浙江农业学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (12): 2479-2493.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20250031
黄慧灵1(
), 韩明明2,*(
), 潘鑫煜3, 赵旭东1, 颉志刚2, 徐剑斌3, 楼宝2
收稿日期:2025-01-13
出版日期:2025-12-25
发布日期:2026-01-09
作者简介:黄慧灵(1999—),女,广西南宁人,硕士研究生,研究方向为水产养殖病害防控。E-mail:3477782440@qq.com
通讯作者:
*韩明明,E-mail:sealion1984@126.com
基金资助:
HUANG Huiling1(
), HAN Mingming2,*(
), PAN Xinyu3, ZHAO Xudong1, XIE Zhigang2, XU Jianbin3, LOU Bao2
Received:2025-01-13
Online:2025-12-25
Published:2026-01-09
摘要: 为探究鱼类对哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)的免疫响应机制,本研究以小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)为对象,对哈维氏弧菌感染后的肝、鳃丝和皮肤进行转录组测序与组织病理学观察。结果显示,感染小黄鱼体表出现鳞片脱落和皮肤溃烂,鳃丝呈现严重充血。镜检下发现,皮肤表层组织坏死,鳃小片上皮细胞坏死且结构破坏,肝实质萎缩并伴随肝细胞空泡变性。转录组分析表明,感染小黄鱼的肝、鳃丝和皮肤中的多个免疫相关信号通路被激活,包括细胞外基质(ECM)受体相互作用、JAK-STAT信号通路、细胞因子-细胞因子受体相互作用、核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域(nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain,NOD)样受体信号通路、RIG-I样受体信号通路、Toll样受体信号通路和胞质DNA感知通路等。本研究从基因和信号通路层面揭示了哈维氏弧菌感染引起小黄鱼多组织病理损伤的分子机制,为后续研究相关病害防控策略提供了参考依据。
中图分类号:
黄慧灵, 韩明明, 潘鑫煜, 赵旭东, 颉志刚, 徐剑斌, 楼宝. 感染哈维氏弧菌小黄鱼的组织病理学和转录组学分析[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2025, 37(12): 2479-2493.
HUANG Huiling, HAN Mingming, PAN Xinyu, ZHAO Xudong, XIE Zhigang, XU Jianbin, LOU Bao. Histopathological and transcriptomic analyses of Larimichthys polyactis infected with Vibrio harveyi[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2025, 37(12): 2479-2493.
| 基因名称Gene name | 正向引物序列Forward primer sequence(5'→3') | 反向引物序列Reverse primer sequence(5'→3') |
|---|---|---|
| IL-1β | CGCTGAGAACCGCAAAGTTC | TCCCCATCCCTATGGCAAGA |
| CXCL12 | TGGCTGCGTTCATGGTGATA | TGGCAATCACTTGGAAGGGG |
| CD40 | ATCTGCACTTTCAGGCTCCC | GGTTCACAGGTTTTGTGCGG |
| GHR | TACCTGGCGAGGGGTATCAA | ACTGTGTAGTCTGCAACGGG |
| β-actin | GACCTGACAGACTACCTCATG | AGTTGAAGGTGGTCTCGTGGA |
表1 荧光定量PCR引物序列
Table 1 Primer sequences for qPCR
| 基因名称Gene name | 正向引物序列Forward primer sequence(5'→3') | 反向引物序列Reverse primer sequence(5'→3') |
|---|---|---|
| IL-1β | CGCTGAGAACCGCAAAGTTC | TCCCCATCCCTATGGCAAGA |
| CXCL12 | TGGCTGCGTTCATGGTGATA | TGGCAATCACTTGGAAGGGG |
| CD40 | ATCTGCACTTTCAGGCTCCC | GGTTCACAGGTTTTGTGCGG |
| GHR | TACCTGGCGAGGGGTATCAA | ACTGTGTAGTCTGCAACGGG |
| β-actin | GACCTGACAGACTACCTCATG | AGTTGAAGGTGGTCTCGTGGA |
图3 小黄鱼感染哈维氏弧菌后皮肤、鳃丝和肝组织病理学变化 A,健康组小黄鱼体侧皮肤;B,感染组小黄鱼皮肤;外层为表皮(e),内层为真皮(d),皮下为肌肉层(m);C,健康组小黄鱼的鳃丝;D,感染组小黄鱼的鳃丝,鳃丝末端和鳃小片肿胀、肥大(红色箭头),鳃小片上皮细胞坏死瓦解(黑色箭头);E,健康组小黄鱼肝;F,感染组小黄鱼肝,细胞质内可见大小不等的空泡(红色*号)。
Fig.3 Histopathological changes of skin, gill filament and liver of small yellow croaker infected with Vibrio harveyi A, Skin on the side of the body of healthy small yellow croaker; B, Skin of infected small yellow croaker; e, Outer epidermis; d, Inner dermis; m, Subcutaneous muscular layer; C, Gill filament of healthy small yellow croaker; D, Gill filament of infected small yellow croaker, the gill filament ends and gill vesicles were swollen and hypertrophied (red arrow), and the epithelium of the gill vesicles disintegrated (black arrow); E, Liver from the healthy control group of small yellow croaker; F, Liver of infected small yellow croaker, with varying sizes of vacuoles (red asterisk) in the cytoplasm.
| 样本 Sample | 原始数据 Raw read | 清洁数据 Clean read | 清洁碱基 Clean base/106 | 错误率 Error rate | Q20/% | Q30/% | GC含量 GC content/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CLT1 | 25 811 984 | 25 382 197 | 3.81 | 0.040 | 97.56 | 93.42 | 47.60 |
| CLT2 | 22 604 472 | 22 261 471 | 3.34 | 0.040 | 97.51 | 93.04 | 45.23 |
| CLT3 | 22 846 568 | 22 321 730 | 3.35 | 0.045 | 96.07 | 89.46 | 45.07 |
| CLT4 | 21 956 789 | 21 105 640 | 3.17 | 0.045 | 96.23 | 89.82 | 45.94 |
| CGT1 | 22 563 965 | 21 938 469 | 3.29 | 0.045 | 96.01 | 89.48 | 45.89 |
| CGT2 | 20 877 706 | 20 481 017 | 3.07 | 0.040 | 97.76 | 93.44 | 49.52 |
| CGT3 | 21 898 399 | 21 367 459 | 3.21 | 0.045 | 95.82 | 89.32 | 46.48 |
| CGT4 | 22 199 876 | 21 659 664 | 3.25 | 0.045 | 96.19 | 89.62 | 46.88 |
| CST1 | 20 117 968 | 19 684 762 | 2.95 | 0.045 | 96.37 | 90.12 | 48.65 |
| CST2 | 21 091 055 | 20 753 025 | 3.11 | 0.045 | 96.20 | 89.82 | 48.54 |
| CST3 | 20 946 972 | 20 508 232 | 3.08 | 0.045 | 96.72 | 90.66 | 49.66 |
| CST4 | 22 411 714 | 21 951 426 | 3.29 | 0.045 | 96.50 | 90.16 | 49.14 |
| TLT1 | 24 475 009 | 24 120 187 | 3.62 | 0.040 | 98.18 | 94.52 | 47.55 |
| TLT2 | 22 261 232 | 21 643 146 | 3.25 | 0.045 | 96.71 | 90.64 | 46.44 |
| TLT3 | 22 053 389 | 21 382 638 | 3.21 | 0.045 | 96.78 | 90.70 | 49.92 |
| TLT4 | 22 326 636 | 21 874 132 | 3.28 | 0.045 | 96.75 | 90.70 | 48.40 |
| TGT1 | 21 772 087 | 21 171 477 | 3.18 | 0.045 | 96.44 | 90.47 | 48.39 |
| TGT2 | 21 576 158 | 20 786 124 | 3.12 | 0.045 | 96.73 | 90.78 | 48.41 |
| TGT3 | 22 763 423 | 22 085 161 | 3.31 | 0.045 | 96.60 | 90.43 | 48.12 |
| TGT4 | 22 229 333 | 21 595 373 | 3.24 | 0.045 | 96.50 | 90.17 | 47.91 |
| TST1 | 21 890 142 | 21 093 258 | 3.16 | 0.045 | 96.53 | 90.33 | 49.22 |
| TST2 | 22 084 348 | 21 560 450 | 3.23 | 0.045 | 96.85 | 90.74 | 49.21 |
| TST3 | 21 902 085 | 21 508 753 | 3.23 | 0.045 | 96.51 | 90.14 | 48.20 |
| TST4 | 22 222 789 | 21 703 208 | 3.26 | 0.045 | 96.59 | 90.27 | 49.08 |
表2 测序数据统计
Table 2 Sequencing data statistics
| 样本 Sample | 原始数据 Raw read | 清洁数据 Clean read | 清洁碱基 Clean base/106 | 错误率 Error rate | Q20/% | Q30/% | GC含量 GC content/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CLT1 | 25 811 984 | 25 382 197 | 3.81 | 0.040 | 97.56 | 93.42 | 47.60 |
| CLT2 | 22 604 472 | 22 261 471 | 3.34 | 0.040 | 97.51 | 93.04 | 45.23 |
| CLT3 | 22 846 568 | 22 321 730 | 3.35 | 0.045 | 96.07 | 89.46 | 45.07 |
| CLT4 | 21 956 789 | 21 105 640 | 3.17 | 0.045 | 96.23 | 89.82 | 45.94 |
| CGT1 | 22 563 965 | 21 938 469 | 3.29 | 0.045 | 96.01 | 89.48 | 45.89 |
| CGT2 | 20 877 706 | 20 481 017 | 3.07 | 0.040 | 97.76 | 93.44 | 49.52 |
| CGT3 | 21 898 399 | 21 367 459 | 3.21 | 0.045 | 95.82 | 89.32 | 46.48 |
| CGT4 | 22 199 876 | 21 659 664 | 3.25 | 0.045 | 96.19 | 89.62 | 46.88 |
| CST1 | 20 117 968 | 19 684 762 | 2.95 | 0.045 | 96.37 | 90.12 | 48.65 |
| CST2 | 21 091 055 | 20 753 025 | 3.11 | 0.045 | 96.20 | 89.82 | 48.54 |
| CST3 | 20 946 972 | 20 508 232 | 3.08 | 0.045 | 96.72 | 90.66 | 49.66 |
| CST4 | 22 411 714 | 21 951 426 | 3.29 | 0.045 | 96.50 | 90.16 | 49.14 |
| TLT1 | 24 475 009 | 24 120 187 | 3.62 | 0.040 | 98.18 | 94.52 | 47.55 |
| TLT2 | 22 261 232 | 21 643 146 | 3.25 | 0.045 | 96.71 | 90.64 | 46.44 |
| TLT3 | 22 053 389 | 21 382 638 | 3.21 | 0.045 | 96.78 | 90.70 | 49.92 |
| TLT4 | 22 326 636 | 21 874 132 | 3.28 | 0.045 | 96.75 | 90.70 | 48.40 |
| TGT1 | 21 772 087 | 21 171 477 | 3.18 | 0.045 | 96.44 | 90.47 | 48.39 |
| TGT2 | 21 576 158 | 20 786 124 | 3.12 | 0.045 | 96.73 | 90.78 | 48.41 |
| TGT3 | 22 763 423 | 22 085 161 | 3.31 | 0.045 | 96.60 | 90.43 | 48.12 |
| TGT4 | 22 229 333 | 21 595 373 | 3.24 | 0.045 | 96.50 | 90.17 | 47.91 |
| TST1 | 21 890 142 | 21 093 258 | 3.16 | 0.045 | 96.53 | 90.33 | 49.22 |
| TST2 | 22 084 348 | 21 560 450 | 3.23 | 0.045 | 96.85 | 90.74 | 49.21 |
| TST3 | 21 902 085 | 21 508 753 | 3.23 | 0.045 | 96.51 | 90.14 | 48.20 |
| TST4 | 22 222 789 | 21 703 208 | 3.26 | 0.045 | 96.59 | 90.27 | 49.08 |
图4 感染哈维氏弧菌小黄鱼肝、鳃丝和皮肤中的差异表达基因数量 TLT,感染组肝;TGT,感染组鳃丝;TST,感染组皮肤;CLT,健康组肝;CGT,健康组鳃丝;CST,健康组皮肤。
Fig.4 Numbers of differentially expressed genes in the liver, gill filament, and skin of small yellow croaker infected with Vibrio harveyi TLT, Liver of infected group; TGT, Gill filament of infected group; TST, Skin of infected group; CLT, Liver of healthy group; CGT, Gill filament of healthy group; CST, Skin of healthy group.
图5 感染哈维氏弧菌后小黄鱼肝中差异表达基因的GO功能富集 1,单组织体代谢过程;2,氧化还原反应过程;3,羧酸代谢过程;4,有机酸代谢过程;5,含氧酸代谢过程;6,代谢过程;7,细胞氨基酸代谢过程;8,小分子代谢过程;9,α-氨基酸代谢过程;10,有机氮化合物代谢过程;11,单生物碳水化合物分解代谢过程;12,蛋白质翻译中的tRNA氨酰化;13,L-丝氨酸代谢过程;14,碳水化合物分解代谢过程;15,氨基酸激活;16,tRNA氨酰化;17,丝氨酸家族氨基酸代谢过程;18,氧化还原酶活性;19,催化活性;20,铁离子结合;21,辅因子结合;22,NAD结合;23,羟甲基和甲酰基及相关转移酶活性;24,小分子结合;25,氧化还原酶活性,作用于CH—OH基团的供体,NAD或NADP作为受体;26,氧化还原酶活性,作用于配对供体,伴随分子氧的引入或还原;27,四吡咯结合;28,维生素结合;29,甘氨酸羟甲基转移酶活性;30,辅酶结合。
Fig.5 GO functional enrichment of differentially expressed genes in the liver of small yellow croaker infected with Vibrio harveyi 1, Single-organism metabolic process; 2, Oxidation-reduction process; 3, Carboxylic acid metabolic process; 4, Organic acid metabolic process; 5, Oxoacid metabolic process;6, Metabolic process; 7, Cellular amino acid metabolic process; 8, Small molecule metabolic process; 9, Alpha-amino acid metabolic process; 10, Organonitrogen compound metabolic process; 11, Single-organism carbohydrate catabolic process; 12, tRNA aminoacylation for protein translation; 13, L-serine metabolic process; 14, Carbohydrate catabolic process; 15, Amino acid activation; 16, tRNA aminoacylation; 17, Serine family amino acid metabolic process; 18, Oxidoreductase activity; 19, Catalytic activity; 20, Iron ion binding; 21, Cofactor binding; 22, NAD binding; 23, Hydroxymethyl-, formyl-and related transferase activity; 24, Small molecule binding; 25, Oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH—OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor; 26, Oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen; 27, Tetrapyrrole binding; 28, Vitamin binding; 29, Glycine hydroxymethyltransferase activity; 30, Coenzyme binding.
图6 感染哈维氏弧菌后小黄鱼鳃丝中差异表达基因的GO功能富集 1,气体运输;2,氧气输送;3,谷氨酰胺家族氨基酸代谢过程;4,免疫反应;5,有机酸代谢过程;6,含氧酸代谢过程;7,免疫系统过程;8,羧酸代谢过程;9,肌钙蛋白复合体;10,横纹肌细丝;11,肌原纤维;12,肌节;13,肌丝;14,收缩纤维;15,收缩纤维部分;16,血红蛋白复合体;17,胶原蛋白;18,细胞外基质部分;19,肌动蛋白细胞骨架;20,细胞外基质;21,钙离子结合;22,水解酶活性,作用于碳氮键(但不是肽键);23,脂质结合;24,羧基或氨基甲酰转移酶活性;25,细胞外基质结构成分;26,磷脂结合;27,氧气结合;28,水解酶活性,作用于酸酐,催化物质的跨膜运动;29,细胞因子活性;30,磷酸吡哆醛结合。
Fig.6 GO functional enrichment of differentially expressed genes in the gill filament of small yellow croaker infected with Vibrio harveyi 1, Gas transport; 2, Oxygen transport; 3, Glutamine family amino acid metabolic process; 4, Immune response; 5, Organic acid metabolic process; 6, Oxoacid metabolic process; 7, Immune system process; 8, Carboxylic acid metabolic process; 9, Troponin complex; 10, Striated muscle thin filament; 11, Myofibril; 12, Sarcomere; 13, Myofilament; 14, Contractile fiber; 15, Contractile fiber part; 16, Hemoglobin complex; 17, Collagen; 18, Extracellular matrix part; 19, Actin cytoskeleton; 20, Extracellular matrix; 21, Calcium ion binding; 22, Hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds; 23, Lipid binding; 24, Carboxyltransferase or carbamoyltransferase activity; 25, Extracellular matrix structural constituent; 26, Phospholipid binding; 27, Oxygen binding; 28, Hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, catalyzing transmembrane movement of substances; 29, Cytokine activity; 30, Pyridoxal phosphate binding.
图7 感染哈维氏弧菌后小黄鱼皮肤中差异表达基因的GO功能富集 1,氧化还原过程;2,能量耦合质子输运,电化学梯度下降;3,ATP合成耦合电子传递;4,含嘌呤化合物补救;5,ATP生物合成过程;6,三磷酸核苷生物合成过程;7,嘌呤核苷三磷酸生物合成过程;8,核糖核苷三磷酸生物合成过程;9,嘌呤核糖核苷三磷酸生物合成过程;10,嘌呤核苷生物合成过程;11,嘌呤核糖核苷生物合成过程;12,肌钙蛋白复合体;13,横纹肌肌丝;14,肌原纤维;15,肌节;16,肌丝;17,收缩纤维;18,收缩纤维部分;19,线粒体内膜;20,细胞器内膜;21,线粒体;22,氧化还原酶活性;23,阳离子转运ATP酶活性;24,离子跨膜转运偶联的ATP酶活性;25,初级活性跨膜转运蛋白活性;26,P-P键水解驱动的跨膜转运蛋白活性;27,物质跨膜转运偶联的ATP酶活性;28,阳离子跨膜转运蛋白活性;29,物质转运偶联的ATP酶活性;30,水解酶活性,作用于酸酐,催化物质的跨膜运动。
Fig.7 GO functional enrichment of differentially expressed genes in the skin of small yellow croaker infected with Vibrio harveyi 1, Oxidation-reduction process; 2, Energy coupled proton transport, decreased electrochemical gradient; 3, ATP synthesis coupled electron transport; 4, Purine-containing compound salvage; 5, ATP biosynthetic process; 6, Nucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process; 7, Purine nucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process; 8, Ribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process; 9, Purine ribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process; 10, Purine nucleoside biosynthetic process; 11, Purine ribonucleoside biosynthetic process; 12, Troponin complex; 13, Striated muscle thin filament; 14, Myofibril; 15, Sarcomere; 16, Myofilament; 17, Contractile fiber; 18, Contractile fiber part; 19, Mitochondrial inner membrane; 20, Organelle inner membrane; 21, Mitochondrion; 22, Oxidoreductase activity; 23, Cation-transporting ATPase activity; 24, ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of ions; 25, Primary active transmembrane transporter activity; 26, P-P-bond-hydrolysis-driven transmembrane transporter activity; 27, ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances; 28, Cation transmembrane transporter activity; 29, ATPase activity, coupled to movement of substances; 30, Hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, catalyzing transmembrane movement of substances.
图8 感染哈维氏弧菌后小黄鱼肝、鳃丝和皮肤中差异表达基因的KEGG通路富集(富集排名前15) A,肝;B,鳃丝;C,皮肤。
Fig.8 KEGG pathway enrichment of differentially expressed genes in liver, gill filament and skin of little yellow croaker infected with Vibrio harvevi(Top 15 of enriched pathways) A, Liver ; B, Gill filament ; C, Skin.
| 信号通路 Signaling pathway | p值p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| TLT vs CLT | TGT vs CGT | TST vs CST | |
| ECM受体相互作用ECM-receptor interaction | 0.053 83 | 1.55×10-5 | 1.80×10-4 |
| 类固醇生物合成Steroid biosynthesis | 4.68×10-5 | 0.204 51 | 0.709 55 |
| 药物代谢-细胞色素P450 Drug metabolism-cytochrome P450 | 0.001 61 | 0.760 06 | 0.093 75 |
| 过氧化物酶体Peroxisome | 0.006 07 | 0.638 46 | 0.540 21 |
| JAK-STAT信号通路JAK-STAT signaling pathway | 0.513 82 | 8.80×10-4 | 0.074 86 |
| 细胞因子-细胞因子受体相互作用Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction | 0.719 27 | 2.50×10-5 | 0.014 39 |
| 黏着斑Focal adhesion | 0.749 86 | 3.10×10-4 | 0.125 39 |
| 吞噬体Phagosome | 0.950 17 | 0.009 32 | 0.804 68 |
| 肌动蛋白细胞骨架的调节Regulation of actin cytoskeleton | 0.987 48 | 0.042 31 | 0.944 52 |
| NOD样受体信号通路NOD-like receptor signaling pathway | 0.632 37 | 0.137 23 | 0.460 77 |
| RIG-I样受体信号通路RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway | 0.788 59 | 0.405 46 | 0.955 60 |
| Toll样受体信号通路Toll-like receptor signaling pathway | 0.937 22 | 0.513 55 | 0.968 32 |
| MAPK信号通路MAPK signaling pathway | 0.999 00 | 0.854 76 | 0.800 23 |
| 内吞作用Endocytosis | 0.998 29 | 0.849 45 | 0.998 04 |
| 钙信号通路Calcium signaling pathway | 0.996 86 | 0.464 02 | 0.806 56 |
| 胞质DNA感知通路Cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway | 0.811 59 | 0.760 06 | 0.985 52 |
表3 健康组和感染组小黄鱼不同组织中免疫相关信号通路及其p值变化
Table 3 Changes of key signaling pathways and their p-values in different tissues of healthy group and infected group of little yellow croakers
| 信号通路 Signaling pathway | p值p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| TLT vs CLT | TGT vs CGT | TST vs CST | |
| ECM受体相互作用ECM-receptor interaction | 0.053 83 | 1.55×10-5 | 1.80×10-4 |
| 类固醇生物合成Steroid biosynthesis | 4.68×10-5 | 0.204 51 | 0.709 55 |
| 药物代谢-细胞色素P450 Drug metabolism-cytochrome P450 | 0.001 61 | 0.760 06 | 0.093 75 |
| 过氧化物酶体Peroxisome | 0.006 07 | 0.638 46 | 0.540 21 |
| JAK-STAT信号通路JAK-STAT signaling pathway | 0.513 82 | 8.80×10-4 | 0.074 86 |
| 细胞因子-细胞因子受体相互作用Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction | 0.719 27 | 2.50×10-5 | 0.014 39 |
| 黏着斑Focal adhesion | 0.749 86 | 3.10×10-4 | 0.125 39 |
| 吞噬体Phagosome | 0.950 17 | 0.009 32 | 0.804 68 |
| 肌动蛋白细胞骨架的调节Regulation of actin cytoskeleton | 0.987 48 | 0.042 31 | 0.944 52 |
| NOD样受体信号通路NOD-like receptor signaling pathway | 0.632 37 | 0.137 23 | 0.460 77 |
| RIG-I样受体信号通路RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway | 0.788 59 | 0.405 46 | 0.955 60 |
| Toll样受体信号通路Toll-like receptor signaling pathway | 0.937 22 | 0.513 55 | 0.968 32 |
| MAPK信号通路MAPK signaling pathway | 0.999 00 | 0.854 76 | 0.800 23 |
| 内吞作用Endocytosis | 0.998 29 | 0.849 45 | 0.998 04 |
| 钙信号通路Calcium signaling pathway | 0.996 86 | 0.464 02 | 0.806 56 |
| 胞质DNA感知通路Cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway | 0.811 59 | 0.760 06 | 0.985 52 |
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