Soil organic carbon content and structural characteristics in water bamboo fields with different cultivation time

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231086

Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis ›› 2024, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (11): 2558-2565.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231086

• Environmental Science • Previous Articles Next Articles

Soil organic carbon content and structural characteristics in water bamboo fields with different cultivation time

AI Ran¹^,²(), HE Jie³, LIN Haizhong³, WENG Liqing⁴, CHEN Zhaoming², MA Junwei², WANG Qiang²^,^*()

1. College of Environment and Resources, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
2. Institute of Environmental Resources and Soil Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
3. Huangyan Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Taizhou 318020, Zhejiang, China
4. Yuyao Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yuyao 315400, Zhejiang, China

Received:2023-09-11 Online:2024-11-25 Published:2024-11-27

Abstract

Abstract:

In order to investigate the effects of water bamboo cultivation time on soil organic carbon (SOC) content and structural characteristics, soil samples were collected from 0-20 cm and >20-40 cm layer from water bamboo fields with different planting years in Huangyan District and Yuyao City in Zhejiang Province, China, (in Huangyan, the water bamboo cultivation time was 0, 5, 15, 30 a, respectively; in Yuyao, the water bamboo cultivation time was 1, 5, 15 a, respectively). The soil particulate organic carbon (POC) content was determined, and the SOC functional group abundance was detected by solid-state ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C NMR). The results showed that, the SOC content in 0-20 cm layer of water bamboo field increased with the prolonged cultivation time, but the cultivation time did not significantly affect the SOC content in >20-40 cm soil layer in Huangyan. Besides, compared with the filed without water bamboo cultivation, the contents of SOC and POC content in the 0-20 cm soil layer of water bamboo field cultivated for 30 a in Huangyan were significantly (P<0.05) increased by 40.3%, 86.4%, respectively, the proportion of POC in SOC in 0-20 cm soil layer was significantly increased by 12 percentage points, the proportion of alkyl-C was significantly decreased by 5.96, 9.53 percentage points in the 0-20, >20-40 cm soil layer, respectively, and the proportion of aromatic-C was significantly increased by 4.31 percentage points in the >20-40 soil layer. In Yuyao, the SOC functional group abundance in both 0-20 and >20-40 cm soil layer and the contents of SOC, POC in >20-40 cm soil layer were not significantly influenced by the cultivation time. Compared with the water bamboo field cultivated for 1 a, the contents of SOC and POC in the 0-20 cm soil layer of the water bamboo field cultivated for 5 a were significantly increased by 41.0%, 87.1%, respectively, and the proportion of POC in SOC was significantly increased by 10 percentage points. In general, water bamboo planting could increase the SOC content and POC content in 0-20 cm soil layer, yet the prolonged cultivation of water bamboo could weaken the stability of soil organic carbon.

Key words: water bamboo, cultivation time, soil organic carbon, organic carbon fraction, carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C NMR)

CLC Number:

S318

AI Ran, HE Jie, LIN Haizhong, WENG Liqing, CHEN Zhaoming, MA Junwei, WANG Qiang. Soil organic carbon content and structural characteristics in water bamboo fields with different cultivation time[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2024, 36(11): 2558-2565.

Figures/Tables 4

References 42

[1]	OECHAIYAPHUM K, ULLAH H, SHRESTHA R P, et al. Impact of long-term agricultural management practices on soil organic carbon and soil fertility of paddy fields in Northeastern Thailand[J]. Geoderma Regional, 2020, 22: e00307.
[2]	WIESMEIER M, URBANSKI L, HOBLEY E, et al. Soil organic carbon storage as a key function of soils: a review of drivers and indicators at various scales[J]. Geoderma, 2019, 333: 149-162.
[3]	LAL R. Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security[J]. Science, 2004, 304(5677): 1623-1627.
[4]	LAN X J, SHAN J, HUANG Y, et al. Effects of long-term manure substitution regimes on soil organic carbon composition in a red paddy soil of Southern China[J]. Soil and Tillage Research, 2022, 221: 105395.
[5]	AHN J H, CHOI M Y, KIM B Y, et al. Effects of water-saving irrigation on emissions of greenhouse gases and prokaryotic communities in rice paddy soil[J]. Microbial Ecology, 2014, 68(2): 271-283.
[6]	ZHAO Z Z, ZHAO Z Y, FU B, et al. Characteristics of soil organic carbon fractions under different land use patterns in a tropical area[J]. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2021, 21(2): 689-697.
[7]	KAMRAN M, HUANG L, NIE J, et al. Effect of reduced mineral fertilization (NPK) combined with green manure on aggregate stability and soil organic carbon fractions in a fluvo-aquic paddy soil[J]. Soil and Tillage Research, 2021, 211: 105005.
[8]	TANG H M, CHENG K K, SHI L H, et al. Effects of long-term organic matter application on soil carbon accumulation and nitrogen use efficiency in a double-cropping rice field[J]. Environmental Research, 2022, 213: 113700.
[9]	寿森炎, 姜芳, 陈可可, 等. 浙江设施茭白栽培技术综述与发展趋势[J]. 长江蔬菜, 2009(16): 102-103.
	SHOU S Y, JIANG F, CHEN K K, et al. Summarization and development orientation of Zizania latifolia Turcz. in Zhejiang in greenhouse[J]. Journal of Changjiang Vegetables, 2009(16): 102-103. (in Chinese)
[10]	CHENG H M, SHU K X, ZHU T Y, et al. Effects of alternate wetting and drying irrigation on yield, water and nitrogen use, and greenhouse gas emissions in rice paddy fields[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022, 349: 131487.
[11]	俞晓平, 李建荣, 施建苗, 等. 水生蔬菜茭白及其无害化生产技术[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2003, 15(3): 109-117.
	YU X P, LI J R, SHI J M, et al. The aquatic vegetable, Jiaobai (Zizania caduciflora L.) and its safe production in Zhejiang Province[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2003, 15(3): 109-117. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]	TIAN J, LU S H, FAN M S, et al. Integrated management systems and N fertilization: effect on soil organic matter in rice-rapeseed rotation[J]. Plant and Soil, 2013, 372(1): 53-63.
[13]	WU J. Carbon accumulation in paddy ecosystems in subtropical China: evidence from landscape studies[J]. European Journal of Soil Science, 2011, 62(1): 29-34.
[14]	QASWAR M, HUANG J, AHMED W, et al. Yield sustainability, soil organic carbon sequestration and nutrients balance under long-term combined application of manure and inorganic fertilizers in acidic paddy soil[J]. Soil and Tillage Research, 2020, 198: 104569.
[15]	LI S, ZHANG S R, PU Y L, et al. Dynamics of soil labile organic carbon fractions and C-cycle enzyme activities under straw mulch in Chengdu Plain[J]. Soil and Tillage Research, 2016, 155: 289-297.
[16]	BENBI D K, BOPARAI A K, BRAR K. Decomposition of particulate organic matter is more sensitive to temperature than the mineral associated organic matter[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2014, 70: 183-192.
[17]	SHARMA V, HUSSAIN S, SHARMA K R, et al. Labile carbon pools and soil organic carbon stocks in the foothill Himalayas under different land use systems[J]. Geoderma, 2014, 232: 81-87.
[18]	周正虎, 刘琳, 侯磊. 土壤有机碳的稳定和形成:机制和模型[J]. 北京林业大学学报, 2022, 44(10): 11-22.
	ZHOU Z H, LIU L, HOU L. Soil organic carbon stabilization and formation: mechanism and model[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2022, 44(10): 11-22. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]	杭子清, 王国祥, 刘金娥, 等. 互花米草盐沼土壤有机碳库组分及结构特征[J]. 生态学报, 2014, 34(15): 4175-4182.
	HANG Z Q, WANG G X, LIU J E, et al. Characterization of soil organic carbon fractions at Spartina alterniflora saltmarsh in North Jiangsu[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2014, 34(15): 4175-4182. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]	WANG A N, ZHA T G, ZHANG Z Q. Variations in soil organic carbon storage and stability with vegetation restoration stages on the Loess Plateau of China[J]. CATENA, 2023, 228: 107142.
[21]	王学霞, 张磊, 梁丽娜, 等. 秸秆还田对麦玉系统土壤有机碳稳定性的影响[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2020, 39(8): 1774-1782.
	WANG X X, ZHANG L, LIANG L N, et al. Effects of straw returning on the stability of soil organic carbon in wheat-maize rotation systems[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2020, 39(8): 1774-1782. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]	季淮. 洪泽湖河湖交汇区不同土地覆被/利用类型土壤有机碳分布特征及其影响因素[D]. 南京: 南京林业大学, 2021.
	JI H. Distribution characteristics and influencing factors of soil organic carbon in different cover/use types of wetland at the confluence of Hongze Lake and Huai River[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Forestry University, 2021. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]	LI Z Q, ZHAO B Z, WANG Q Y, et al. Differences in chemical composition of soil organic carbon resulting from long-term fertilization strategies[J]. PLoS One, 2015, 10(4): e0124359.
[24]	BERNS A E, CONTE P. Effect of ramp size and sample spinning speed on CPMAS ¹³C NMR spectra of soil organic matter[J]. Organic Geochemistry, 2011, 42(8): 926-935.
[25]	KNICKER H. Solid state CPMAS ¹³C and ¹⁵N NMR spectroscopy in organic geochemistry and how spin dynamics can either aggravate or improve spectra interpretation[J]. Organic Geochemistry, 2011, 42(8): 867-890.
[26]	CHEN X F, LIU M, KUZYAKOV Y, et al. Incorporation of rice straw carbon into dissolved organic matter and microbial biomass along a 100-year paddy soil chronosequence[J]. Applied Soil Ecology, 2018, 130: 84-90.
[27]	SIX J, ELLIOTT E, PAUSTIAN K, et al. Aggregation and soil organic matter accumulation in cultivated and native grassland soils[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1998, 62(5): 1367-1377.
[28]	LAGANIÈRE J, BOČA A, MIEGROET H, et al. A tree species effect on soil that is consistent across the species’ range: the case of aspen and soil carbon in North America[J]. Forests, 2017, 8: 113.
[29]	WANG H, HAGEDORN J, SVENDSEN A, et al. Variant of the Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase with improved kinetic stability: a candidate for enzyme replacement therapy[J]. Biophysical Chemistry, 2013, 172: 43-52.
[30]	GUAN S, AN N, ZONG N, et al. Climate warming impacts on soil organic carbon fractions and aggregate stability in a Tibetan alpine meadow[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2018, 116: 224-236.
[31]	SINGH B, RENGEL Z. The role of crop residues in improving soil fertility[M]// MARSCHNER P, RENGEL Z. Nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2007: 183-214.
[32]	NDUNG’U M, NGATIA L W, ONWONGA R N, et al. The influence of organic and inorganic nutrient inputs on soil organic carbon functional groups content and maize yields[J]. Heliyon, 2021, 7(8): e07881.
[33]	SPACCINI R, MBAGWU J S C, CONTE P, et al. Changes of humic substances characteristics from forested to cultivated soils in Ethiopia[J]. Geoderma, 2006, 132(1/2): 9-19.
[34]	GHOSH B N, MEENA V S, SINGH R J, et al. Effects of fertilization on soil aggregation, carbon distribution and carbon management index of maize-wheat rotation in the north-western Indian Himalayas[J]. Ecological Indicators, 2019, 105: 415-424.
[35]	杨良觎. 长期连作茭白和秸秆全量还田对农田土壤质量的影响[D]. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2019.
	YANG L Y. Effects of long-term plantation of Zizania latifolia and straw total return on soil quality of farmland[D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University, 2019. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[36]	李玮, 郑子成, 李廷轩, 等. 不同植茶年限土壤团聚体及其有机碳分布特征[J]. 生态学报, 2014, 34(21): 6326-6336.
	LI W, ZHENG Z C, LI T X, et al. Distribution characteristics of soil aggregates and its organic carbon in different tea plantation age[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2014, 34(21): 6326-6336. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[37]	HOBLEY E U, BALDOCK J, WILSON B. Environmental and human influences on organic carbon fractions down the soil profile[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2016, 223: 152-166.
[38]	DAI W, GAO H, SHA Z M, et al. Changes in soil organic carbon fractions in response to wheat straw incorporation in a subtropical paddy field in China[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 2021, 184(2): 198-207.
[39]	WANG H, GUAN D S, ZHANG R D, et al. Soil aggregates and organic carbon affected by the land use change from rice paddy to vegetable field[J]. Ecological Engineering, 2014, 70: 206-211.
[40]	WANG X T, CHEN R R, JING Z W, et al. Root derived carbon transport extends the rhizosphere of rice compared to wheat[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2018, 122: 211-219.
[41]	GE T D, LUO Y, HE X H. Quantitative and mechanistic insights into the key process in the rhizodeposited carbon stabilization, transformation and utilization of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in paddy soil[J]. Plant and Soil, 2019, 445(1): 1-5.
[42]	徐颖菲, 姚玉才, 章明奎. 全年淹水种植茭白对水田土壤性态的影响[J]. 土壤通报, 2019, 50(1): 15-21.
	XU Y F, YAO Y C, ZHANG M K. Effects of Zizania latifolia plantation with the whole year water-logging on soil properties of paddy fields[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2019, 50(1): 15-21. (in Chinese with English abstract)

土层 Soil layer/cm	种植年限 Cultivation time/a	SOC/(g·kg^-1)	POC/(g·kg^-1)	POC/SOC
0~20	0	35.67±3.88 c	12.81±1.14 b	0.36±0.00 b
	5	46.26±2.32 ab	21.24±1.14 a	0.45±0.01 a
	15	41.26±2.54 b	14.93±1.00 b	0.36±0.04 b
	30	50.05±2.09 a	23.88±1.80 a	0.48±0.02 a
>20~40	0	29.51±5.67 a	6.68±0.07 a	0.25±0.05 a
	5	33.00±3.48 a	8.20±4.91 a	0.24±0.13 a
	15	30.05±8.39 a	6.55±0.00 a	0.22±0.08 a
	30	24.74±2.53 a	3.59±1.18 a	0.14±0.03 a

土层 Soil layer/cm	种植年限 Cultivation time/a	SOC/(g·kg^-1)	POC/(g·kg^-1)	POC/SOC
0~20	0	35.67±3.88 c	12.81±1.14 b	0.36±0.00 b
	5	46.26±2.32 ab	21.24±1.14 a	0.45±0.01 a
	15	41.26±2.54 b	14.93±1.00 b	0.36±0.04 b
	30	50.05±2.09 a	23.88±1.80 a	0.48±0.02 a
>20~40	0	29.51±5.67 a	6.68±0.07 a	0.25±0.05 a
	5	33.00±3.48 a	8.20±4.91 a	0.24±0.13 a
	15	30.05±8.39 a	6.55±0.00 a	0.22±0.08 a
	30	24.74±2.53 a	3.59±1.18 a	0.14±0.03 a

土层 Soil layer/cm	种植年限 Cultivation time/a	SOC/(g·kg^-1)	POC/(g·kg^-1)	POC/SOC
0~20	1	27.98±0.58 b	6.88±0.58 b	0.25±0.02 b
	5	39.46±4.25 a	12.87±1.23 a	0.35±0.01 a
	15	33.50±2.87 ab	11.74±0.50 a	0.33±0.02 a
>20~40	1	28.03±2.22 a	7.62±0.11 a	0.26±0.00 a
	5	28.69±1.43 a	6.92±1.71 a	0.25±0.05 a
	15	32.21±4.86 a	8.84±0.00 a	0.29±0.05 a

土层 Soil layer/cm	种植年限 Cultivation time/a	SOC/(g·kg^-1)	POC/(g·kg^-1)	POC/SOC
0~20	1	27.98±0.58 b	6.88±0.58 b	0.25±0.02 b
	5	39.46±4.25 a	12.87±1.23 a	0.35±0.01 a
	15	33.50±2.87 ab	11.74±0.50 a	0.33±0.02 a
>20~40	1	28.03±2.22 a	7.62±0.11 a	0.26±0.00 a
	5	28.69±1.43 a	6.92±1.71 a	0.25±0.05 a
	15	32.21±4.86 a	8.84±0.00 a	0.29±0.05 a

土层 Soil layer/cm	种植年限 Cultivation time/a	烷基碳比例 Proportion of alkyl C/%	烷氧碳比例 Proportion of O-alkyl C/%	芳香碳比例 Proportion of aromatic C/%	羰基碳比例 Proportion of carboxyl C/%	烷基度 Alkylation	疏水度 Hydrophobicity
0~20	0	39.23±1.81 a	39.16±9.37 a	11.52±2.50 a	10.08±8.76 a	1.03±0.21 a	1.03±0.03 a
	5	38.38±0.91 a	37.53±4.04 a	9.74±1.07 a	14.35±2.20 a	1.03±0.14 a	0.93±0.07 b
	15	36.66±0.84 a	37.79±1.27 a	11.33±0.36 a	14.22±0.88 a	0.97±0.05 a	0.92±0.02 b
	30	33.27±3.53 b	39.03±1.22 a	12.49±1.93 a	15.21±1.06 a	0.85±0.11 a	0.85±0.06 b
>20~40	0	43.38±4.87 a	41.16±8.40 a	6.88±2.43 b	8.58±7.47 a	1.10±0.35 a	1.02±0.14 a
	5	35.00±5.16 b	38.22±5.08 a	11.79±1.71 a	15.00±1.63 a	0.94±0.26 a	0.88±0.12 a
	15	38.94±1.48 ab	37.08±4.56 a	9.80±0.42 a	14.18±2.71 a	1.06±0.16 a	0.95±0.07 a
	30	33.85±2.60 b	42.12±3.02 a	11.19±1.23 a	12.85±1.62 a	0.81±0.12 a	0.82±0.05 a

Soil organic carbon content and structural characteristics in water bamboo fields with different cultivation time

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 4

References 42

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

土层 Soil layer/cm	种植年限 Cultivation time/a	烷基碳比例 Proportion of alkyl C/%	烷氧碳比例 Proportion of O-alkyl C/%	芳香碳比例 Proportion of aromatic C/%	羰基碳比例 Proportion of carboxyl C/%	烷基度 Alkylation	疏水度 Hydrophobicity
0~20	0	38.33±1.59 a	31.22±4.64 a	15.43±1.26 a	15.01±5.18 a	1.25±0.20 a	1.16±0.05 a
	5	37.99±2.92 a	31.15±2.09 a	15.47±1.76 a	15.38±1.03 a	1.23±0.17 a	1.15±0.09 a
	15	41.78±5.16 a	29.23±3.50 a	14.75±1.67 a	14.24±2.63 a	1.46±0.34 a	1.31±0.22 a
>20~40	0	38.40±4.60 a	31.44±7.62 a	13.47±0.15 a	16.69±3.10 a	1.29±0.40 a	1.09±0.19 a
	5	41.44±9.20 a	36.40±7.28 a	12.06±6.08 a	10.10±8.75 a	1.15±0.25 a	1.16±0.16 a
	15	37.45±1.25 a	34.39±2.15 a	15.12±0.28 a	13.04±2.49 a	1.09±0.07 a	1.11±0.05 a

[1]	XU Junyan, QIU Gaoyang, LIU Junli, GUO Bin, LI Hua, CHEN Xiaodong, WANG Yuan, FU Qinglin. Effects of montmorillonite, kaolinite and basalt on soil carbon sequestration [J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2024, 36(8): 1867-1877.
[2]	HAO Liuliu, DAI Lili, PENG Liang, CHEN Siyuan, TAO Ling, LI Gu, ZHANG Hui. Active organic carbon, microbial community structure and their relationship in rice rhizosphere soil of rice-crayfish co-culture systems [J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2023, 35(12): 2901-2913.
[3]	JIAN Xing, ZHAI Xiaoyu, WANG Yu, CAI Yangyang. Influence of land use changes on soil total organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon in wetland [J]. , 2020, 32(3): 475-482.
[4]	ZHU Weicheng, GAO Haiyan, HAN Yanchao, LI Daxiang, CHEN Hangjun. Effects of different pre-cooling methods on cooling speed and storage quality of postharvest water bamboo shoot [J]. , 2020, 32(10): 1873-1879.
[5]	TAO Libo, WANG Jianjun, WANG Guohui, YU Shuang, LI Huihui, XU Dongmei. Effects of enclosure on soil organic carbon mineralization of desert steppe in Ningxia [J]. , 2017, 29(9): 1549-1554.
[6]	YU Zhoulu, QIU Lefeng, LIN Lin. Influence of land use changes on soil organic carbon distribution in agricultural soils [J]. , 2017, 29(5): 806-811.
[7]	JI Bo, LI Na, MA Fan, CAI Jinjun, DONG Liguo, XU Hao, HAN Xinsheng. Effect of typical re-vegetation patterns on soil organic carbon sequestration in southern Ningxia [J]. , 2017, 29(3): 483-488.
[8]	LAN Jiacheng, XIAO Shizhen, LIN Junqing, SHEN Yan. Effect of land use types on soil light and heavy fraction organic carbon in Karst mountain area [J]. , 2017, 29(10): 1720-1725.
[9]	WANG Lianxiao1， SHI Zhengtao1，*， LIU Xinyou2，3， YANG Fan1. Distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon of rubber plantation in Xishuangbanna [J]. , 2016, 28(7): 1200-.
[10]	SHAO Yangfeng1， MEI Hongfei1， PAN zhongchao1， LIU Huan2， WANG Chaoqi2. Effects of corn straw returning on soil organic carbon content， microbial functional diversity and cabbage yield [J]. , 2016, 28(5): 838-.
[11]	JIAN Xing1，2， WANG Song3， WANG Yu\\|liang3， WANG Jian\\|fei1，2. Soil organic carbon and its active components characteristics under different land utilization types at the periphery of city wetlands [J]. , 2016, 28(1): 119-.
[12]	QIAN Zhong\\|cang， YANG Quan\\|can*. Effect of lactic acid bacteria on fermentation quality of water bamboo leaves silage#br# [J]. , 2015, 27(9): 1541-.
[13]	ZHU Zhen\\|ling1，2， MA Wan\\|zhu2， LONG Wen\\|li2， REN Zhou\\|qiao2， DENG Xun\\|fei2， CHEN Xiao\\|jia2， SHEN Jian\\|guo3， LYU Xiao\\|nan1，2，*. Spatial distribution characteristics of topsoil organic carbon in farmland and its influencing factors in Yuhang District， Hangzhou City [J]. , 2015, 27(11): 1990-.
[14]	YU Guo\\|guang， ZHANG Zhi\\|heng， YANG Gui\\|ling， WANG Wen， CAI Zheng， ZHENG Wei\\|ran， Xu Li\\|hong. The immersion test and risk assessment for water bamboo on sodium pyrosulfite [J]. , 2015, 27(11): 2011-.
[15]	AN Ling\\|ling;LYU Xiao\\|nan;MA Wan\\|zhu;*;REN Zhou\\|qiao;DENG Xun\\|fei;CHEN Xiao\\|jia. The density and storage of soil organic carbon in Zhejiang Province [J]. , 2014, 26(1): 0-153.