Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis

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2025, 37(8): 0-0.

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Bioinformatics analysis and cloning of NF-YA family genes in maize(Zea mays)

GUAN Xiusheng, LIU Tieshan, WANG Juan, ZHANG Maolin, LIU Chunxiao, DONG Rui, GUAN Haiying, LIU Qiang, XU Yang, HE Chunmei

2025, 37(8): 1605-1614. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20241020

Abstract ( 34 )

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The nuclear factor (NF-Y), composed of NF-YA, NF-YB, and NF-YC subunits, specifically recognizes the CCAAT-box in the promoters of target genes and is a critically important transcription factor. To explore the functions of the NF-YA family members in maize (Zea mays), 16 maize NF-YA family members were identified by bioinformatics methods using the maize gene database, and 13 of these members were cloned, and their tissue-specific expression patterns as well as expression profiles under salt stress were determined. The results showed that except for ZmNF-YA16, the other maize NF-YA family members contain a highly conserved CBFB_NF-YA domain. Maize NF-YA family members were classified into three types according to phylogenetic analysis. Subcellular localization prediction indicated that except for ZmNF-YA14, which was localized to both the nucleus and mitochondrion, the other maize NF-YA family members were localized in the nucleus. Promoter cis-element analysis revealed that the genes of maize NF-YA family members contained various cis-acting elements. Tissue expression analysis showed that five NF-YA family members exhibited tissue specificity, while ZmNF-YA2 and ZmNF-YA4 were expressed in all tissues examined. Under salt stress, ZmNF-YA5 and ZmNF-YA10 showed positive responses, while ZmNF-YA13 negatively regulated the maize response to salt stress. This study provided a preliminary analysis of the gene structures and salt stress response patterns of maize NF-YA family members, laying a foundation for further research into the functions of this family.

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Effect of grafting on cold resistance of potato seedlings under low temperature stress

LIU Guomin, ZHENG Xu, LIAO Yujiao, QIN Yexin, QIN Weizhi

2025, 37(8): 1615-1623. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240718

Abstract ( 39 )

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To investigate the effects of grafting on different potato materials under lowtemperature stress, cold-resistant cultivar Guinongshu 1 (G1) and cold-sensitive cultivar Longshu 9 (L9) were reciprocally grafted, yielding two graft combinations (L9G1 and G1L9). G1, G1L9, L9G1, and L9 were subjected to 4 ℃ and 0 ℃ treatments in a light incubator, with 25 ℃ as the control. Antioxidant enzyme activities, membrane lipid peroxidation indices, and osmotic adjustment substance contents in potato leaves were measured. Cold resistance coefficients of relevant indicators were calculated and analyzed using correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), membership function values, and weighting methods to comprehensively evaluate cold resistance. Results showed that, soluble sugar (SS) content was significantly (p<0.05) positively correlated with the cold resistance coefficient of catalase (CAT) activity, while relative electrical conductivity (REC) was significantly negatively correlated with the cold resistance coefficients of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Nine individual indicators were transformed into two comprehensive indicators by PCA. SOD activity, MDA content, soluble protein (SP) content, REC, and CAT activity could be served as key indicators to evaluate potato cold resistance. The comprehensive cold resistance ability of these four materials followed the order of G1>L9G1>G1L9>L9. It was concluded that the cold-resistant potato cultivars enhanced the cold resistance of graft combinations whether used as rootstock or scion, with rootstock exerting a greater influence.

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Interannual stability of main traits for Camellia oleifera Abel.

CAO Yongqing, YAO Xiaohua, WANG Kailiang, REN Huadong

2025, 37(8): 1624-1633. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20250004

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To explores the interannual stability of main traits for Camellia oleifera Abel. and provide reference for regional cultivars evaluation and screening, 25 cultivars(clones) were selected to study the annual changes of 9 main traits, including initial time of flowering, blooming stage, yield, single fresh fruit weight(single fruit weight), ratio of seed to fresh fruit, single seed weight, ratio of dry kernel to seed, oil rate of kernel, oleic acid content, for three consecutive years from 2020 to 2022. The interannual variation characters of different traits were analyzed and interannual stability of different cultivars were evaluated by grey relation analysis. The result showed that the different cultivars showed obviously different traits on initial time of flowering and blooming stage, and the interannual coefficient of variation(CV) of initial time of flowering and blooming stage were 14.00%-84.84% and 0-62.73%, respectively. And a significant correlation was found between the initial time of flowering and the blooming stage. The earlier the initial of flowering, the shorter the blooming stage; the later the initial of flowering stage, the longer the blooming stage. The yield was also obviously different and the interannual CV was between 15.51% and 128.21%, the average value was 60.43%; The average interannual CV of single fruit weight, ratio of seed to fresh fruit, single seed weight, and ratio of dry kernel to seed were 23.17%, 9.78%, 37.35% and 5.41%, respectively. The oil rate of kernel and oleic acid content of 25 clones were 36.30%-53.08% and 77.97%-82.90%, and their average interannual CV were 11.77% and 3.56%, respectively. And significant correlations were found among the traits. The average interannual CV of 9 traits was ranked as follows: yield>initial time of flowering, blooming stage, single seed weight>single fruit weight>ratio of seed to fresh fruit, the oil rate of kernel>ratio of dry kernel to seed>oleic acid content. CL55, CL53, and CL21 had the best interannual stability, while GL12, GL9, and XL27 had the worst interannual stability.

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Optimization of spore collection conditions and germination technology of Ganoderma sinense

WEI Jiaojun, WANG Canqin, YAN Yong, WEI Shiyan, LUO Yanglan, WANG Xiaoguo, ZHOU Maorong

2025, 37(8): 1634-1647. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240985

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In order to provide a theoretical basis for the genetic breeding of Ganoderma sinense, the wild macrofungi DZ020 strain was used as the research object, and its taxonomic status was identified through morphological identification and ITS sequence analysis. The spore collection method of DZ020 was explored. The effects of medium, temperature, thermal stimulation, pH value, carbon source, storage time and sawdust extract on spore germination were investigated by single factor test. The spore germination conditions were optimized by orthogonal test and response surface method (Box-Behnken design). The results showed that the collected wild macrofungi DZ020 was identified as G. sinense based on fruiting body morphology and ITS sequence analysis. The germination rate of spores collected by the carton method was significantly higher than that by the bagging method and the clock cover method, and the pollution rate was significantly lower than the bagging method and the clock cover method. Single factor test results showed that the optimum solid medium was 6% agar + 2% beef extract+ 2% peptone, the optimal temperature, pH value and storage time for the spore germination were 30 ℃, 4.5, and 1 d, respectively, the germination rate of spores could be increased by water bath stimulation, adding maltose and sawdust extract of Castanopsis hystrix to the medium. The results of orthogonal test showed that the water bath time and maltose mass fraction had significant effects on the germination rate, and the mass fraction of sawdust extract of C. hystrix had no significant effect on the germination rate. The results of Box-Behnken response surface method optimization showed that there was no significant(p>0.05) interaction between the mass fractions of sawdust extract of C. hystrix and maltose, the interaction between the mass fraction of sawdust extract of C. hystrix and water bath time was significant (p<0.01), and the interaction between maltose mass fraction and water bath time was significant (p<0.05). The optimized mass fractions of sawdust extract of C. hystrix and maltose were 19.0% and 1.6%, respectively, the water bath time was 41.0 min. Under the optimized conditions, the germination rate was 3.876%. This study provided an effective method and reference basis for the acquisition of single spore strains in the genetic breeding of G. sinense.

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Effect of 5-azacytosine on somatic embryo-induced DNA methylation in Fraxinus mandschurica

CONG Jianmin, HUANG Weijian, YIN Xinxing, LIU Jinping, ZHAO Yong

2025, 37(8): 1648-1657. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240997

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To investigate the role of 5-azacytidine (5-AzaC) in the epigenetic regulation of genomic DNA methylation during somatic embryogenesis in Fraxinus mandsharica Rupr., somatic embryos were induced by adding 20.0 μmol·L^-1 5-azacytidine to the medium, with untreated samples as the control, methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP) was used to analyze the effects of cytosine methylation levels, patterns, and variations in the genomic DNA of explants on somatic embryogenesis. The results showed that, the browning rate of the explants was reduced by 5-AzaC treatment, which led to alterations in the genomic DNA methylation status, specifically an increase in fully methylated cytosines and a decrease in hemimethylated cytosines. 5-AzaC inhibited cytosine methylation and induced DNA demethylation variation in explant genomic DNA, thereby reducing the induction rate of somatic embryos. These findings demonstrated that epigenetic mechanisms participate in regulating somatic embryogenesis in trees, which provided theoretical guidance for the study of tree somatic embryogenesis.

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Cloning and function analysis of JcMBY27 gene from Jatropha curcas

WANG Xiaohui, JIA Sainan, FENG Jiayu, YIN Xinyue, LIU Zixuan, LIU Wenjie, ZHAO Shuaiying, WANG Shujing, TANG Yuehui

2025, 37(8): 1658-1665. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240956

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MYB transcription factors play an important regulatory role in plant growth, development and secondary metabolite synthesis. To investigate the function of the MYB transcription factor gene JcMYB27 in Jatropha curcas, this study used J. curcas as material, and cloned the JcMYB27 gene by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), analyzed its expression patterns using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), determined its subcellular localization through transient expression in Arabidopsis thaliana protoplasts, and generated JcMYB27-overexpression Arabidopsis thaliana plants by the floral dip method. Phenotypic analyses were conducted under normal growth conditions, including root hair number and leaf anthocyanin content under 5% sucrose induction. The results showed that the length of JcMYB27 open reading frame was 243 bp, encoding 80 amino acids. Expression pattern analysis showed that JcMYB27 was expressed most highly in J. curcas roots. Subcellular localization analysis demonstrated that JcMYB27 was localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Under normal growth conditions, overexpression of the JcMYB27 gene in A. thaliana increased root hair numbers while reducing the anthocyanin content in leaves. Under sucrose induction, JcMYB27-overexpression A. thaliana exhibited significantly lower leaf anthocyanin content compared with wild-type plants. Additionally, the expressions of anthocyanin synthesis-related genes DFR, LDOX and UF3GT in JcMYB27-overexpression A. thaliana were significantly lower than those in wild type. In conclusion, JcMYB27 gene plays a regulatory role in root hair development and anthocyanin biosynthesis in J. curcas.

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Function of the SmMYB13 gene in drought stress response in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)

LI Yujing, HUANG Qianru, ZHANG Aidong, WU Xuexia, ZHU Dongxing, XIAO Kai

2025, 37(8): 1666-1679. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20241009

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To explore the function of the SmMYB13 gene in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) under drought stress, the transcription factor SmMYB13 was cloned from eggplant, and bioinformatics analysis and expression detection under drought stress were conducted. The SmMYB13 gene was heterologously overexpressed in Arabidopsis thaliana using the inflorescence infiltration method, and the drought resistance and the expression of abscisic acid (ABA)-related genes in transgenic plants were analyzed. The results showed that the full length of the SmMYB13 gene was 777 bp, encoding 258 amino acids. It was a hydrophilic unstable protein without signal peptide and transmembrane structure, and was mainly located in the nucleus and mitochondria. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that the SmMYB13 protein was closely related to MYB13 proteins from Solanum tuberosum L. (potato) and Solanum lycopersicum L.(tomato). qRT-PCR analysis showed that the SmMYB13 gene was expressed in the root, stem, leaf, pericarp, flower and flesh of eggplant, with the highest expression level in the pericarp. Under drought stress, compared with wild-type A. thaliana, SmMYB13-overexpression A. thaliana exhibited reduced cell membrane permeability in leaf, was less stained by toluidine blue (TB), the water loss rate significantly decreased, while the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), were significantly enhanced, malondialdehyde (MDA) content decreased, and drought resistance improved. Under ABA treatment, compared with wild-type A. thaliana, SmMYB13-overexpression A. thaliana showed upregulated expression of ABA-negative regulator genes and downregulated expression of ABA-positive regulator genes, resulting in reduced sensitivity to ABA. The above results indicated that the SmMYB13 gene in eggplant was a drought stress response factor and played a positive regulatory role in drought stress.

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Effects of interstock on leaf photosynthetic characteristics, physicochemical properties and fruit quality of three mandarin hybrids

HE Shixiong, YANG Lei, QI Anmin, CHENG Ji, WANG Min, LI Yingkui, HONG Lin

2025, 37(8): 1680-1693. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20241017

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To evaluate the effects of interstock on the photosynthesis, physiological and biochemical properties, mineral elements, and fruit quality of three mandarin hybrids, using Licheng(single interstock) and Licheng/Ehime 28 (combined interstock) as interstocks for grafting the Tango, Harumi and Orah cultivars, we analyzed leaf photosynthetic pigments contents, soluble sugar content, starch content, diurnal photosynthetic variation, stress-related enzyme activity, mineral element content, as well as fruit quality indicators such as soluble solids, titratable acidity, and vitamin C content. Principal component analysis(PCA) was used to evaluate the overall performance of each scion-rootstock combination. The results showed that photosynthetic efficiency varied significantly among the different varieties, while the diurnal curves of net photosynthetic rate (P_n), stomatal conductance (G_s), transpiration rate (T_r) and intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i) showed no significant differences among varieties with different interstocks, but the combined interstock significantly increased the P_n of Orah and Harumi in the morning, with peak values being 13.40% and 10.85% higher, respectively. The interstock type influenced the chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll content in the leaves of the hybrid citrus varieties. The soluble sugar and starch contents in the leaves of all three varieties were higher on the combined interstock than those on the single interstock. The combined interstock increased the accumulation of total phenols and soluble proteins in the leaves while reducing phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity. Compared with activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), the activities of catalase (CAT), β-1,3-glucanase (β-1,3-GA), exochitinase and endochitinase were more significantly affected by the interstock treatment. Compared with the single interstock, the combined interstock increased the content of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), zinc (Zn), and boron (B) in the leaves of Orah and Harumi while decreased the content of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). The variation in the micronutrient iron(Fe) content was the most pronounced between the two interstocks, followed by Zn and B. Additionally, the soluble solids contents in the fruits of Tango and Harumi were higher on the single interstock, whereas the combined interstock resulted in lower titratable acidity and vitamin C content but a higher solid-acid ratio in all three varieties. The different interstocks had varying effects on the photosynthesis, physiological biochemistry, stress resistance-related enzyme activity, mineral element accumulation, and fruit quality of the grafted varieties. The combined interstock enhanced the accumulation of soluble sugars, starch, and total phenols while reduced PAL activity, which resulted in lower fruit acidity. Through comprehensive evaluation, it was found that Harumi and Orah grafted on the combined interstock performed better than those on the single interstock, whereas Tango showed the opposite trend.

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Effects of AMF and PGPR on growth and nutrient absorption of Matthiola incana under low temperature and weak light stress

SHI Yangyang, LYU Lixia, TUO Dengfeng

2025, 37(8): 1694-1705. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240734

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Using Matthiola incana as the test material, this study investigated the effects of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), plant root growth promoting bacteria (PGPR), and compound inoculation (AMF+PGPR) under normal temperature and light (temperature 20 ℃, photon flux density 1 000 μmol·m^-2·s^-1) and low temperature and weak light (temperature 5 ℃, photon flux density 100 μmol·m^-2·s^-1) on the growth, nutrient absorption, and hormone metabolism of M. incana, with no inoculation (CK) as the control, in order to provide theoretical basis for the application of AMF and PGPR synergistic technology to promote plant growth under low temperature and weak light stress. The results showed that low temperature and weak light stress inhibited the increase in height, leaf area, and fresh weight of M. incana plants, decreased the content of photosynthetic pigments, and reduced the content of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. However, inoculation with AMF and/or PGPR had a certain promoting effect on M. incana growth. Under low temperature and weak light stress, the mycorrhizal infection rate of AMF+PGPR treatment increased by 7.3 percentage points compared with AMF treatment, but there was no significant difference in arbuscular attachment rate, number of invasion points, and number of vesicles between AMF+PGPR and AMF treatments; Compared with PGPR treatment, the number of PGPR in the rhizosphere soil treated with AMF+PGPR increased by 52.0%, and the number of PGPR in the roots increased by 50.0%. Under low temperature and weak light conditions, compared with CK treatment, the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids increased by 62.7%, 45.0%, 59.8%, and 52.4%, respectively, under AMF+PGPR treatment; The aboveground N content, root N content, aboveground P content, root P content, aboveground K content, and root K content increased by 63.3%, 206.0%, 89.4%, 138.6%, 108.0%, and 191.3%, respectively. Under low temperature and weak light conditions, the content of IAA in hormone metabolism increased, while the content of ABA decreases. Under AMF+PGPR treatment, the activities of SOD and POD increased by 42.6% and 26.8%, respectively, while the content of MDA and H₂O₂ decreased by 24.3% and 30.9%, respectively. In summary, AMF and PGPR have a synergistic effect. AMF promotes the colonization of PGPR in roots and soil, PGPR increases the arbuscular mycorrhizal infection rate of AMF, and the effect of AMF+PGPR treatment on improving M. incana’s resistance to low temperature and weak light is better than that of single AMF or PGPR treatment.

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Effect of amino acid calcium spraying on peel cracking and quality of citrus hybrid Hongmeiren

ZHANG Shunchang, XU Jigen, FU Chengyue, PU Zhanxu, HU Lipeng, WU Hao, LI Junbing, XIN Liang, LEI Yuanjun

2025, 37(8): 1706-1715. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240576

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In the present study, the effects of preharvest spraying amino acid calcium on peel cracking, peel browning, fruit drop, fruit quality and the occurrence of fruit diseases of citrus hybrid Hongmeiren were explored during the on-trees and regular (off-trees) storage. The results showed that spraying amino acid calcium could significantly (p<0.05) reduce the number of cracks during the on-trees and regular storage. During the on-trees and regular storage, spraying amino acid calcium significantly decreased the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and polygalacturonase on the 40^th day. For the regular storage, spraying amino acid calcium significantly decreased the incidence of phomopsis stem-end rot, citrus green mold, citrus sour rot and citrus anthracnose on the 75^th day. For on-trees storage, spraying amino acid calcium significantly decreased the fruit-dropping rate in the later stage. Besides, spraying amino acid calcium significantly increased the content of soluble solids, total sugar and titratable acid on the 10^th day during the on-trees and regular storage. In general, spraying amino acid calcium could reduce peel cracking, disease incidence and improve fuit quality.

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Feability of Pleurotus geesteranus residue as substrate for tissue culture seedlings of hybrid orchid

ZHAO Fukang, MEI Huan, ZHANG Xiaoying, FU Qiaojuan

2025, 37(8): 1716-1722. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240496

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By using three types of hybrid orchid tissue culture seedlings as test materials, the effects of addition amount (10%, 30%, 50%, 80%, 100%) of Pleurotus geesteranus residue on the physicochemical properties of the cultivation substrate and the growth of hybrid orchids were investigated. It was shown that adding P. geesteranus residue reduced the bulk density, aeration porosity and air-water ratio of the substrate, while increased the water holding porosity, pH value and electrical conductivity, as compared with the commonly used cultivation substrate. Different addition amounts of P. geesteranus residue to the substrate had varying effects on the growth status of tissue culture seedlings of hybrid orchid. For the hybrid orchids GZ1-11 and GZ3-7, when the addition amount of P. geesteranus residue was not higher than 30%, their growth status was similar to or better than the control group (CK), which used the common cultivation substrate. For the hybrid orchid GZ2-1, when the addition amount of P. geesteranus residue did not exceed 50%, the plant height, fresh weight, root number, root length, and vertical and transverse diameter of pseudobulb were significantly (p<0.05) superior than those of the CK. Overall, P. geesteranus residue could be used in cultivation substrate for hybrid orchid production, with an appropriate addition amount not exceeding 30%.

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Cloning and functional verification of the gray mold disease responsive gene BoWRKY15 in broccoli(Brassica oleracea var. italica)

JIANG Ming, ZHANG Sheng, CHEN Xiaoshang, ZHANG Huijuan

2025, 37(8): 1723-1732. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240941

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Gray mold disease caused by Botrytis cinerea is one of the major diseases affecting broccoli production, resulting in significant economic losses annually. WRKY transcription factor is a group of regulatory proteins found only in plants, playing an important role in stress defense. In this study, using broccoli as the experimental material, BoWRKY15 gene was isolated, and sequence characteristics were determined by bioinformatics methods; qRT-PCR was employed to detect its expression pattern under B. cinerea infection, and disease resistance ability was investigated by over-expression of BoWRKY15 in broccoli, thereby clarifying the function of this gene in the disease resistance response. Results revealed that the full length of BoWRKY15 gene was 1 172 bp with two introns measuring 90 bp and 86 bp, respectively, while the coding region was 996 bp and encoded 331 amino acids, including one WRKY structure composed of 61 amino acids, and a zinc finger of C2H2 type. Multiple sequence alignment results indicated that the WRKY domains of BoWRKY15 and its homologous sequences were highly conserved, with only a few differences in amino acid residues. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that BoWRKY15 clustered with homologous sequences from the Brassica genus. The subcellular localization results indicated that BoWRKY15 was expressed in the nucleus, consistent with the online prediction. Gene expression analysis demonstrated that BoWRKY15 was induced by B. cinerea inoculation, with a maximum expression level observed at 48 h post-inoculation, reaching 2.64-fold as compared with control plants. Furthermore, over expression of BoWRKY15 led to significantly decreased resistance to gray mold infection, concomitant with increased BoiPR1 expression level. BoWRKY15 acts as a negative regulator in the defense response to B. cinerea, and the cloning and expression analysis of BoWRKY15 lays a foundation for further investigation into the disease resistance mechanisms and molecular breeding of broccoli in the future.

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Evaluation on the safety of insecticides application on Pleurotus pulmonarius and Auricularia cornea

ZHANG Zhiying, QIU Qin, HOU Lijuan, XU Ping, JIANG Ning, LIN Jinsheng, LI Huiping, QU Shaoxuan, MA Lin, WANG Weixia, LI Fuhou

2025, 37(8): 1733-1742. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240930

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To investigate the effects of four insecticides (diflubenzuron, dinotefuran, beta-cypermethrin and chlorantraniliprole) on the mycelia growth and fruiting body development of Pleurotus pulmonarius and Auricularia cornea, two application methods(substrate mixing and spraying) were employed. Residue analysis was also conducted by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography (GC). It was shown that the substrate mixing with 1 000 mg·L^-1 chlorantraniliprole exhibited the highest inhibition rate on mycelia growth of P. pulmonarius, which was significantly (p<0.05) higher than the other treatments. The substrate mixing with 1 000 mg·L^-1 beta-cypermethrin and chlorantraniliprole exhibited the highest inhibition rate on mycelia growth of A. polytricha, which was significantly higher than the other treatments. Under substrate mixing: 100 mg·L^-1 beta-cypermethrin exhibited the least impact on the yield of P. pulmonarius fruiting body, with a bioconversion rate exceeding 48% for the first flush; 100 mg·L^-1 dinotefuran showed the least impact on the yield of A. cornea fruiting body with a bioconversion rate over 64%. Under insecticides spraying: dinotefuran caused no significant yield reduction in P. pulmonarius fruiting body, with bioconversion rates above 47%; 100 mg·L^-1 dinotefuran and beta-cypermethrin demonstrated the minimal effect on the yield of A. cornea fruiting body, with bioconversion rates exceeding 64%. Insecticides residue content in fruiting body of P. pulmonarius and A. cornea was below the detection limit (0.01 mg·kg^-1) with 100, 500 mg·L^-1 beta-cypermethrin or chlorantraniliprole via substrate mixing. For insecticides spraying, the insecticides residue content in fruiting body of P. pulmonarius was within the maximum residue limits (MRLs) for the 4 insecticides at 100-1 000 mg·L^-1. However, only when these insecticides were sprayed at 100 mg·L^-1, the insecticides residue content in A. cornea fruiting body was within MRLs. Given the food security and disease control: spraying of 100-1 000 mg·L^-1 dinotefuran or substrate mixing with 100-500 mg·L^-1 beta-cypermethrin was optimal for P. pulmonarius; sparying of 100 mg·L^-1 dinotefuran, beta-cypermethrin or substrate mixing with 100-500 mg·L^-1 dinotefuran was acceptable for A. cornea.

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Differences in soil microbial community diversity between healthy and scab-diseased potato plants in root zone

TAN Haixia, PENG Hongli, WANG Lianlong, WEI Jianmei

2025, 37(8): 1743-1754. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240756

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To explore the differences in soil microbial diversity, soil samples were collected from the root zone of healthy potato plants (HS) and scab-diseased potato plants (OS), and high-throughput sequencing was used. The results indicated that the ACE index, Chao1 index and Shannon index of the bacterial community in OS were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of HS, yet there was no significant difference in the alpha diversity indexes for the fungal community. At the phylum level, compared with OS, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Gemmatimonadota, Bacteroidota and Basidiomycota in HS was decreased significantly, while the relative abundances of Acidobacteriota, Actinobacteriota, Chloroflexi, Ascomycota and Chytridiomycota in HS was increased significantly. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Sphingomonas, Lysobacter, Tausonia, Humicola, Alternaria and Mortierella dcreased in the HS, while the relative abundances of Sonoraphlyctis and Penicillium increased. Principal co-ordinates analysis (PcoA) and LEfSe analysis indicated that there was significant difference in the soil microbial community structure between HS and OS. For soil chemical properties, the pH value and available potassium content of HS was significantly lower than that of OS, yet the content of soil organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus in HS was significantly higher. Functional prediction results showed that there were significant differences in bacterial carbon metabolism and purine metabolism functions. The fungal community was mainly saprotroph in both HS and OS, yet the relative abundance of wood saprotroph in the OS was significantly higher than that of HS. These findings revealed the differences in the structure and function of soil microorganisms in the root zone between scab-diseased potato plants and healthy plants, which could provide theoretical basis for the effective prevention and control of potato scab disease.

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Evaluation of fertility quality in typical “non-grain” cultivated soils of Zhejiang Province of China based on the improved Nemerow method

GAO Yang, ZHANG Yuxin, BU Aiai, XU Jiayi, MA Jiawei, YE Zhengqian, LIU Dan, FANG Xianzhi

2025, 37(8): 1755-1765. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240531

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In the present study, 117 soil samples were collected from three kinds of typical “non-grain” cultivated soils (bamboo forests, nurseries and orchards) in Zhejiang Province of China. The pH value and contents of organic matter, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in these soil samples were measured. According to the grading standards of the Second National Soil Survey, the nutrient levels of these samples were assessed. Meanwhile, the improved Nemerow method was used to comprehensively evaluate the fertility of these soil samples. The results showed that the average comprehensive fertility index of the soil samples in bamboo forests and orchards was 1.32 and 1.15, respectively, belonging to the level Ⅱ (general level), and the average comprehensive fertility index of the soil samples in orchards was 0.87, belonging to the level Ⅲ (poor level). For the soil samples in bamboo forests, the average pH value was 4.94, which was acidic; the average organic matter content was 36.20 g·kg^-1, which was classified as the abundant level; and the average contents of available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium were 153.28, 170.56, 235.09 mg·kg^-1, which were all classified as the extremely abundant level. For the soil samples in nurseries, the average pH value was 6.06, which was weakly acidic; the average contents of organic matter and available potassium were 16.96 g·kg^-1 and 73.50 mg·kg^-1, which were classified as the moderately low level; and the contents of available nitrogen and available phosphorus were 122.87, 34.42 mg·kg^-1, which were classified as the abundant level. For the soil samples in orchards, the average pH value was 5.13, which was acidic; the average contents of organic matter and available nitrogen were 22.48 g·kg^-1 and 117.81 mg·kg^-1, which were classified as the moderate level; and the contents of available phosphorus and available potassium were 71.96, 205.96 mg·kg^-1, which were classified as the extremely abundant level. It was suggested that each region should formulate soil improvement and fertilization plans tailored to local conditions, with rational application of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers as well as reduced application of phosphorus fertilizer, to ensure the sustainable and efficient utilization of the re-cultivated soil resources in the future agricultural production.

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Response of yield and quality of Radix Ardisia to soil physiochemical properties

YAN Fulin, LANG Yunhu, JIAN Yingquan, CHEN Xiongfei, WEI Wei, WANG Zhiwei, AN Jiangyong, REN Deqiang, DING Ning, WEI Shenghua

2025, 37(8): 1766-1775. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240630

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To elucidate the primary soil factors influencing the yield and quality of Radix Ardisia, 24 populations of Ardisia crenata and A. crenata var. bicolor(medicinal materials of Radix Ardisia) in Guizhou Province of China were selceted as the research subjects. Their medicinal yield, moisture content, total ash content, acid-insoluble ash content, water-soluble extractives content, and bengenin content were determined, as well as soil parameters, such as pH value, total nitrogen content, ammonium nitrogen content, total phosphorus content, available phosphorus content, total potassium content, available potassium content, and organic matter content. The partial least squares method was employed to calculate the variable importance in projection (VIP) values, thereby identifying the key soil factors impacting the yield and quality of the collected samples. To realize high yield and superior quality, an optimization strategy for soil factors was developed by using the linear programming method. It is shown that there was significant (p<0.05) difference in the yield and quality of the collected samples. The quality of some samples fails to meet the requirements stipulated in the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China(2020 Edition). The contents of soil available phosphorus, available potassium, ammonium nitrogen, and soil pH value significantly influence the yield and quality of the medicinal materials of Radix Ardisia. To achieve high quality and yield, the ideal soil physical and chemical properties are as follows: pH value of 4.82 to 6.92, total nitrogen content of 9.56 g·kg^-1, ammonium nitrogen content of 2.26-8.24 mg·kg^-1, total phosphorus content of 627 mg·kg^-1, available phosphorus content of 24.42-33.60 mg·kg^-1, total potassium content of 1.45%-2.64%, available potassium content of 139-1 128 mg·kg^-1, and organic matter content of 57.83 mg·kg^-1. Under these conditions, the yield per plant is 45 g, with a moisture content of 11.77%, total ash content of 3.78%, acid-insoluble ash content of 0.81%, water-soluble extractives content of 37.46%, and bengenin content of 1.54%.

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Determination of arbutin in plant-derived products by solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography

CHEN Min, ZHANG Qiaoyan, WANG Xiajun, WANG Shunli, ZHENG Weiran

2025, 37(8): 1776-1784. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240448

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A solid phase extraction(SPE)-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the determination of arbutin in plant-derived products ( fruits and Chinese herbal medicines). The samples with high water content and low water content were extracted by water and methanol respectively, purified by HLB solid phase extraction column, and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that the mass concentration of arbutin had a good linear relationship with the chromatographic peak area in the range of 0.000 5-0.05 mg·mL^-1, the correlation coefficient was 0.999 8. The recovery rates of arbutin at three different spiked levels were 81.33%-97.01%, and the relative standard deviations were 1.39%-3.65% (n=6). The established method was applied to plant-derived products. The content of arbutin in pear was higher, followed by blueberry, raspberry and Bletilla striata. The method has good practicability, accurate results and wide application range. It can be used as a detection method for arbutin in plant-derived products and provide scientific reference for the quality evaluation of plant-derived products.

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Preparation of chitosan-chitosan oligosaccharide composite film and its application in strawberry preservation

CHEN Wei, WANG Rongrong, JIANG Wenjing, GENG Weisong, CHEN Cen

2025, 37(8): 1785-1793. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240787

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Chitosan-chitosan oligosaccharide composite films were prepared via the solution casting method by using chitosan as film-forming matrix with addition of chitosan oligosaccharide. The effects of chitosan oligosaccharide addition amounts (3%, 6%, 12% and 24%, based on the weight of chitosan) on the performance of composite films were determined by measuring physicochemical, mechanical and antimicrobial properties. The results indicated that with the increase of chitosan oligosaccharide content in the composite film, the opacity and tensile strength increased, the elongation at break decreased, and the antibacterial effect enhanced. Structural characterization obsevesd by scanning electron microscope (SEM) suggested that chitosan oligosaccharide and chitosan matrix had good compatibility. Compared with the blank control, composite films wrapped as a packaging material for strawberry could reduce the natural decay rate and weight loss rate of strawberry, and decrease the loss of soluble solids and vitamin C. When chitosan oligosaccharide content was 12% of the weight of chitosan, the composite film showed the best preservation effect on strawberry. This study could provide reference for the preparation of chitosan composite film and its application in fruit and vegetable preservation.

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Characterization of heavy metal contents in different parts of Undaria pinnatifida and assessment of health hazard

CHEN Xingxing, YU Wenxuan, XU Jianwei, ZHANG Peng

2025, 37(8): 1794-1804. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240780

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In order to reveal the enrichment and distribution characteristics of heavy metal in different parts of Undaria pinnatifida, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was employed to analyze the contents of heavy metals such as Cr, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Hg, Pb, and Ni in the roots, stems, leaves, and sporophylls of U. pinnatifida during different growth periods. The results showed that,with the advancement of the reproductive process,the average contents of heavy metals in the U. pinnatifida followed the order of As>Zn>Cu>Cd>Ni>Cr>Pb>Hg. The contents of Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Hg showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing in both leaves and roots (except for Hg in leaves), while the contents of Cr, Pb, and Ni showed a continuous increase over time (except for Pb in roots). The contents of heavy metals in leaves and roots were generally higher than those in stems and sporophylls. The content of As was higher in the early growth period (March) and mature period (April), while the contents of Cr, Pb, and Ni were higher in the aging period (June). Health risk assessment indicated that the target hazard quotient (THQ) and total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) values for all elements were below 1.00, suggesting no significant health risk from consuming U. pinnatifida. However, the compound risk of heavy metal in sporophylls is relatively high, and consumers should pay attention to it when purchasing and consuming.

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Quantitative assessment of new quality productive forces in China’s livestock industry: based on panel data in 2007-2021

FENG Yiyu, REN Hongjie

2025, 37(8): 1805-1816. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240645

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Forming and developing new quality productive forces in animal husbandry is an inherent requirement and a key focal point for promoting high-quality development in the industry. Based on the panel data of 30 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in China (excluding Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and Xizang) from 2007 to 2021,an evaluation index system was innovatively constructed for new quality productive forces in livestock industry from four perspectives: technological innovation, industrial development, green ecology, and human capital.The spatiotemporal variations and dynamic evolution patterns of new quality productive forces were objectively measured and systematically characterized. Besides,the constraining factors were diagnosed and evaluated. The results indicated that during the study period, the level of new quality productive forces in animal husbandry showed an upward trend nationally. The eastern region exhibited the relatively highest level, followed by the central region, with the western region being relatively the lowest. Polarization phenomena existed in the levels of new quality productive forces nationwide and within the eastern, central and western regions, but the overall trend was weakened. Analysis of regional disparities using the Dagum Gini coefficient decomposition revealed that regional differences were not severe overall. Currently, the main constraining factors hindering the enhancement of new quality productive forces in livestock industry were the number of invention patents held by key leading enterprises in the industry, labor productivity, and the turnover in technology market.

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Research progress on the function of galactinol synthase gene family in plants

LIU Yan, LIN Tianbao, LYU Zhiqiang

2025, 37(8): 1817-1824. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240115

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Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) are widespread carbohydrates functioning in storage and transport in plants. Galactinol synthase (GolS), a key rate-limiting enzyme in raffinose biosynthesis, is involved in regulating carbon storage, phloem transport, osmotic adjustment, and stress signal transduction, and also plays a crucial role in plant growth, development, and stress responses. In the present paper, we review the research progress on the structural characteristics and biological functions of plant GolS gene family, and summarize its roles in plant assimilate transport, seed development, and cell secondary wall formation, as well as its ability to enhance plant stress resistance by regulating cellular osmotic pressure and antioxidant capacity. Future research is prospected to focus on exploring the regulatory mechanisms underlying GolS gene expression and their potential in crop improvement and stress-resistant breeding, which may provide theoretical support and technical references for agricultural production.

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