LIU Silian, YANG Zhong, ZHOU Chenggang, GAO Dandan

2025, 37(9): 1958-1968. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240542

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To enhance the comprehensive application value of oat bran protein, this study prepared antioxidant peptides by enzymatic hydrolysis of oat bran protein with neutral protease. The DPPH free radical scavenging rate was used as an indicator to investigate the effects of enzymolysis time, enzymolysis temperature, pH value, and mass fraction of oat bran protein on the hydrolysis efficiency. Based on single-factor experiments, response surface methodology was employed to optimize the process conditions. The results showed that when the mass fraction of oat bran protein was 6.0%, pH value was 7.5, the enzymolysis temperature was 45 ℃, and the enzymolysis time was 4.5 h, the DPPH free radical scavenging rate was (73.78±0.67)%. The enzymatic hydrolysates were separated into four fractions by ultrafiltration, with the F4 fraction exhibiting the highest scavenging ability. Further purification using Sephadex G-25 gel filtration chromatography yielded three sub-fractions, which were assessed for their antioxidant activities based on their abilities to scavenge DPPH free radicals, hydroxyl radicals(·OH), and superoxide radicals (${O}_{2}^{·-}$). The study found that the E2 sub-fraction separated by Sephadex G-25 had the highest antioxidant activity, with the scavenging ability of DPPH radicals, hydroxyl radicals(·OH), and superoxide radicals (${O}_{2}^{·-}$) were (84.8±0.5)%, (81.6±0.7)%, and (80.1±0.7)%. These findings indicate that neutral protease can effectively hydrolyze oat bran protein to produce antioxidant peptides, and the antioxidant activity of these peptides can be significantly enhanced through separation and purification processes. This study provides a reference for the preparation of bioactive peptides from oat bran protein and offers a basis for enhancing their functional value.

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Influence of Bacillus methylotrophicus on contents and coordination of chemical composition based on the primary-cured greenish tobacco

WANG Ting, FAN Yuxin, WANG Hui, DU Jingshan, SHI Qiuhuan, WANG Yujie, SHEN Hongtao, WANG Yanfang, XI Jiaqin, LIU Ling

2025, 37(9): 1969-1980. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20241019

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In order to improve the intrinsic quality of Luoyang primary flue-cured tobacco and enhance its industrial utilization value, the B2V and C3V grade tobacco leaves of Luoyang LY1306 were used as test materials. Bacillus methylotrophicus (JLZY-5) was sprayed with four concentration gradients of CK (0%), S1 (12%), S2 (24%) and S3 (36%) on the upper (B2V) and middle (C3V) parts of the primary-cured greenish tobacco, respectively. The effects of microorganisms on sensory evaluation quality, chemical composition contents and coordination of primary-cured greenish tobacco were measured, and the feasibility of using microorganisms to regulate the aging process of primary cured tobacco was discussed. The results showed that the aroma quality, aroma quantity, aftertaste, offensive odor, irritancy and total score of sensory evaluation of tobacco leaves increased with the extension of aging time. Spraying Bacillus methylotrophicus could effectively increase the total score of sensory evaluation of the primary-cured greenish tobacco and improve quality of tobacco leaves. Bacillus methylotrophicus with S2 treatment had the best effect during the aging process. The contents of total alkaloids, total nitrogen and starch in the upper and middle greenish tobacco were reduced by the effects of Bacillus methylotrophicus spraying (except the total alkaloids contents in the middle tobacco S1 and S3 treatments), the contents of reducing sugars and total sugars were increased(except in the middle tobacco S1 treatment) by the effects of bacterial spraying, while the contents of potassium and chlorine were almost not affected. As a whole, the chemical composition coordination of the primary-cured greenish tobacco was improved, and the optimal concentration of Bacillus methylotrophicus was 24%, which improved the quality of tobacco and expanded its application scope of primary-cured greenish tobacco.

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Wind induced responses and wind vibration coefficients of plastic greenhouses

WANG Cong, LU Jiarui, LIN Yufei, PAN Xingjia, WANG Jie, ZHU Longjing

2025, 37(9): 1981-1990. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20241096

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To investigate the dynamic failure mechanism of plastic greenhouses under instantaneous wind loads, the wind-induced response analysis of an 8 m-span plastic greenhouse was conducted, the influence of ridge height and shoulder height on node displacement wind vibration coefficient was discussed. To facilitate engineering applications, recommended values for global displacement wind vibration coefficient were provided. The results showed that the displacement of the plastic greenhouse under wind loads exhibited a “double-peak” curve distribution. The first displacement peak occurred at 1.0 m away from the windward end, and the second displacement peak occurred at 6.3 m away from the windward end. The maximum displacement under instantaneous wind loads was approximately 2.5 times that under mean wind loads. The maximum equivalent stress of the plastic greenhouse occurred at the windward end. The maximum equivalent stress under instantaneous wind loads was about 2.1 times that under mean wind loads. The ridge height of the plastic greenhouse had little influence on the nodal displacement wind vibration coefficients. With the shoulder height unchanged and the ridge height increasing from 3.4 m to 3.8 m, the nodal displacement wind vibration coefficient varied about 5%. When the ridge height was constant, the nodal displacement wind vibration coefficient decreased with the increase of shoulder height. For plastic greenhouses with a span of 8 m, shoulder height range of 1.8 m to 2.0 m, and ridge height range of 3.4 m to 3.8 m, the global displacement wind vibration coefficient varied from 2.23 to 2.43. The results could provide a theoretical basis for the wind-resistant design of plastic greenhouse structures.

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Carbon footprint of food consumption by rural residents in China: spatial-temporal pattern and driving factors

QI Huibo, JI Peng, ZHENG Qiaoer, ZHAO Jing, LONG Fei

2025, 37(9): 1991-2002. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240807

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It is important to understand the evolution of the carbon footprint of rural residents' food consumption to explore the emission reduction path from the rural residents' food consumption side. Based on the basic characteristics of rural residents' food consumption, the direct and indirect carbon footprints of rural residents' food consumption were calculted in 30 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) of China excluding Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and Xizang from 2001 to 2022. The spatial and temporal patterns and driving factors were analysed by using spatial econometric models. It was found that: 1) Rural residents' food consumption exhibited unbalanced and insufficient development level. The total direct carbon footprint was decreasing in the study period, while the per capita direct carbon footprint was decreasing first and then increasing. 2) There were significant spatial clustering characteristics and spillover effects of rural residents' food consumption carbon footprint in all sample provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities). The spillover effects mainly concentrated in high-high and low-low clusters. 3) The driving factors of the carbon footprint of rural residents' food consumption consisted of population, economy, technology, trade and food consumption structure, and the mechanism on carbon footprint of rural residents' food consumption varied among sample provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities). Based on these findings, there was urgent need to introduce sustainable food consumption policies for rural residents which balanced the nutrition and low carbon goals. Besides, efforts should be made to promote the carbon reduction of rural residents' food consumption in all aspects through price interventions, consumption subsidies, and popularization of science and technology.

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Research progress of vesicle trafficking in plant response to salt stress

HU Yingjie, DU Chenqi, WANG Liufan, SHOU Jianxin, WANG Chao, XU Mei, YAN Xu

2025, 37(9): 2003-2011. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240893

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Salt stress ranks as one of the most critical abiotic stress encountered by plants. In response, plants have evolved multiple strategies to cope with high-salt environments. Among these, vesicle trafficking serves as a crucial mechanism in plant salt stress responses. It precisely regulates physiological activities and mitigates damage caused by high salt concentrations through various means, such as modulating ion homeostasis, signal transduction, and cellular remodeling. In recent years, several key regulators of vesicle trafficking including clathrin, soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE), and small GTPase has been shown to play important roles in balancing plant growth and salt stress adaptation. However, further research is needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the coordinated vesicle trafficking response to salt stress and to explore its potential applications for improving crop salt tolerance. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding how vesicle trafficking regulates plant salt tolerance, with the aim of providing new strategies to harness this mechanism for developing high-yielding and salt-tolerant crops.

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Research progress on gene function and breeding of low-cadmium rice cultivars

PEI Huimin, WU Mingming, ZHAI Rongrong, YE Jing, JIN Yue, ZHU Yi, HOU Jianjun, ZHU Guofu, YE Shenghai

2025, 37(9): 2012-2020. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240431

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Long-term accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in the human body can lead to severe diseases. Rice is one of the primary sources of cadmium intake for human. Breeding of low-cadmium rice cultivars was the most economical and effective strategy for producing rice with low Cd in Cd-contaminated soils. Currently, extensive research has been conducted on the mining and functional characterization of genes related to Cd accumulation in rice, and preliminary progress has been made in screening low-Cd rice cultivars. This review summarizes the advances in the discovery of low-Cd genes and germplasm resources, as well as the breeding of low-Cd rice cultivars. It also discusses and prospects the challenges in breeding new low-Cd rice cultivars, aiming to provide a theoretical reference for molecular breeding and safe production of low-Cd rice.

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