Study on output characteristics of pollutants in rainfall-runoff from upland based on high-frequency data

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20221397

Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis ›› 2024, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (2): 391-403.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20221397

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Study on output characteristics of pollutants in rainfall-runoff from upland based on high-frequency data

YANG Linpei¹^,²(), LI Jinwen², SHEN Genxiang², ZHU Wenjun², CHEN Xiaohua², CHEN Cheng², LIANG Liquan³

1. College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
2. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
3. School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China

Received:2022-09-27 Online:2024-02-25 Published:2024-03-05

Abstract

Abstract:

In order to clarify output characteristics of different forms of pollutant discharge from upland under rainfall event, the long-term monitoring of runoff and water quality in farmland under natural rainfall was carried out by means of automatic sampling on Chongming Island in Shanghai, China. High-resolution electrical conductivity (EC) and turbidity measurements were used to indicate the concentrations of dissolved and particulate nutrients respectively. The runoff curve number (CN) was used to represent the runoff production capacity. The output characteristics of nutrients from upland was studied by the hysteresis loop analysis, which was indicated by concentration-discharge (C-Q) relationship. The results showed that there was a good correlation between runoff coefficient and rainfall, and the CN was well related to soil moisture content (AMC). EC and turbidity could be used as surrogates of soluble salt content (represented by the total salt content), and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and total phosphorus (TP) concentration, respectively. Turbidity-discharge generally showed clockwise hysteresis and obvious flush effect. Generally, the EC-discharge showed anticlockwise hysteresis, and dilution effect. The output of TP was mainly due to flush effect. The output characteristics of total nitrogen (TN), nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^--N), ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) and soluble total phosphorus (DTP) were highly variable, which had both dilution and flush effects. It was included that the dissolved form of nutrients such as N-related pollutants was probably transported through both soil surface and cultivated layer. Nevertheless, as particulate pollutants, TP mainly transported on soil surface, and that was the reason why the output of particulate pollutants mostly showed a clockwise hysteresis pattern. The output process and characteristics of dissolved and particulate pollutants provided scientific basis for the control of non-point source pollution and soil and water conservation.

Key words: in-situ monitoring, rainfall-runoff, high-resolution, non-point source pollution

CLC Number:

X522

YANG Linpei, LI Jinwen, SHEN Genxiang, ZHU Wenjun, CHEN Xiaohua, CHEN Cheng, LIANG Liquan. Study on output characteristics of pollutants in rainfall-runoff from upland based on high-frequency data[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2024, 36(2): 391-403.

Figures/Tables 12

Fig.1 The layout of the farmland monitoring points

Fig.2 Relationship between runoff coefficient and rainfall during the monitoring period

Fig.3 Relationship between soil moisture content in early stage and curve number (CN) at different depths (n=29) CN, Curve number; R2, Determination coefficient; AMC10, Antecedent moisture content in 10 cm soil depth; AMC30, Antecedent moisture content in 30 cm soil depth; AMC50, Antecedent moisture content in 50 cm soil depth.

Fig.4 Changes of soil moisture content at different depths during the monitoring period

Fig.5 Correlation within suspended sediment concentration (SSC), total phosphorus (TP) concentration and turbidity

Fig.6 Correlation between total salt content and electrical conductivity (EC)

Fig.7 Relationship between turbidity and discharge

Fig.8 Relationship between electrical conductivity (EC) and discharge

Table 1 Event mean concentration (EMC) of various forms of N and P in farmland runoff under rainfall events

指标	最小值 Minimum/(mg·L^-1)	最大值 Maximum/(mg·L^-1)	平均值 Mean/(mg·L^-1)	标准差 Standard deviation/(mg·L^-1)	变异系数 Coefficient of variation/%
c(TN)	1.96	79.2	18.57	20.95	112.84
c(NH₄⁺-N)	0.12	1.26	0.39	0.30	77.18
c(NO₃^--N)	0.15	66.18	13.04	18.17	139.32
c(TP)	0.12	1.01	0.49	0.28	56.98
c(DTP)	0.03	0.49	0.20	0.13	62.68

Fig.9 Comparison of b values in concentratin-discharge (C-Q) regressions for event scales and all data TN, Total nitrogen; NH4+-N, Ammonium nitrogen; NO3--N, Nitrate nitrogen; TP, Total phosphorus; DTP, Dissolved total phosphorus. Purple circles represent b values of individual events; light-blue diamonds represent the average of b values for all events; red bars indicate the b value for all data.

Fig.10 Relationship between maximum total nitrogen (TN) concentration in runoff and TN concentration in soil solution

Fig.11 Relationship between maximum total phosphorus (TP) concentration in runoff and TP concentration in soil solution

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Study on output characteristics of pollutants in rainfall-runoff from upland based on high-frequency data

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