三个油橄榄品种花芽分化和果实发育过程观测

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.05.02

浙江农业学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (5): 887-896.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.05.02

三个油橄榄品种花芽分化和果实发育过程观测

牛二利¹(), 裴红宾², 丁检³, 朱申龙¹^,^*()

1.浙江省农业科学院作物与核技术利用研究所,浙江杭州 310021
2.山西师范大学生命科学学院,山西临汾 041000
3.浙江省农业技术推广中心,浙江杭州 310021

收稿日期:2021-08-19 出版日期:2022-05-25 发布日期:2022-06-06
通讯作者: 朱申龙
作者简介:* 朱申龙,E-mail: zhusl@zaas.ac.cn
牛二利(1989—),女,山西太原人,博士,助理研究员,从事油橄榄良种选育与栽培技术研究。E-mail: niuerli@zaas.ac.cn
基金资助:
浙江省重点研发计划(2021C02002);国家国际科技合作专项(2013DFG32780);浙江省农业科学院国际合作专项(2019)

Flower bud differentiation and fruit development of three olive cultivars

NIU Erli¹(), PEI Hongbin², DING Jian³, ZHU Shenlong¹^,^*()

1. Institute of Crops and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
2. College of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen 041000, Shanxi, China
3. Zhejiang Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Hangzhou 310021, China

Received:2021-08-19 Online:2022-05-25 Published:2022-06-06
Contact: ZHU Shenlong

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为研究油橄榄在酸性土壤、夏雨型气候环境下的生长发育特征,因地制宜开展田间栽培管理提供科学依据。以中国南方3个油橄榄适生良种豆果、柯基和尼Ⅰ为材料,比较花芽分化、花期物候、花序特征、单果重和含油率差异。结果显示:3个品种的花芽分化均起始于3月上旬,豆果和尼Ⅰ初花期为5月3日,花期分别为10、6 d;柯基初花期为5月4日,花期11 d。豆果、尼Ⅰ、柯基的平均花序长度分别为2.5、2.5、2.9 cm,单个花序平均小花数量分别为16.3、14.9、17.9个。果实转色的先后次序和成熟期的早晚一致,依次为尼Ⅰ、豆果和柯基;单果重和含油率随着时间的推移均呈上升趋势,但二者增速不同,单果重在果实发育前期增长较快,含油率在果实发育后期增长较快。至10月24日果实成熟度分别达M5(尼Ⅰ和豆果)和M4(柯基),尼Ⅰ的单果重和含油率分别为3.40 g、13.05%,豆果的单果重和含油率分别为1.15 g、14.31%,柯基的单果重和含油率分别为0.77 g、12.31%。综上表明,3个品种花期基本一致,柯基的花量大、花期长,可作为授粉品种加以利用;在果实的生长发育过程中,前期应加强田间肥水管理,以确保树体处于良好的营养水平,为后期油分积累奠定物质基础,同时在梅雨季节要注意及时排水。

关键词: 油橄榄, 花芽分化, 物候期, 单果重, 含油率

Abstract:

To study the growth and development of olive (Olea europaea. L) in the environment of acidic soil and rainy summer,and provide a scientific reference for further cultivation management according to the local condition, three prior cultivars Arbequina, Koroneiki and Nichiskii I in sourthern China were tested to compare the differences of flower bud differentiation, phenological period, inflorescence characteristics, fruit weight and oil content. The results showed that flower bud differentiation of three cultivars all started in early March. The initial blooming phase of Arbequina and Nichiskii I started on May 3^th with the blooming duration of 10 and 6 days, respectively. The initial blooming phase of Koroneiki started on May 4^th with the blooming duration of 11 days. The average inflorescence length of Arbequina, Nichiskii Ⅰ and Koroneiki were 2.5, 2.5 and 2.9 cm, flower number per inflorescence were 16.3, 14.9 and 17.9, respectively. The order of fruit turning color stage was the same with the mature period, followed by Nichiskii Ⅰ, Arbequina and Koroneiki. Both fruit weight and oil content increased over time with different growth rates. Fruit weight was mainly increased in early stage, and oil content was mainly increased in late stage. By October 24^th, the fruit maturity reached M5 (Nichiskii Ⅰ and Arbequina) and M4 (Koroneiki), the fruit weight and oil content of each cultivar were 3.40 g and 13.05% (Nichiskii I), 1.15 g and 14.31% (Arbequina), 0.77 g and 12.31% (Koroneiki). In summary, the flowering periods of three cultivars were relatively consistent. Koroneiki had a large amount of flowers and a long flowering period, and could be used as a pollination cultivar. During the growth and development of fruit, fertilizer and water management should be strengthened in the early stage to ensure a good nutrient level of trees and lay a material foundation for oil accumulation in the later stage. Meanwhile, timely drainage should be taken during the rainy season.

Key words: olive (Olea europaea. L), flower bud differentiation, phenological period, fruit weight, oil content

中图分类号:

S565.7

牛二利, 裴红宾, 丁检, 朱申龙. 三个油橄榄品种花芽分化和果实发育过程观测[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2022, 34(5): 887-896.

NIU Erli, PEI Hongbin, DING Jian, ZHU Shenlong. Flower bud differentiation and fruit development of three olive cultivars[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2022, 34(5): 887-896.

图/表 6

图1 豆果花芽分化过程的显微结构 ap.m,顶端分生组织;ax.m,腋生分生组织;br,苞叶;sp,花萼;pt,花冠;st,雄蕊;pi,雌蕊;an,花药;p,花粉;s,柱头;sy,花柱;o,子房;ov,胚珠。标尺为500 μm。下同。

Fig.1 Microstructure of flower bud differentiation for Arbequina ap.m, Apical meristem; ax.m, Axillary meristem; br, Brakte leaf; sp, Sepal; pt, Petal; st, Stamen; pi, Pistil; an, Anther; p, Pollen; s, Stigma; sy, Style; o, Ovary; ov, Ovule. Bar=500 μm. The same as below.

图2 柯基花芽分化过程的显微结构

Fig.2 Microstructure of flower bud differentiation for Koroneiki

图3 尼Ⅰ花芽分化过程的显微结构

Fig.3 Microstructure of flower bud differentiation for Nikitskii Ⅰ

图4 油橄榄叶芽(A)、花芽(B)、花序特征(C、D) ap.b,顶芽;ax.b,腋芽。

Fig.4 Characteristics of leaf buds (A), flower buds (B) and inflorescence (C, D) of olive ap.b, Apical bud; ax.b, Axillary bud.

表1 油橄榄不同品种花期物候与花序特征

Table 1 Phenological period and inflorescence of different olive cultivars

品种 Cultivar	初花期(月-日) Initial blooming phase/(month-date)	花期时长 Blooming duration/d	花序特征 Inflorescence trait
品种 Cultivar	初花期(月-日) Initial blooming phase/(month-date)	花期时长 Blooming duration/d	长度 Length/cm	平均长度 Average length/cm	小花数量 Flower number per inflorescence	平均小花数量 Average flower Number per inflorescence
豆果Arbequina	05-03	10	0.4~4.2	2.5	4~29	16.3
柯基Koroneiki	05-04	11	1.4~3.8	2.9	13~26	17.9
尼ⅠNikitskii I	05-03	6	1.4~4.0	2.5	9~22	14.9

图5 油橄榄不同品种不同时期单果重与含油率变化 S1~S6分别代表6个不同时期,即8月15日、8月29日、9月12日、9月26日、10月10日和10月24日。

Fig.5 Changes of fruit weight and oil content of different olive varieties in different periods S1-S6 represented six different periods, namely Aug 15th, Aug 29th, Sep 12th, Sep 26th, Oct 10th and Oct 24th.

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三个油橄榄品种花芽分化和果实发育过程观测

Flower bud differentiation and fruit development of three olive cultivars

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