Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis

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2024, 36(2): 0-0.

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Fermented rice husk affects the growth and development of tobacco seedlings by enhancing nitrogen metabolism pathway

ZHANG Bin, YUAN Zhihui, PENG Lujun, ZHOU Xiangping, ZHOU Deying, WANG Xichun

2024, 36(2): 237-246. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230123

Abstract ( 206 )

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In order to explore the feasibility of replacing carbonized rice husk (CRH) with fermented rice husk (FRH) in floating seedling cultivation of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). In this study, FRH was used to replace the CRH in different proportions in the culture medium of tobacco with commercial substrate as the control, and the tobacco seedlings were floated in the greenhouse for 60 days, and the morphological indexes of the seedlings were measured. The root and physiological indicators of the best growing treatment group FRH1 were measured, the transcriptome was sequenced, and the related metabolic pathways were analyzed, at the same time, the related key genes of the tobacco seedlings were identified and verified. The results showed that there was no significant difference in uniformity among the six treatments, but the growth potential of FRH treatment was better than that of CRH treatment; By comprehensive comparison, FRH1 treatment was superior to other treatments in plant height, root-shoot ratio and seedling strength index. The number, length and surface area of the primary lateral roots of tobacco seedlings treated with FRH1 were 292, 39.7 mm and 4.9 cm², and the proline content, CAT and SOD activity in root system were 7.0 μg·g^-1, 232 U·g^-1·min^-1 and 45.7 U·g^-1·min^-1, respectively, which were significantly higher than the CRH treatment. Transcriptome data showed that 294 differentially expressed genes in two treatment were significantly enriched in 20 KEGG metabolic pathways, including nitrogen metabolism, pentose and glucuronic acid conversion. 12 key genes involved in nitrogen metabolism pathway were excavated and verified by qRT-PCR analysis, and the relative expression of nitrate/nitrite transporter gene newGene_31743 was higher in both treatments (FRH1 and CRH). The activities of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase in the roots of tobacco seedlings treated with FRH1 increased by 8% and 7% respectively compared to the CRH treatment, showing significant differences; while the nitrogen content increased by 1.7%, but there was no significant difference. The floating seedling cultivation with FRH instead of CRH can enhance the nitrogen metabolism pathway of tobacco seedlings, thereby improving the enzyme activity of tobacco roots, increasing root activity, improving root morphology, and promoting the growth of tobacco seedlings.

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Cloning of paxillin gene from Macrobrachium nipponense and effect of cadmium stress on its expression

PENG Jiacheng, WU Yue, XU Jiehao, XIA Meiwen, QI Tianpeng, XU Haisheng

2024, 36(2): 247-253. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230104

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Cadmium (Cd), with strong accumulation and toxicity, is one of the non-essential heavy metal elements, which could cause great harm to aquatic organisms. To better understand the molecular toxicity of cadmium to Macrobrachium nipponense, and provide biomarkers for ecological risk warning and assessment of cadmium pollution in water environment. In this paper, paxillin gene (MnPXN) of M. nipponense was cloned, and the effect of cadmium stress on its expression was examined. The total length of MnPXN gene is 3 655 bp, including 1 491 bp coding region, encoding 496 amino acids; 6 low complexity regions and 3 conservative LIM domains are included in MnPXN, forming a branch with Litopenaeus vannamei. It is closely related to insects such as silkworm and Tribolium castaneum, and is farthest related to nematodes. The results of quantitative reverse transcriptase-mediated PCR (qRT-PCR) showed that the expression level of MnPXN was high in hepatopancreas, stomach and gill, but low in heart and muscle. The expression level of MnPXN gene in hepatopancreas that after 24 h of treatment with 0.242 7 mg·L^-1 CdCl₂ was significantly higher than that in control group; After 6 h of 0.020 0 mg·L^-1 CdCl₂ stress, the expression level of MnPXN gene increased significantly, reaching the maximum at 24 h, and gradually recovered to the initial level at 96 h. Besides, RNA interference could significantly reduce the expression level of MnPXN in hepatopancreas and significantly increase the mortality of M. nipponense, indicating that MnPXN could reduce the toxic effect of cadmium stress on M. nipponense, and its mechanism needs further study.

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Effects of stocking modes on growth traits and muscle nutritional composition of Macrobrachium nipponense

TANG Jinyu, QIN Baoli, YE Jianyong, DAI Yangxin

2024, 36(2): 254-263. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20221043

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In the present study, 3 types of stocking modes were introduced as treatments, namely, T1, coculture of oriental river prawn (Macrobrachium nipponense) with Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) and some economic fish species; T2, coculture of M.nipponense with dark sleeper Odontobutis obscurus; T3, coculture of M.nipponense with bighead carp Aristichthys nobilis. Their influences on the growth traits and muscle nutritional composition of M. nipponense was evaluated. Results showed that the total length, carapace length, body length and wet weight of M. nipponense were significantly (P<0.05) different among treatments. The varations in contents of crude protein, crude lipid, ash and moisture in the muscle of M. nipponense were 16.54%-17.97%, 1.86%-2.25%, 0.95%-1.12% and 78.69%-80.56%, respectively, of which the ash content was significantly different. A total of 17 amino acids, including 7 essential amino acids were identified, and the essential amino acid index (EAAI) was 70.88-73.13. The contents of alanine were significantly different among treatments. A total of 16 fatty acids were found, and the fatty acid composition and the contents of C18:2 n-6 and polyunsaturated fatty acid were significantly affected by stocking modes. Nine mineral elements, including Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and Cr were monitored and the contents of Na, Mn, Fe, Zn were significantly different among treatments. These findings indicated that the alteration of food availability and environmental factors caused by stocking modes could affect the growth traits and muscle nutritional values. Thus, it is necessary to maintain these nutritive substances after changing the aquaculture modes. By comparison, it was concluded that coculture with Chinese mitten crab and some economic fish species could improve the delicious taste, nutritional value and healthcare values of the cultured prawn, which could be served as a promising mode in the further freshwater aquaculture practice.

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Effect of sublethal dosage of fenvalerate to growth and development of the silkworm, Bombyx mori

YU Ruixian, HU Xiuqing, LIU Xinju, TANG Tao, WU Min, WU Shenggan, ZHAO Xueping

2024, 36(2): 264-271. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230268

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In order to provide reference for choosing pesticides in controlling pests in agro-mulberry mixed planting areas, the acute toxicity and developmental toxicity of fenvalerate to silkworm were investigated by leaf dipping method. The results of acute toxicity showed that the 96 h-LC₅₀ for the 2nd instar larvae to fenvalerate was 0.251-0.570 mg·L^-1, belonging to high and extreme level toxicity. The results of developmental toxicity showed that after the treatments at the sublethal dosages (0.062 8, 0.020 9, 0.006 98, 0.002 33 and 0.000 775 mg·L^-1) of fenvalerate, the development duration and body weight of molting larvae were affected, and the influence gradually became less abvious with instar. The rate of pupation and dead cocoons of 0.002 33 and 0.000 775 mg·L^-1 fenvalerate treatment groups were significantly affected (P<0.05), which significantly affected the individual growth and development. The cocoon shell weight of 0.062 8, 0.020 9 and 0.006 98 mg·L^-1 fenvalerate treatment groups were significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). Results showed that fenvalerate had high acute and chronic toxic effects on silkworms. Therefore, when using fenvalerate in agro-mulberry mixed planting areas, mulberry pollution from droplet drift or other agricultural activities should be avoided.

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Construction of POR gene knockout, complementation and overexpression LO2 cell lines and preliminary application as AFB₁ exposed model

WANG Lin, YUAN Jianlin, MIAO Chang, MA Yuhan, CAO Sanjie, ZHAO Qin

2024, 36(2): 272-283. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230325

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To construct three LO2 cell lines separately with POR gene stable knockout (POR^KO), complementation (POR^CO), and overexpression (POR^OE), and provide cell models for further in-depth research on the function of the POR gene in the mechanism of AFB₁toxicity. Firstly, two sgRNAs targeting the POR gene were designed using CRISPR/Cas9 technology and cloned into the lentiCRISPR v2 vector, and then lentivirus packaging and virus infection were performed. After screening LO2 POR^KO monoclonal cells, they were sequenced and identified by Western blot. Secondly, the pcDNA3.1(+)/myc-His B-POR recombinant plasmid was constructed by homologous recombination method, and the LO2 POR^CO and LO2 POR^OE cell lines were respectively constructed through cell transfection and were identified by Western blot after screening with G-418. After the wild-type LO2, LO2 POR^KO, LO2 POR^CO, and LO2 POR^OE cell lines were exposed with 4 μmol·L^-1 and 8 μmol·L^-1 AFB₁for 48 h, then the cell morphology was observed, and the cell viability was determined. The results showed that sgRNA-2 could successfully knock out the POR gene to obtain the LO2 POR^KO cell line, and the LO2 POR^CO and LO2 POR^OE cell lines were successfully constructed. After each cell line was exposed to 4 μmol·L^-1 and 8 μmol·L^-1 AFB₁for 48 h, compared with the wild-type LO2 cell viability rate of 43.66%±0.58% and 27.90%±0.46%, the cell viability rate of LO2 POR^KO cells was extremely significant, both 100% (P<0.000 1); the cell viability rate of LO2 POR^CO cells was still significantly different, respectively 57.07%±0.74% and 42.54%±0.68% (P<0.05); the cell viability rate of LO2 POR^OE cells was significantly lower, respectively 24.58%±0.92% and 17.99%±0.81% (P<0.01). In conclusion, this paper successfully constructed LO2 POR^KO, LO2 POR^CO, and LO2 POR^OE cell lines, and studied the cell viability rate and cell morphology changes of normal LO2, LO2 POR^KO, LO2 POR^CO, and LO2 POR^OE cell lines with AFB₁exposure, and discovered that the POR gene has a huge impact on AFB₁-induced cytotoxicity. This paper laid a foundation for the subsequent in-depth research on the function of the POR gene in the mechanism of AFB₁toxicity.

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Isolation, identification, antimicrobial susceptibility test and virulence genes detection of Salmonella typhimurium from chicken

GUO Weina, TAO Jing, HE Mengting, WANG Ziwei, MA Baihe, ZHAO Lei

2024, 36(2): 284-294. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230168

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As a critical zoonosis pathogen, Salmonella typhimurium cannot only affects the healthy development of the poultry industry, but also poses a serious threat to the safety of poultry products. The primary purpose of this study was to isolate and identify the pathogen, test the drug sensitivity and detect the virulence genes. Firstly, the spleen tissues of dead laying hens were collected for isolation, culture, microscopic examination, and PCR identification of 16S rRNA gene. Then, antimicrobial susceptibility was determined for the isolated strain to 26 drugs by circular disk diffusion method, while 28 virulence genes were detected by PCR. The isolated strain formed gray colonies on ordinary nutrient agar and blood agar, colorless colonies on MacConkey medium, and black metallic colonies on BS medium. The staining microscopy showed gram-negative, red, and short bacillus. PCR and sequencing for 16S rRNA indicated that, the similarity of the isolated strain was 99.86% compared with S. typhimurium strain OLF-FSR1-WB-Sparrow-ST-87, and the homology ranged from 99.5% to 100% compared with 10 reference strains of S. typhimurium. The susceptibility test showed the strain was highly sensitive to Ciprofloxacin with an inhibition zone of 30 mm. Furthermore, except that the gene of sseC was not be detected, the similarity of the other 27 virulence genes was between 98.58% and 100%, compared with the corresponding virulence genes of the reference strains in GenBank. In conclusion, S. typhimurium strain FY2021 was successfully isolated and identified from the dead layer, which provides a basis for the further study of the pathogenesis of S. typhimurium and the prevention and control of salmonellosis.

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Effects of long-term magnesium stress on chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics and antioxidant properties of celery

HU Lixia, ZHANG Jing, GAO Yanqiang, MAO Erye, HAN Kangning, YANG Yan, XIE Jianming

2024, 36(2): 295-307. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230022

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In order to study the effects of long-term magnesium deficiency and magnesium excess stress on chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics and antioxidant system of celery, American celery was used as the material, and the Yamazaki total nutrient solution was used as the control (CK, 1.0 mmol·L^-1 Mg²⁺), magnesium deficiency (0, 0.5 mmol·L^-1) and magnesium excess (2.5 mmol·L^-1) treatments were set. After 65 days of treatment, the chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and antioxidant related indicators of celery were determined. The results showed that the chlorophyll content, the maximum photochemical efficiency (F_v/F_m) of PSⅡ, the photochemical quenching coefficient (qP), the photochemical quenching (qL), the photosynthetic electron transfer rate (ETR), the light energy absorbed per unit reaction center (ABS/RC) and the light energy absorbed per unit area (ABS/CSm) of celery leaves were significantly reduced by magnesium deficiency and magnesium excess stress, while the relative variable fluorescence (V_j) of J point, the dissipated energy per unit reaction center (DIo/RC), the thermal dissipation energy per unit area (DIo/CSm) were significantly increased, and the OJIP curve was significantly deformed. Excessive magnesium leads to the performance index (PI abs) based on the absorption of light energy, and the quantum yield of the electron transport flux from Q_A to Q_B (φEo) significantly decreased, and non-photochemical quenching (qN) significantly increased. The activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamate hydroxylase (C4H), 4-coumaryl coenzyme A ligase (4CL) and the content of flavonoids in celery leaves were significantly increased under magnesium excess stress. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbic acid peroxidase (APX) in celery leaves and petioles decreased significantly under deficiency and excess stress of magnesium, while the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), proline (Pro) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) increased significantly. The peroxidase (POD) activity of celery leaves was significantly increased and the content of superoxide anion was significantly decreased under magnesium deficiency stress. The effect of magnesium excess stress on chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics and antioxidant capacity of celery was significantly greater than that of magnesium deficiency stress.

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Drought tolerance evaluation of four species of Ormosia

TIAN Xiaoming, XIANG Guangfeng, MOU Cun, LYU Hao, MA Tao, ZHU Lu, PENG Jing, ZHANG Min, HE Yan

2024, 36(2): 308-324. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230117

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In order to explore the physiological response mechanisms and differences in drought tolerance among four species of Ormosia, including Ormosia semiastrata, Ormosia henryi, Ormosia xylocarpa, and Ormosia hosiei, under drought stress and rehydration conditions, a pot culture method was conducted using four species of Ormosia as test materials. The experiment set up four treatment groups, namely, control group (CK), mild drought group (LD), moderate drought group (MD), and severe drought group (SD). After 28 days of drought stress, all test materials were subjected to rehydration treatment. Changes in plant morphological, physiological, and photosynthetic characteristics were measured on 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 42 days (14 days after rehydration) of the experiment, and the drought tolerance of the four species of Ormosia was comprehensively evaluated using principal component analysis and membership function analysis. The results showed that the SD treatment group of four species of Ormosia all showed significant drought damage symptoms, while the O. xylocarpa showed the earliest and the most severe drought damage symptoms, while the O. hosiei showed the least drought damage symptoms. As the degree of drought stress increased and the duration of stress prolonged, the relative water content (RWC) of leaves decreased, while electrical conductivity (REC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content gradually increased. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), soluble protein (SP) and chlorophyll (CHL) content first increased and then decreased. The Net photosynthetic rate of leaf (P_n), stomatal conductance (G_s), and transpiration rate (T_r) gradually decreased, while intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i) first decreased and then increased. After 14 days of rehydration treatment, except for the death of the plants in the SD treatment group of O. xylocarpa, the symptoms of drought damage in each treatment group of four species of Ormosia were alleviated, while RWC, SOD activity, SP content, CHL content, P_n, G_s and T_r showed an upward trend, REC and MDA content showed a downward trend, with the most significant changes in indicators in the SD group. REC, P_n, G_s and T_r were selected as the key index for drought tolerance evaluation of four species of Ormosia by principal component analysis, and the drought tolerance of four species of Ormosia was comprehensively evaluated by membership function analysis. The order from strong to weak was: O. hosiei, O. henryi, O. xylocarpa, O. semiastrata. The research results could provide theoretical basis for the protection, drought resistance breeding and cultivation application of Ormosia.

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Genetic diversity of pepper germplasm resources based on agronomic traits

ZHANG Ting, WANG Xueyan, GUO Qinwei, LI Chaosen, LIU Huiqin, XIANG Xiaomin, WEI Jing, ZHAO Dongfeng, WAN Hongjian

2024, 36(2): 325-333. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231041

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To clearly understanding the genetic diversity of pepper germplasm resources collected by Quzhou Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, improving the utilization of germplasm, and providing theoretical basis for pepper breeding. Genetic diversity analysis, correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were performed on 18 agronomic traits of 193 pepper germplasm resources. The results showed that the fruit phenotype of the tested materials exhibited abundant genetic diversity, the genetic diversity index ranged from 4.95 to 5.25, and the mature fruit color had the highest genetic diversity index. The coefficient of variation of 9 quantitative traits (fruit length, fruit width, single fruit weight, carpel number, main stem height, first flower node, squaring stage, flowering stage and fruit setting stage ) ranged from 23.25% to 81.98%, and the highest coefficient of variation was observed in single fruit weight. The relationship among the traits was complex, and the cumulative contribution rate in principal component analysis was 96%. The 18 traits could be simplified into 6 principal components. The tested materials were divided into 3 groups by cluster analysis, of which groups I contained most of germplasm resources with white green ripe fruit color, the number of germplasm resources in group I was the largest, with 150. Most of the germplasm resources in group Ⅱ were introduced from the United States, and the germplasm resources in group Ⅲ had larger fruit shape. In view of the genetic background of pepper germplasm among groups and the differences in fruit shape, flowering period and main stem height, hybridization among groups can be carried out to improve breeding efficiency of pepper.

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Factor analysis and comprehensive evaluation of the fruit quality of bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria)

WANG Ying, WANG Jian, FENG Zishan, WANG Baogen, WU Xinyi, LU Zhongfu, SUN Yuyan, DONG Wenqi, LI Guojing, WU Xiaohua

2024, 36(2): 334-343. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230244

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The objective of this study was to establish a comprehensive evaluation system for assessing fruit quality in bottle gourd for the purposes of quality evaluation, selection, and breeding. Data on 28 fruit quality related traits were collected from 206 bottle gourd germplasm collections. Correlation analysis, factor analysis, cluster analysis, and two-dimensional ordination mapping were conducted to develop a comprehensive evaluation formula for fruit quality in bottle gourd. The results indicated that the variations in the 28 fruit quality traits were different, ranging from 2.71% to 63.60%. The greatest difference was found in the free glutamate (Glu) content, while the least difference was observed in water content. The correlations among all bottle gourd quality indexes differed depending on the collection. Nine common factors were extracted from bottle gourd quality indexes with an 86.78% cumulative variance contribution rate through factor analysis. The first common factor explained the indices mainly concentrated in free amino acids, with a 38.46% cumulative variance contribution rate. Based on the results of comprehensive analysis and cluster analysis, flesh thickness, soluble solids content, hardness, Glu content, and protein content were selected as typical indices for evaluating the fruit quality of 206 bottle gourd germplasm collections. These findings provide valuable resources and a foundation for breeding high-quality bottle gourd.

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Cloning and expression analysis of FLS gene of flavonol synthetase in Lilium auratum and L.speciosum var. gloriosoides

LIU Xiaolin, SUN Tingting, YANG Jie, HE Hengbin

2024, 36(2): 344-357. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230318

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The flavonol synthetase gene FLS were cloned from Lilium auratum and L. speciosum var. gloriosoides, respectively, and named as LaFLS and LsFLS. The results showed that the LaFLS and LsFLS genes contained 1 035 bp complete open reading frame and encoded 344 amino acids. The amino acid sequences were highly conserved, and both genes had the DIOX-N domain and the 2-ketoglutaric acid and iron (Ⅱ) dependent dioxygenase domain, belonging to the 2-ketoglutaric acid and iron (Ⅱ) dependent dioxygenase superfamily. Phylogenetic analysis showed that LaFLS and LsFLS were closely related to Tulipa fosteriana, except for the FLS of oriental hybrids Siberia and Sorbonne. Bioinformatics analysis showed that LaFLS and LsFLS were hydrophilic proteins without signal peptide sequences and transmembrane domains. Subcellular localization results showed that they were mainly located in the cytoplasm. The results of gene expression analysis showed that LaFLS and LsFLS increased first, then decreased and then increased with the development of flower bud, and the expressions of LaFLS and LsFLS were significantly higher in the colorless region than in the colored region.

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Tissue culture and breeding of Pleione formosana Hayata and chemical composition analysis of its pseudobulbs

SUN Jian, REN Jiangjian, WANG Haige, JIANG Jianming, WANG Zhi’an, YU Xuping

2024, 36(2): 358-364. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230370

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The aim of this study was to construct the tissue culture and breeding technology system of Pleione formosana Hayata, and analyze the chemical composition characteristics of pseudobulbs of P. formosana Hayata. After seed germination, protocorm growth, pseudobulb proliferation, rooting and seedling culture, the plants of P. formosana Hayata were obtained. The pseudobulbs of tissue-cultured P. formosana Hayata plants were used as materials. The chemical composition of pseudobulbs was analyzed by non-targeted metabolomics and HPLC fingerprint. After 2 years of breeding, more than 1 000 seedlings with about 0.5 g pseudobulbs were obtained from a single capsule. Through the analysis of non-targeted metabolomics data, 1 229 common compounds were identified in different materials, including 236 carboxylic acids and their derivatives, 110 benzene and substituted derivatives, 106 organic oxygen compounds, 94 fatty acyl compounds, 43 flavonoids, and 42 steroids and steroid derivatives. Among them, the benzyl esters represented by 1,4-bis [4-(glucoseoxy) benzyl]-2-isobutylmalate are orchid-enriched compounds. Meanwhile the content of 1,4-bis [4-(glucoxy ) benzyl]-2-isobutylmalate was 0.53% in pseudobulbs detected by HPLC. The plants of P. formosana Hayata can be bred by tissue culture technology. And the pseudobulbs of P. formosana Hayata are rich in benzyl ester compounds as well as P. bulbocodioides(Franch.) Rolfe.

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Effect of irrigation time and amount on cracking rate and quality of apricot plum fruit

LUO Shasha, WANG Ruyue, ZHEN Ziyi, WU Jialong, XU Yeyong, Bahetiyaer KERIM, SUN Yali, HU Haifang

2024, 36(2): 365-372. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20221544

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In order to investigate the effect of irrigation time and irrigation amount on cracking rate and quality of apricot plum (Prunus domestica×armeniaca) fruit, a two-factor test was conducted. The irrigation time was set at the veraison stage, initial mature stage and mature stage, respectively, and the irrigation amount was set as 80 m³ and 120 m³ per plot, respectively. The cracking rate and quality indexes of fruit, including fruit hardness and contents of soluble solids, vitamin C, soluble sugar, titratable acid, calcium, potassium, cellulose, pectin, free proline, were analyzed after fruit ripening. It was shown that the lowest fruit cracking rate was achieved by irrigating 80 m³ at the veraison stage. The cracking rate of fruit was significantly (P<0.05) negatively correlated with the calcium content in peel and pulp of fruit, which was revealed by the correlation analysis. Given the determined quality indexes of fruit, the best comprehensive quality of apricot plum fruit was found under the treatment of irrigating 80 m³ at the veraison stage, which was calculated by the principal component analysis.

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Isolation, identification and biocontrol mechanism of antagonistic fungus against Chinese pepper gummosis

ZHAO Jitao, HE Jing, DING Dedong, LI Yanxiang, HOU Caixia, ZHAO Qian

2024, 36(2): 373-382. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230077

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Chinese pepper gummosis caused by Fusarium tricinctum is a serious disease of Zanthoxylum bungeanum in recent years. In order to obtain the excellent antagonistic strain of F. tricinctum, and the endophytic fungi with strong antagonistic effect were screened and isolated by plate confrontation method. A strain with high antagonistic activity was obtained, and its inhibition rate reached 58.85%, which was named HJ-18. Based on morphological and ITS molecular identification, it was preliminarily identified as Schizophyllum commune (GenBank accession number: OP502072). The antifungal spectrum test showed that it had inhibitory effect on 4 plant pathogenic fungi. After treatment with different light, temperature and pH, the antifungal effect was stable, but sensitive to ultraviolet ray. When the volume fraction of culture filtrate was 50%, the inhibition rate of mycelium growth of F. tricinctum was the highest, reaching 66.40%. Scanning electron microscope observation showed that after treatment with culture filtrate, the mycelium of F. tricinctum was wrinkled, and debris was produced on the surface. The results of pot experiment showed that the relative prevention effect of strain HJ-18 was 52.65%, which was the same as 100-fold dilution of 22.5% picoxystrobin treatment. The above results show that strain HJ-18 is an endophytic fungus with biocontrol potential and can be used as a biocontrol agent.

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Effects of direct seeding methods on weed community composition and ecological niche in paddy fields in Chongqing, China

HUANG Qianlong, WANG Chutao, HE Yongxin, OUYANG Jie, ZHU Zichao, GUAN Yusheng, JIANG Gang, XIONG Ying, LI Xianyong

2024, 36(2): 383-390. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20221054

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In order to efficiently and greenly prevent weeds in direct seeding paddy fields in Chongqing, China, the community composition and ecological niche of weeds in paddy fields under flooded direct seeding and wet direct seeding were studied. The results showed that the weed communities in paddy fields under flooded direct seedig and wet direct seeding were composed of 16 species (belonging to 15 genera of 9 families ) and 18 species (belonging to 17 genera of 10 families), respectively. Polygonum hydropiper and Bidens pilosa were endemic in the paddy field under wet direct seeding. The community structure of important weeds in paddy fields undre flooded direct seeding and wet direct seeding were composed of Ludwigia prostrata+Monochoria vaginalis+ Echinochloa crus-galli and Lindernia procumbens+ E. crus-galli+Alopecurus aequalis+Cyperus difformis, respectively. There were significant (P<0.05) difference in important values of important weeds (except E. crus-galli) between flooded direct seeding and wet direct seeding. Among the 14 important or major weeds both appreared under flooded direct seeding and wet direct seeding, the niche width of Echinochloa colonum, E. crus-galli, C. difformis, L. procumbens, A. aequalis, Juncus prismatocarpus, Paspalum distichum under flooded direct seeding were significantly reduced compared with that under wet direct seeding, and the niche oeverlap value of inter-species (except the inter-species of J. prismatocarpus and P. distichum) under flooded direct seeding were either significantly reduced or equaled to that under wet direct seeding. Therefore, flooded direct seeding could inhibit the germination of P. hydropiper and B. pilosa, therefore change the community structure of important weeds in paddy fields, as well as control the quantity of E.colonum, E.crus-galli, C.difformis, L.procumbens, A.aequalis, J.prismatocarpus, P.distichum.

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Study on output characteristics of pollutants in rainfall-runoff from upland based on high-frequency data

YANG Linpei, LI Jinwen, SHEN Genxiang, ZHU Wenjun, CHEN Xiaohua, CHEN Cheng, LIANG Liquan

2024, 36(2): 391-403. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20221397

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In order to clarify output characteristics of different forms of pollutant discharge from upland under rainfall event, the long-term monitoring of runoff and water quality in farmland under natural rainfall was carried out by means of automatic sampling on Chongming Island in Shanghai, China. High-resolution electrical conductivity (EC) and turbidity measurements were used to indicate the concentrations of dissolved and particulate nutrients respectively. The runoff curve number (CN) was used to represent the runoff production capacity. The output characteristics of nutrients from upland was studied by the hysteresis loop analysis, which was indicated by concentration-discharge (C-Q) relationship. The results showed that there was a good correlation between runoff coefficient and rainfall, and the CN was well related to soil moisture content (AMC). EC and turbidity could be used as surrogates of soluble salt content (represented by the total salt content), and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and total phosphorus (TP) concentration, respectively. Turbidity-discharge generally showed clockwise hysteresis and obvious flush effect. Generally, the EC-discharge showed anticlockwise hysteresis, and dilution effect. The output of TP was mainly due to flush effect. The output characteristics of total nitrogen (TN), nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^--N), ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) and soluble total phosphorus (DTP) were highly variable, which had both dilution and flush effects. It was included that the dissolved form of nutrients such as N-related pollutants was probably transported through both soil surface and cultivated layer. Nevertheless, as particulate pollutants, TP mainly transported on soil surface, and that was the reason why the output of particulate pollutants mostly showed a clockwise hysteresis pattern. The output process and characteristics of dissolved and particulate pollutants provided scientific basis for the control of non-point source pollution and soil and water conservation.

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Preparation and efficacy evaluation of lotus root relieving alcoholism functional gel fudge

YANG Zihan, WU Weijie, GAO Yuan, LIU Ruiling, SHENTU Xuping, GAO Haiyan, CHEN Hangjun

2024, 36(2): 404-415. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230406

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This paper focuses on the extraction process conditions of the antidote components of lotus roots and the antidote efficacy of the fudge prepared. The extraction solvents, solid-liquid ratio, extraction time and extraction temperature were investigated by single-factor and orthogonal experiments using lotus root as the raw material and the in vitro activation rate of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) as the index. The composition of the lotus root extract was analyzed and used as the raw material for the preparation of alcoholic functional gummies. The scavenging rates of DPPH radicals, ABTS⁺radicals and ·OH radicals were determined by adding different concentrations of lotus root extracts to the gel fudge. The results showed that the best extraction process of lotus root extract was 100% methanol, 1∶40 ratio, 60 ℃ and 5 h. The in vitro activation rate of ADH was (19.60±2.10)%, and 433 components were analyzed by UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS, the main substances are phenolic acids and flavonoids. The IC₅₀ of lotus root gummy extract for the scavenging of ABTS⁺radical, ·OH radical and DPPH radical were 14.59 mg·mL^-1, 101.96 mg·mL^-1 and 5.54 mg·mL^-1, respectively. Animal experiments demonstrated that lotus root relieving alcoholism functional gel fudge significantly increased (P<0.05) and decreased (P<0.05) the liver ADH activity in mice after alcohol consumption. It also prolonged the mean latency time of intoxication and shortened the recovery time of the reflex after intoxication. The results of this study suggest that lotus root relieving alcoholism functional gel fudge have certain antidrinking effects. The results of this study provide a new theoretical and practical basis for the development of functional food with the effect of alcohol detoxification and liver protection.

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Quality changes of wine-lees mussel during wine-lees pickling process

ZHANG Yue, CHEN Hui, ZHENG Yadan, YANG Peng, KE Zhigang, DAI Yangzhang, JIN Youding, DING Yuting, LIU Shulai

2024, 36(2): 416-423. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230456

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By using mussel (Mytilus coruscus) as raw materials, the effects of different wine-lees pickling temperatures (4, 10, 20, 30 ℃) on the quality of wine-lees mussel were investigated to optimize the wine-lees pickling temperature and time. The changes of salt content, total sugar content, texture, volatile salt-based nitrogen (TVB-N) content, amino acid nitrogen (AAN) content, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) value and sensory evaluation of wine-lees mussel during wine-lees pickling were compared, in order to assess the changes in quality during the wine-lees pickling process, and thus to determine the optimal wine-lees pickling temperature and time. The results showed that within 10 days of the wine-lees pickling, the TVB-N content, AAN content and TBARS value of mussels decreased first and then increased, while salt content and texture indexes (hardness, elasticity and chewiness) decreased, and the higher the wine-lees pickling temperature, the more obvious the changes of the above indexes were. The higher the temperature, the faster the degradation of protein, the more obvious decrease of texture quality, the higher the TVB-N content and TBARS value, the more lipid oxidation intensified, and the poorer quality and less safety. Comprehensive analysis showed that the mussels pickled at 20 ℃ for 6 days showed higher total sensory scores and product quality, which was the suitable wine-lees pickling temperature and time under the experimental conditions.

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Automatic segmentation and quantification system for Populus tomentosa roots based on improved PSPNet

ZHANG Pengchong, HAN Qiaoling, XI Benye, ZHENG Qiuyan, ZHAO Yue

2024, 36(2): 424-431. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230071

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In the minirhizotron images of Populus tomentosa roots, the root color is uneven, the root morphology is inconsistent, and there is little difference between the target and the background. Moreover, the existing root image processing software can not segment roots in batches. To solve the above problems, an automatic segmentation and quantification system for Populus tomentosa roots is proposed in the present study. This system includes two parts, namely, automatic root image segmentation part and root feature quantification part. Firstly, the PSEPNet (pyramid scene efficient parsing network) based on EPSANet50 is designed to realize the automatic segmentation of Populus tomentosa roots. Secondly, the skeleton thinning method is adopted to extract the pixel contour of the root center. Finally, mathematical statistics are used to realize the quantitative description of root number, root length and other characteristics. The test results show that the segmentation method used by the system has the best segmentation effect for minirhizotron images of Populus tomentosa roots, as the accuracy rate is 0.981 9, the recall rate is 0.884 9, the accuracy is 0.830 9 and the F1 score is 0.851 2. This system can also realize the quantification of root number, root length, root projection area and other characteristics to provide technical support and theoretical basis for the study of tree growth laws based on minirhizotron technology.

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Residue dynamics and risk assessment of four pesticides in yellow peach

LIU Yuhong, JIN Jiansheng, CHEN Liping, SUN Caixia

2024, 36(2): 432-440. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230085

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To clarify food safety and dissipation dynamics of four unregistered pesticides (procymidone, chlorantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate and paclobutrazol) in yellow peach, the degradation dynamics and dietary risk assessment of these four pesticides in yellow peach were studied under two treatment methods of bagged and non-bagged. Based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technology, a simple and practical method was established to measure the residues of four unregistered pesticides in yellow peach. The mean recoveries of four pesticides in yellow peach were 75.6%-111.3% at spiking levels from 0.05 to 5.0 mg·kg^-1 (procymidone, chlorantraniliprole and paclobutrazol) and 0.001 to 0.05 mg·kg^-1 (emamectin benzoate) with relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.9%-5.2%. The degradation of four pesticides in the yellow peach accorded with the first-order kinetic equation. Based on the results of pesticide residue and risk assessment, emamectin benzoate and paclobutrazol should be used on the yellow peach with a preharvest interval (PHI) of 14 days, and chlorantraniliprole should be used on the yellow peach with a PHI of 3 days at the recommended dose. Due to the slow degradation of procymidone, it is not recommended to use procymidone in yellow peach.

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Temporal and spatial changes of China’s agricultural total factor productivity based on the framework of input-output unity

WANG Manman, SHEN Zhou, GAO Qizheng

2024, 36(2): 441-454. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20221431

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In order to measure China’s (excluding Hongkong, Macao, Taiwan) agricultural total factor productivity in a standard way and identify the regional differences, the input variables of land, labor and intermediate inputs under the framework of input-output unity were clarified, and the agricultural capital stock of provincial-level regions were estimated by using the minimum deviation method. The SFA-KLH model, suitable for China’s agricultural production, were introduced to measure the growth of agricultural total factor productivity since the implementation of reform and open policy, and the trend sources, spatial and regional distribution of agricultural total factor productivity from 1978 to 2020 were also discussed. It was found that the China’s agricultural total factor productivity showed an overall fluctuating growth trend during 1978-2020. But, after 2006, China’s agricultural total factor productivity showed a slowing down and stable growth trend. The average annual growth rate of China’s agricultural total factor productivity measured by SFA-KLH was 2.27%, and technical progress was the main growth source. There was spatial difference of agricultural total factor productivity, and the growth of agricultural total factor productivity decreased as central>east>west. On the whole, there was no absolute convergence of agricultural total factor productivity in China, but the conditional convergence did exist, and different provincial-level regions had different convergence rates.

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Research progress on horizontal gene transfer between plants: a new way of gene exchange and its agricultural utilization potential

YANG Yang, YUAN Lu, LIU Bin, WANG Tingjin, ZHANG Aijun, LIU Ke, LI Xuqing, DAO Liyun, YUAN Xin, CHEN Liping

2024, 36(2): 455-469. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230262

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Horizontal gene transfer (HGT), refers to the transfer of genetic material across species by means other than fertilization, is different from sexual reproduction inheritance. It is an important source of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genome composition and plays an important role in promoting biological evolution. In recent years, with the development of genome sequencing technology, it is further proved that there are a large number of HGT events among plants. This paper mainly reviewed the ways and classification of HGT between plants, as well as the application potential of HGT in agriculture, and put forward prospects for the problems in the current research, the future basic theoretical research and the direction of utilization.

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Research progress on effects of high temperature on growth and development of rice during panicle initiation stage and mitigation measures

ZHENG Han, DING Wenjin, HE Zhaoliang, HOU Fan, DAI Binfeng, ZHONG Liequan, ZHANG Haipeng, YANG Yong

2024, 36(2): 470-480. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230373

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Ensuring rice yield is one of the key measures to cope with the global population growth and food crisis. The probability of high temperature weather in the panicle differentiation stage of rice is increasing, which poses a great threat to the safety of rice production in this region, so it is of great significance to carry out relevant research. In this paper, the effects of high temperature on young panicle formation, anther structure, pollen development, yield and quality, physiological indexes and metabolic regulation mechanism of rice during panicle differentiation were reviewed, and corresponding mitigation measures were put forward, in order to provide a basis for the study of rice stress physiology and the reasonable selection of mitigation measures.

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