基因编辑的“前世今生”

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.05.24

浙江农业学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (5): 1091-1102.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.05.24

• 综述 • 上一篇

基因编辑的“前世今生”

李琳¹(), 朱学明¹, 鲍坚东¹, 王教瑜¹, 林福呈¹^,²^,^*()

1.浙江省农业科学院植物保护与微生物研究所,省部共建农产品质量安全危害因子与风险防控国家重点实验室,浙江杭州 310021
2.浙江大学农业与生物技术学院,水稻生物学国家重点实验室,浙江杭州 310058

收稿日期:2022-01-13 出版日期:2022-05-25 发布日期:2022-06-06
通讯作者: 林福呈
作者简介:* 林福呈,E-mail: fuchenglin@zju.edu.cn
李琳(1994—),女,河南洛阳人,博士,助理研究员,主要从事稻瘟病菌致病机理研究。E-mail: 21616143@zju.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(31970140);浙江省重点研发计划(2021C02010)

Gene editing: past and present

LI Lin¹(), ZHU Xueming¹, BAO Jiandong¹, WANG Jiaoyu¹, LIN Fucheng¹^,²^,^*()

1. State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
2. State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China

Received:2022-01-13 Online:2022-05-25 Published:2022-06-06
Contact: LIN Fucheng

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基因编辑技术能够精准修改或修饰动植物、微生物和人的基因组,为作物定向育种、人类遗传疾病的精准治疗等带来了革命性的机遇,被誉为21世纪最伟大的生物发现之一。基因编辑技术主要包括4种:归巢核酸内切酶(meganuclease)、锌指核酸酶(zinc finger nucleases,ZFNs)、类转录激活因子效应物核酸酶(transcription activator-like effector nucleases,TALENs)、CRISPR-Cas9。其中,CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑技术,因其“更快、更准、更简单”成为当今主流的基因编辑技术,并获得了2020年度诺贝尔化学奖。本文系统阐述了基因编辑的发展演进历程、技术原理和应用,针对存在的问题与面临的挑战进行了展望。

关键词: 基因编辑, 作物定向育种, 遗传疾病

Abstract:

Gene editing technology can precisely modify the genomes of animals, plants, microorganisms, and humans, bringing revolutionary opportunities for targeted crop breeding and precise treatment of human genetic diseases. It is hailed as one of the greatest biological discoveries of the 21st century. Gene editing technologies mainly include four types: meganuclease, zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR associated protein 9(CRISPR-Cas9). Among them, CRISPR-Cas9 has become the mainstream gene editing technology for its “faster, more accurate, and simpler”, and won the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. In this review, we systematically summarized the development process, technical principles, applications, and challenges faced by gene editing.

Key words: gene editing, targeted crop breeding, genetic diseases

中图分类号:

李琳, 朱学明, 鲍坚东, 王教瑜, 林福呈. 基因编辑的“前世今生”[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2022, 34(5): 1091-1102.

LI Lin, ZHU Xueming, BAO Jiandong, WANG Jiaoyu, LIN Fucheng. Gene editing: past and present[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2022, 34(5): 1091-1102.

图/表 2

图1 三种基因编辑技术的工作原理 A,归巢核酸内切酶可识别长段DNA序列,没有明显的结合和切割结构域;B,锌指核酸酶,每个锌指核酸酶识别3个碱基。C,类转录激活因子效应物核酸酶,每个TALE识别单个碱基;D,以上3种酶都会导致DNA双链断裂,可以通过容易出错的非同源末端连接(NHEJ)或同源定向修复(HDR)来修复。NHEJ会导致目标位点的随机插入缺失和基因破坏,HDR可以在目标位点插入特定的DNA模板(单链或双链)以进行精确的基因编辑。

Fig.1 Basic working principle of three gene-editing technologies A, Meganuclease recognizes long DNA sequences without obvious binding and cleavage domains. B, ZFNs, each of which recognizes 3 bases. C, TALENs, each TALE identifies a single base. D, all three enzymes cause DNA double-strand breaks, which can be repaired by error-prone non-homologous end linking (NHEJ) or homologous directed repair (HDR). NHEJ causes random insertion deletions and gene destruction at the target site, and HDR can insert specific DNA templates (single or double strands) at the target site for precise gene editing.

图2 CRISPR-Cas9工作原理 Cas9核酸酶靶向切割与单链向导RNA (sgRNA)互补的DNA序列,该序列位于原始间隔区相邻基序(PAM)的上游。

Fig.2 The basic working principle of CRISPR-Cas9 Cas9 nucleases target cleaved DNA sequences that are complementary to single guide RNA (sgRNA) upstream of protospacer-adjacent motifs (PAM).

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基因编辑的“前世今生”

Gene editing: past and present

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