浙江农业学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (4): 769-779.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.04.04

• 作物科学 • 上一篇    下一篇

施氮对稻茬弱筋小麦生长特性、品质与产量的影响

任开明(), 王犇, 杨文俊, 樊永惠, 张文静, 马尚宇, 黄正来()   

  1. 安徽农业大学 农学院,安徽 合肥 230036
  • 收稿日期:2022-05-24 出版日期:2023-04-25 发布日期:2023-05-05
  • 通讯作者: *黄正来,E-mail: xdnyyjs@163.com
  • 作者简介:任开明(1996—),男,安徽亳州人,硕士研究生,主要从事小麦高产优质栽培研究。E-mail: 15582408770@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    安徽省科技重大专项(202003a06020014)

Effects of nitrogen on physiological growth, quality and yield of weak gluten wheat after rice stubble

REN Kaiming(), WANG Ben, YANG Wenjun, FAN Yonghui, ZHANG Wenjing, MA Shangyu, HUANG Zhenglai()   

  1. College of Agriculture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
  • Received:2022-05-24 Online:2023-04-25 Published:2023-05-05

摘要:

为探索安徽省沿淮稻茬弱筋小麦提升产量、品质的适宜施氮量,在大田试验的条件下,设置0、75、150、225和300 kg·hm-2共5个施氮水平,研究施氮对安徽省沿淮稻茬麦区弱筋小麦产量、品质、干物质积累与转运,以及氮素利用效率的影响。结果表明,在0~300 kg·hm-2,随着施氮量的增加,小麦分蘖数、株高、叶面积指数(LAI)和叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)均呈上升趋势,花后21 d小麦冠层光谱反射率在760~925 nm逐渐上升,在925~1 300 nm先升后降。在孕穗至成熟期,小麦干物质积累量和花前营养器官干物质转运量随着施氮量的增加呈先升后降趋势,花前营养器官干物质转运对籽粒的贡献率不断下降,而花后干物质生产量和其对籽粒的贡献率均逐渐升高。增加施氮量能提高小麦穗粒数和有效穗数,而小麦千粒重和籽粒产量均呈先升后降趋势,小麦籽粒产量均在225 kg·hm-2施氮量处理下达到最大值,与不施氮处理相比,施氮量为75~300 kg·hm-2时,试验点1和试验点2的小麦籽粒产量分别增加了127.58%~230.45%和72.21%~131.94%。施氮量的增加使氮肥表观利用率、氮肥农学利用率、氮肥偏生产力逐渐下降。在225 kg·hm-2施氮量下小麦籽粒品质指标较优,施氮量为300 kg·hm-2时小麦籽粒蛋白质含量超过国家弱筋小麦蛋白质含量标准;与不施氮处理相比,施氮量为75~300 kg·hm-2时,两试验点小麦籽粒蛋白质含量分别增加12.02%~44.21%和9.64%~34.30%。总体上,当施氮量为225 kg·hm-2时小麦籽粒品质指标较优,且产量最高。综合高产、优质的选择条件,225 kg·hm-2是安徽省沿淮稻茬弱筋麦区适宜的施氮量。

关键词: 弱筋小麦, 氮素, 氮素吸收利用, 千粒重, 蛋白质

Abstract:

To explore suitable nitrogen application levels for weak gluten wheat after rice stubble in Anhui Province’s Huaihe River region, a field experiment was conducted using 5 nitrogen application levels (0, 75, 150, 225, and 300 kg·hm-2). The study investigated the effects of nitrogen application on yield, quality, dry matter accumulation and transport, and nitrogen use efficiency of wheat. The results showed that in the range of 0-300 kg·hm-2 nitrogen application level, with the increase of nitrogen application, the number of tillers, plant height, leaf area index (LAI) and chlorophyll relative content (SPAD) of wheat showed an upward trend. 21 days after anthesis, the spectral reflectance of wheat canopy gradually increased in the band of 760-925 nm, and first increased and then decreased in the band of 925-1 300 nm. From booting to maturity, dry matter accumulation and transport of pre-anthesis vegetative organs increased initially then declined with increasing nitrogen application level, the contribution rate of dry matter transport of pre anthesis vegetative organs to grains continued to decline, while the post anthesis dry matter production and its contribution rate to grains gradually increased. The number of grains per ear and effective ears increased with increasing nitrogen application level, the 1 000 grain weight and grain yield of wheat showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing, reaching maximum grain yield at 225 kg·hm-2 nitrogen application level. Compared with the treatment without nitrogen application, grain yields at location I and II increased by 127.58%-230.45% and 72.21%-131.94% when nitrogen application level was 75-300 kg·hm-2. As the nitrogen application level increased, the apparent utilization rate, agronomic utilization rate, and partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer gradually decreased. The wheat grain quality index was better at a nitrogen application level of 225 kg·hm-2, but when the nitrogen application level was 300 kg·hm-2, the wheat grain protein content exceeded the national protein content standard of weak gluten wheat. Compared to the treatment without nitrogen application, the wheat grain protein content increased by 12.02%-44.21% and 9.64%-34.30% at the two test points when the nitrogen application level was between 75-300 kg·hm-2. Overall, when the nitrogen application level was 225 kg·hm-2, the wheat grain quality index was better, and the yield was the highest. Considering the selection criteria of high yield and high quality, 225 kg·hm-2 was identified as the suitable nitrogen application level for weak gluten wheat in the rice stubble region along the Huaihe River in Anhui Province.

Key words: weak gluten wheat, nitrogen, nitrogen absorption and utilization, 1 000 grain weight, protein

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