Research progress on harm of mycotoxins in feed to aquatic animals

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.03.25

Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis ›› 2023, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (3): 717-726.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2023.03.25

• Review • Previous Articles

Research progress on harm of mycotoxins in feed to aquatic animals

QIU Mei(), DENG Qi^*(), FANG Zhijia, WANG Yaling, SUN Lijun

Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, College of Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, Guangdong, China

Received:2021-06-09 Online:2023-03-25 Published:2023-04-07

Abstract

Abstract:

Mycotoxin contamination in aquatic feed poses a health risk to aquatic animals, and causes significant economic losses in the aquaculture industry. This article focused on the current state of mycotoxin contamination in aquatic feed, the toxic effects of mycotoxins on aquatic animals and their residues in meat and organs. The adverse effects of mycotoxins on aquatic animals mainly include decreased appetite, organ damage, and immunosuppression. Mycotoxin-contaminated aquatic food becomes a threat to human health. Mycotoxin residues in aquatic animals have potential food safety risk. Therefore, global limits and regulations for mycotoxins in aquatic feed and aquatic products need to be further refined.

Key words: feed, aquatic animals, mycotoxin, food safety

CLC Number:

S816

QIU Mei, DENG Qi, FANG Zhijia, WANG Yaling, SUN Lijun. Research progress on harm of mycotoxins in feed to aquatic animals[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2023, 35(3): 717-726.

Figures/Tables 4

References 59

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种类	剂量	染毒方式	毒性效应	参考文献
Species	Exposure dose	Administration	Toxic effect	Reference
尼罗罗非鱼 Oreochromis niloticus L.	5~38.62 μg·kg^-1	经口饲喂10周 Feedborne exposure for 10 weeks	降低67%的存活率,体表黄化 Reduced survival rate by 67%, yellowing surface	[16]
	200 μg·kg^-1		红细胞、白细胞总数、血红蛋白和存活率降低;体重增加缓慢 Decreased total erythrocyte count, total leucocyte count, hemoglobin count and survival rate; Slow weight gain	[21]
	2, 4 μg·kg^-1		体重增长缓慢,饲料利用率、肝指数、肌肉率、全身粗脂肪和蛋白质保留率下降 Reduced weight gain, feed utilization, hepatosomatic index, muscle ratio, whole-body crude lipid and protein retention efficiency	[22]
	3 mg·kg^-1	经口饲喂84 d Feedborne exposure for 84 days	降低生长、饲料利用率、消化酶活性和抗氧化酶活性,DNA损伤 Reduced the growth, feed utilization, digestive enzyme activities, and antioxidant enzyme activities, DNA damage	[23]
罗非鱼 Oreochromis niloticus×O. aureus	793, 1 641 μg·kg^-1	经口饲喂15周 Feedborne exposure for 15 weeks	体表变黑,体重增长缓慢 Darkening surface and slow weight gain	[17]
	2.5 mg·kg^-1	经口饲喂20周 Feedborne exposure for 20 weeks	行为反常 Abnormal behavior
露斯塔野鲮 Labeo rohita	2.5, 5.0 mg·kg^-1	腹腔注射 Intraperitoneal (i.p.)	总蛋白、球蛋白水平、细菌凝集滴度降低 Reduced total protein, globulin levels, bacterial agglutination titre	[24]
	50 μg·kg^-1	经口饲喂60 d Feedborne exposure for 60 days	体重、肝脏指数,肝和肠道消化酶下降 Decreased body weight, hepatosomatic index, digestive enzyme activities of hepatopancreas and intestine	[25]
虹鳟鱼 Oncorhynchus mykiss	50 mg·kg^-1	经口饲喂56 d Feedborne exposure for 56 days	血清总蛋白、白蛋白和球蛋白水平下降 Decreased serum total protein, albumin and globulin levels	[26]
鲶鱼 Rhamdia quelen	1 177 μg·kg^-1	经口饲喂14 d Feedborne exposure for 14 days	运动过度,血脑屏障损伤,Na⁺, K⁺-ATP酶活力降低,乙酰胆碱酶升高 Behavioral impairment, disrupted blood-brain barrier, decreased Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity, increased acetylcholinesterase activity	[27]
黄颡鱼 Pelteobagrus fulvidraco	44, 234 μg·kg^-1	经口饲喂8周 Feedborne exposure for 8 weeks	降低肌肉蛋白含量,肌肉纤维结构损伤,降低鱼肉营养价值 Decreased total protein, muscle fiber structure damage, impaired the nutritional value	[19]
金头鲷 Sparus aurata	1, 2 mg·kg^-1	经口饲喂85 d Feedborne exposure for 85 days	体重下降,代谢紊乱,器官组织损伤 Weight loss, metabolic disorder, tissue architecture damage	[28]
种类	剂量	染毒方式	毒性效应	参考文献
Species	Exposure dose	Administration	Toxic effect	Reference
大菱鲆 Scophthalmus maximus	20 μg·kg^-1	经口饲喂10 d Feedborne exposure for 10 days	血液系统损伤,肝抗氧化能力降低 Blood system injury, reduced liver antioxidant capacity	[20]
凡纳滨对虾 Litopenaeus vannamei	4.8 mg·kg^-1	经口饲喂8 d Feedborne exposure for 8 days	成活率下降,肌肉、肠道和肝胰腺结构损伤严重 Reduced survival rate, severe muscle, intestinal and hepatopancreas damage	[29]
	15 μg·kg^-1		成活率下降,抗氧化酶活升高,肝胰腺结构损伤严重 Decreased survival rate, increased antioxidant enzyme activities, severe hepatopancreas damage	[30]
	5 μg·kg^-1	经口饲喂30 d Feedborne exposure for 30 days	肠道菌群失调,抗氧化系统损伤 Intestinal flora disorder, antioxidant system damage	[31]
	1.2~6.075 mg·kg^-1	经口饲喂20 d Feedborne exposure for 20 days	降低肌肉营养成分,肌肉结构损伤 Reduce muscle nutrition, muscle structure damage	[32]

种类	剂量	染毒方式	毒性效应	参考文献
Species	Exposure dose	Administration	Toxic effect	Reference
尼罗罗非鱼 Oreochromis niloticus L.	5~38.62 μg·kg^-1	经口饲喂10周 Feedborne exposure for 10 weeks	降低67%的存活率,体表黄化 Reduced survival rate by 67%, yellowing surface	[16]
	200 μg·kg^-1		红细胞、白细胞总数、血红蛋白和存活率降低;体重增加缓慢 Decreased total erythrocyte count, total leucocyte count, hemoglobin count and survival rate; Slow weight gain	[21]
	2, 4 μg·kg^-1		体重增长缓慢,饲料利用率、肝指数、肌肉率、全身粗脂肪和蛋白质保留率下降 Reduced weight gain, feed utilization, hepatosomatic index, muscle ratio, whole-body crude lipid and protein retention efficiency	[22]
	3 mg·kg^-1	经口饲喂84 d Feedborne exposure for 84 days	降低生长、饲料利用率、消化酶活性和抗氧化酶活性,DNA损伤 Reduced the growth, feed utilization, digestive enzyme activities, and antioxidant enzyme activities, DNA damage	[23]
罗非鱼 Oreochromis niloticus×O. aureus	793, 1 641 μg·kg^-1	经口饲喂15周 Feedborne exposure for 15 weeks	体表变黑,体重增长缓慢 Darkening surface and slow weight gain	[17]
	2.5 mg·kg^-1	经口饲喂20周 Feedborne exposure for 20 weeks	行为反常 Abnormal behavior
露斯塔野鲮 Labeo rohita	2.5, 5.0 mg·kg^-1	腹腔注射 Intraperitoneal (i.p.)	总蛋白、球蛋白水平、细菌凝集滴度降低 Reduced total protein, globulin levels, bacterial agglutination titre	[24]
	50 μg·kg^-1	经口饲喂60 d Feedborne exposure for 60 days	体重、肝脏指数,肝和肠道消化酶下降 Decreased body weight, hepatosomatic index, digestive enzyme activities of hepatopancreas and intestine	[25]
虹鳟鱼 Oncorhynchus mykiss	50 mg·kg^-1	经口饲喂56 d Feedborne exposure for 56 days	血清总蛋白、白蛋白和球蛋白水平下降 Decreased serum total protein, albumin and globulin levels	[26]
鲶鱼 Rhamdia quelen	1 177 μg·kg^-1	经口饲喂14 d Feedborne exposure for 14 days	运动过度,血脑屏障损伤,Na⁺, K⁺-ATP酶活力降低,乙酰胆碱酶升高 Behavioral impairment, disrupted blood-brain barrier, decreased Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity, increased acetylcholinesterase activity	[27]
黄颡鱼 Pelteobagrus fulvidraco	44, 234 μg·kg^-1	经口饲喂8周 Feedborne exposure for 8 weeks	降低肌肉蛋白含量,肌肉纤维结构损伤,降低鱼肉营养价值 Decreased total protein, muscle fiber structure damage, impaired the nutritional value	[19]
金头鲷 Sparus aurata	1, 2 mg·kg^-1	经口饲喂85 d Feedborne exposure for 85 days	体重下降,代谢紊乱,器官组织损伤 Weight loss, metabolic disorder, tissue architecture damage	[28]
种类	剂量	染毒方式	毒性效应	参考文献
Species	Exposure dose	Administration	Toxic effect	Reference
大菱鲆 Scophthalmus maximus	20 μg·kg^-1	经口饲喂10 d Feedborne exposure for 10 days	血液系统损伤,肝抗氧化能力降低 Blood system injury, reduced liver antioxidant capacity	[20]
凡纳滨对虾 Litopenaeus vannamei	4.8 mg·kg^-1	经口饲喂8 d Feedborne exposure for 8 days	成活率下降,肌肉、肠道和肝胰腺结构损伤严重 Reduced survival rate, severe muscle, intestinal and hepatopancreas damage	[29]
	15 μg·kg^-1		成活率下降,抗氧化酶活升高,肝胰腺结构损伤严重 Decreased survival rate, increased antioxidant enzyme activities, severe hepatopancreas damage	[30]
	5 μg·kg^-1	经口饲喂30 d Feedborne exposure for 30 days	肠道菌群失调,抗氧化系统损伤 Intestinal flora disorder, antioxidant system damage	[31]
	1.2~6.075 mg·kg^-1	经口饲喂20 d Feedborne exposure for 20 days	降低肌肉营养成分,肌肉结构损伤 Reduce muscle nutrition, muscle structure damage	[32]

毒素	物种	剂量	染毒方式	毒性效应	参考文献
Toxin	Species	Exposure dose	Administration	Toxic effect	Reference
T-2	鲤鱼 Cyprinus carpio L.	5.3 mg·kg^-1	经口饲喂4周 Feedborne exposure for 4 weeks	贫血,免疫抑制,肝脂质过氧化水平升高 Anemia, immunosuppression, elevated lipid peroxidation in the liver	[33]
	凡纳滨对虾 Litopenaeus vannamei	2.4 mg·kg^-1	经口饲喂20 d Feedborne exposure for 20 days	体重增长率下降,死亡率升高,血液白蛋白水平和转氨酶活力降低 Decreased weight gain, serum albumin level and transaminase activity, increased mortality	[34]
	尼罗罗非鱼 Oreochromis niloticus	4.8~24.3 mg·kg^-1		降低成活率和体重,肝细胞和肌肉纤维结构受损 Decreased survival rate and weight gain, liver and muscle myofiber damage	[35]
	中华绒螯蟹 Eriocheir sinensis	0.6~5.0 mg·kg^-1	经口饲喂8周 Feedborne exposure for 8 weeks	肠道菌群紊乱,氧化应激,免疫抑制和细胞凋亡 Intestinal flora disorder, oxidative stress, immunosuppression and cell apoptosis	[36?-38]
DON	鲤鱼 Cyprinus carpio L.	352~0.953 μg·kg^-1	经口饲喂4周 Feedborne exposure for 4 weeks	肝细胞充血和脂肪堆积,AST、ALT活力下降 Increased fat disposition and severe hyperaemia in liver, AST and ALT decreased	[18]
	虹鳟鱼 Oncorhynchus mykiss	4, 6 mg·kg^-1		食欲下降,死亡率升高 Decreased appetite and increased mortality	[39]
	大口黑鲈 Micropterus salmoides	0.3, 0.6 mg·kg^-1		肠道菌群失调,肠道超微结构损伤 Intestinal flora disorder, intestine ultrastructure damaged	[40]
	凡纳滨对虾 Litopenaeus vannamei	0.25~1.0 mg·kg^-1	经口饲喂5周 Feedborne exposure for 5 weeks	降低体重和存活率,肠道细胞损伤 Reduced weight gain and survival, intestinal cell damage	[41]
ZEN	斑马鱼 Danio rerio	100~1 000 μg·L^-1	水体染毒5 d Waterborne exposure for 5 days	水肿,尾鳍畸形和色素沉着减少 Edemas, caudal fin malformation and reduced pigmentation	[42]
	虹鳟鱼 Oncorhynchus mykiss	10 mg·kg^-1	腹腔注射 Intraperitoneal	血液凝固时间延长,肝和卵巢缺铁 Prolonged blood clotting time, iron deficiency in liver and ovary	[43]
毒素	物种	剂量	染毒方式	毒性效应	参考文献
Toxin	Species	Exposure dose	Administration	Toxic effect	Reference
		2 mg·kg^-1	经口饲喂96周 Feedborne exposure for 96 weeks	增加后代的死亡率,干扰性腺发育 Increased offspring mortality, interfered with gonad development.	[44]
OTA	斑点叉尾鮰 Ictalurus punctatus	0.5~8 mg·kg^-1	经口饲喂8周 Feedborne exposure for 8 weeks	降低体重增长率饲料转化率和存活率,后肾黑色素巨噬细胞中心增加 Reduction in weight gain, feed conversion ratio and survival rate; melanomacrophage centers in posterior kidney increased	[45]
		4, 8 mg·kg^-1	经口饲喂56 d Feedborne exposure for 56 days	生长抑制,食欲下降,免疫抑制 Growth inhibition, appetite decreased, immunosuppression	[46]
	凡纳滨对虾 Litopenaeus vannamei	1.78~9.018 mg·kg^-1	经口饲喂20 d Feedborne exposure for 20 days	肌肉脂质过氧化,鲜度下降 Lipid peroxidation in muscle, and freshness decreased	[47]
AFB₁	斑点叉尾鮰 Ictalurus punctatus	20 mg·kg^-1	经口饲喂10周 Feedborne exposure for 10 weeks	体重增长率下降 Reduction in weight gain	[48]
	尖齿胡鲶 Clarias gariepinus	5~15 mg·kg^-1	经口饲喂6周 Feedborne exposure for 6 weeks	体重增长率、红细胞压积、红细胞、血红蛋白和血清蛋白成分降低 Reduction in weight gain, haematocrit, erythrocytes, haemoglobin and the serum protein constituents	[49]
	斑马鱼 Danio rerio	0.87 mg·kg^-1	水体染毒96 h Waterborne exposure for 96 hours	胚胎畸形,死亡率增高 Embryo malformation, increased mortality	[50]

毒素	物种	剂量	染毒方式	毒性效应	参考文献
Toxin	Species	Exposure dose	Administration	Toxic effect	Reference
T-2	鲤鱼 Cyprinus carpio L.	5.3 mg·kg^-1	经口饲喂4周 Feedborne exposure for 4 weeks	贫血,免疫抑制,肝脂质过氧化水平升高 Anemia, immunosuppression, elevated lipid peroxidation in the liver	[33]
	凡纳滨对虾 Litopenaeus vannamei	2.4 mg·kg^-1	经口饲喂20 d Feedborne exposure for 20 days	体重增长率下降,死亡率升高,血液白蛋白水平和转氨酶活力降低 Decreased weight gain, serum albumin level and transaminase activity, increased mortality	[34]
	尼罗罗非鱼 Oreochromis niloticus	4.8~24.3 mg·kg^-1		降低成活率和体重,肝细胞和肌肉纤维结构受损 Decreased survival rate and weight gain, liver and muscle myofiber damage	[35]
	中华绒螯蟹 Eriocheir sinensis	0.6~5.0 mg·kg^-1	经口饲喂8周 Feedborne exposure for 8 weeks	肠道菌群紊乱,氧化应激,免疫抑制和细胞凋亡 Intestinal flora disorder, oxidative stress, immunosuppression and cell apoptosis	[36?-38]
DON	鲤鱼 Cyprinus carpio L.	352~0.953 μg·kg^-1	经口饲喂4周 Feedborne exposure for 4 weeks	肝细胞充血和脂肪堆积,AST、ALT活力下降 Increased fat disposition and severe hyperaemia in liver, AST and ALT decreased	[18]
	虹鳟鱼 Oncorhynchus mykiss	4, 6 mg·kg^-1		食欲下降,死亡率升高 Decreased appetite and increased mortality	[39]
	大口黑鲈 Micropterus salmoides	0.3, 0.6 mg·kg^-1		肠道菌群失调,肠道超微结构损伤 Intestinal flora disorder, intestine ultrastructure damaged	[40]
	凡纳滨对虾 Litopenaeus vannamei	0.25~1.0 mg·kg^-1	经口饲喂5周 Feedborne exposure for 5 weeks	降低体重和存活率,肠道细胞损伤 Reduced weight gain and survival, intestinal cell damage	[41]
ZEN	斑马鱼 Danio rerio	100~1 000 μg·L^-1	水体染毒5 d Waterborne exposure for 5 days	水肿,尾鳍畸形和色素沉着减少 Edemas, caudal fin malformation and reduced pigmentation	[42]
	虹鳟鱼 Oncorhynchus mykiss	10 mg·kg^-1	腹腔注射 Intraperitoneal	血液凝固时间延长,肝和卵巢缺铁 Prolonged blood clotting time, iron deficiency in liver and ovary	[43]
毒素	物种	剂量	染毒方式	毒性效应	参考文献
Toxin	Species	Exposure dose	Administration	Toxic effect	Reference
		2 mg·kg^-1	经口饲喂96周 Feedborne exposure for 96 weeks	增加后代的死亡率,干扰性腺发育 Increased offspring mortality, interfered with gonad development.	[44]
OTA	斑点叉尾鮰 Ictalurus punctatus	0.5~8 mg·kg^-1	经口饲喂8周 Feedborne exposure for 8 weeks	降低体重增长率饲料转化率和存活率,后肾黑色素巨噬细胞中心增加 Reduction in weight gain, feed conversion ratio and survival rate; melanomacrophage centers in posterior kidney increased	[45]
		4, 8 mg·kg^-1	经口饲喂56 d Feedborne exposure for 56 days	生长抑制,食欲下降,免疫抑制 Growth inhibition, appetite decreased, immunosuppression	[46]
	凡纳滨对虾 Litopenaeus vannamei	1.78~9.018 mg·kg^-1	经口饲喂20 d Feedborne exposure for 20 days	肌肉脂质过氧化,鲜度下降 Lipid peroxidation in muscle, and freshness decreased	[47]
AFB₁	斑点叉尾鮰 Ictalurus punctatus	20 mg·kg^-1	经口饲喂10周 Feedborne exposure for 10 weeks	体重增长率下降 Reduction in weight gain	[48]
	尖齿胡鲶 Clarias gariepinus	5~15 mg·kg^-1	经口饲喂6周 Feedborne exposure for 6 weeks	体重增长率、红细胞压积、红细胞、血红蛋白和血清蛋白成分降低 Reduction in weight gain, haematocrit, erythrocytes, haemoglobin and the serum protein constituents	[49]
	斑马鱼 Danio rerio	0.87 mg·kg^-1	水体染毒96 h Waterborne exposure for 96 hours	胚胎畸形,死亡率增高 Embryo malformation, increased mortality	[50]

毒素 Toxins	物种 Species	剂量/染毒方式 Dose/Administration	毒素残留浓度Toxin residual concentration/(μg·kg^-1)			检测方法 Detection method	参考文献 Reference
毒素 Toxins	物种 Species	剂量/染毒方式 Dose/Administration	肝 Liver	肌肉 Muscle	其他 Other	检测方法 Detection method	参考文献 Reference
T-2	凡纳滨对虾 Litopenaeus vannamei	12.2 mg·kg^-1,经口饲喂20 d Feedborne exposure for 20 days	26.65	2.87	头部Head-8.47, 血液Blood-14.04	免疫磁珠酶联免疫法IMB-ELISA	[53]
		19.2 mg·kg^-1,经口饲喂4天 Feedborne exposure for 4 days	36.8	9.65	头部Head-10.88, 血液Blood-81.15	LC-MS/MS	[29]
ZEN	虹鳟鱼	自然发生Natural occurrence	n.d.	n.d.	卵巢Ovary-7.1	HPLC	[54]
	Oncorhynchus mykiss
OTA	金头鲷 Sparus aurata	自然发生Natural occurrence	0.11	n.d.	肾Kidney-0.91	HPLC	[55]
	欧洲舌齿鲈 Dicentrarchus labrax	自然发生Natural occurrence	0.74	0.28	肾Kidney-0.79
DON	大西洋鲑 Salmo salar	2 mg·kg^-1,经口饲喂8周 Feedborne exposure for 8 weeks	18.1	6	肾Kidney-12.3	LC-MS/MS	[56]
AFB₁	黄颡鱼 Pelteobagrus fulvidraco	44 μg·kg^-1,经口饲喂8周 Feedborne exposure for 8 weeks	N	3	N	未说明 Unspecified	[19]
	大菱鲆 Scophthalmus maximus	20 μg·kg^-1,经口饲喂10 d Feedborne exposure for 10 days	N	0.58	血液Blood-1.6	LC-MS/MS	[20]
	尼罗罗非鱼 Oreochromis niloticus L.	3 μg·kg^-1,经口饲喂84 d Feedborne exposure for 8 days	N	600	N	LC-MS/MS	[23]

Research progress on harm of mycotoxins in feed to aquatic animals

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