Comparison of properties between soils developed from eluvium and deluvium in subtropical low mountain forest land

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240469

Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis ›› 2025, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (5): 1121-1129.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240469

• Environmental Science • Previous Articles Next Articles

Comparison of properties between soils developed from eluvium and deluvium in subtropical low mountain forest land

ZHUO Wenqi¹^,²(), MA Wanzhu²^,^*(), ZHUO Zhiqing², ZHU Kangying²

1. College of Environment and Resources, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
2. Institute of Digital Agriculture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China

Received:2024-05-28 Online:2025-05-25 Published:2025-06-11

Abstract

Abstract:

Parent material is one of the five major factors influencing soil formation. Eluvium and deluvium are two major types of parent materials which form mountainous soils, yet there are relatively few studies on the differences between the soils derived from them. By taking the Qianjiangyuan National Forest Park in western Zhejiang, China, as an example, the differences in the properties of woodland soils developed from eluvium and deluvium in low mountainous area were comparatively examined through experimental analysis of soil color, particle composition, organic carbon content, total nitrogen content, weathering intensity and iron activation degree in soil profiles. The results indicated that the weathering and leaching intensities of soils developed from deluvium were lower than that of soils developed from eluvium. The former had higher gravel content throughout the entire profile and a higher weathering and leaching coefficient. The soil morphology developed from deluvium exhibited less differentiation between upper and lower layers, with deeper distribution of fine soil organic carbon and a larger organic carbon pool. Meanwhile, the fine soils developed from deluvium had a lower bulk density, higher permeability and greater water storage potential. Soils developed from eluvium showed significant isotopic δ¹³C differences between upper and lower layers, while soils developed from deluvium displayed smaller differences, indicating that the age of soil organic carbon formation in the lower layers of soil profiles developed from eluvium was older. In conclusion, there are significant differences in the properties of soils developed from eluvium and deluvium in low mountain forest land, therefore, they should be treated differently in soil type classification.

Key words: eluvium, deluvium, subtropics, soil carbon pool, weathering intensity

CLC Number:

S153

ZHUO Wenqi, MA Wanzhu, ZHUO Zhiqing, ZHU Kangying. Comparison of properties between soils developed from eluvium and deluvium in subtropical low mountain forest land[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2025, 37(5): 1121-1129.

Figures/Tables 5

References 31

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土壤样本 Soil samples	深度 Depth/cm	砾石含量 Gravel content/%	细土组成Fine soil composition/%
土壤样本 Soil samples	深度 Depth/cm	砾石含量 Gravel content/%	砂粒含量Sand content	粉砂含量Silt content	黏粒含量Clay content
残积物发育土壤Eluvium-derived soils(n=6)	0~15	21.3±9.6 c	35.2±5.3 bc	37.3±4.6 ab	27.5±4.2 b
	>15~30	7.8±3.5 d	31.4±4.9 c	37.1±5.8 ab	31.5±3.5 ab
	>30~50	5.7±2.8 d	32.8±5.8 c	32.0±6.3 bc	35.2±4.1 a
	>50~70	9.7±4.3 d	35.9±5.7 bc	29.8±5.2 c	34.3±5.3 a
	>70~100	35.4±17.5 ab	38.6±4.5 ab	29.8±3.8 c	31.6±4.4 ab
坡积物发育土壤Deluvium-derived soils(n=6)	0~15	32.5±6.3 ab	42.4±7.5 ab	41.1±9.5 a	16.5±3.2 c
	>15~30	27.4±10.2 bc	38.6±5.8 ab	43.6±6.4 a	17.8±4.2 c
	>30~50	34.5±11.7 ab	41.7±6.3 ab	40.7±7.5 a	17.6±4.7 c
	>50~70	36.8±10.4 ab	44.3±5.4 a	39.2±5.2 ab	16.5±5.6 c
	>70~100	42.4±15.6 a	42.4±8.9 ab	42.4±8.4 a	15.2±8.5 c

土壤样本 Soil samples	深度 Depth/cm	砾石含量 Gravel content/%	细土组成Fine soil composition/%
土壤样本 Soil samples	深度 Depth/cm	砾石含量 Gravel content/%	砂粒含量Sand content	粉砂含量Silt content	黏粒含量Clay content
残积物发育土壤Eluvium-derived soils(n=6)	0~15	21.3±9.6 c	35.2±5.3 bc	37.3±4.6 ab	27.5±4.2 b
	>15~30	7.8±3.5 d	31.4±4.9 c	37.1±5.8 ab	31.5±3.5 ab
	>30~50	5.7±2.8 d	32.8±5.8 c	32.0±6.3 bc	35.2±4.1 a
	>50~70	9.7±4.3 d	35.9±5.7 bc	29.8±5.2 c	34.3±5.3 a
	>70~100	35.4±17.5 ab	38.6±4.5 ab	29.8±3.8 c	31.6±4.4 ab
坡积物发育土壤Deluvium-derived soils(n=6)	0~15	32.5±6.3 ab	42.4±7.5 ab	41.1±9.5 a	16.5±3.2 c
	>15~30	27.4±10.2 bc	38.6±5.8 ab	43.6±6.4 a	17.8±4.2 c
	>30~50	34.5±11.7 ab	41.7±6.3 ab	40.7±7.5 a	17.6±4.7 c
	>50~70	36.8±10.4 ab	44.3±5.4 a	39.2±5.2 ab	16.5±5.6 c
	>70~100	42.4±15.6 a	42.4±8.9 ab	42.4±8.4 a	15.2±8.5 c

土壤样本 Soil samples	深度 Depth/cm	容重 Bulk density/ (g·cm^-3)	饱和导水率 Saturated hydraulic conductivity/(mm·d^-1)	饱和持水量 Saturated water capacity/%
残积物发育土壤Eluvium-derived soils(n=6)	0~15	1.14±0.12 d	46.8±5.54 a	49.94±3.78 a
	>15~30	1.29±0.08 c	37.5±3.41 ab	39.82±2.24 b
	>30~50	1.38±0.05 bc	32.6±3.64 b	34.70±1.54 c
	>50~70	1.43±0.03 b	24.6±4.98 c	32.15±1.22 c
	>70~100	1.61±0.05 a	17.5±5.22 d	24.36±1.42 d
坡积物发育土壤Deluvium-derived soils(n=6)	0~15	1.19±0.21 cd	45.2±6.14 a	46.33±7.24 ab
	>15~30	1.21±0.13 cd	41.6±5.24 a	44.94±4.52 ab
	>30~50	1.19±0.12 cd	35.4±4.87 b	46.33±4.72 ab
	>50~70	1.28±0.09 c	38.7±5.23 ab	40.42±3.14 b
	>70~100	1.35±0.07 bc	32.5±7.32 b	36.32±2.14 bc

土壤样本 Soil samples	深度 Depth/cm	容重 Bulk density/ (g·cm^-3)	饱和导水率 Saturated hydraulic conductivity/(mm·d^-1)	饱和持水量 Saturated water capacity/%
残积物发育土壤Eluvium-derived soils(n=6)	0~15	1.14±0.12 d	46.8±5.54 a	49.94±3.78 a
	>15~30	1.29±0.08 c	37.5±3.41 ab	39.82±2.24 b
	>30~50	1.38±0.05 bc	32.6±3.64 b	34.70±1.54 c
	>50~70	1.43±0.03 b	24.6±4.98 c	32.15±1.22 c
	>70~100	1.61±0.05 a	17.5±5.22 d	24.36±1.42 d
坡积物发育土壤Deluvium-derived soils(n=6)	0~15	1.19±0.21 cd	45.2±6.14 a	46.33±7.24 ab
	>15~30	1.21±0.13 cd	41.6±5.24 a	44.94±4.52 ab
	>30~50	1.19±0.12 cd	35.4±4.87 b	46.33±4.72 ab
	>50~70	1.28±0.09 c	38.7±5.23 ab	40.42±3.14 b
	>70~100	1.35±0.07 bc	32.5±7.32 b	36.32±2.14 bc

土壤样本 Soil samples	深度 Depth/cm	有机碳含量 Organic carbon content/(g·kg^-1)	全氮含量 Total N content/ (g·kg^-1)	碳氮比 C/N ratio	微生物生物量碳含量 Microbial biomass carbon content/(mg·kg^-1)	微生物生物量熵 Soil microbial entropy
残积物发育土壤Eluvium-derived soils (n=6)	0~15	37.24±5.32 a	2.48±0.32 a	15.02±3.65 a	542±58 a	0.014 3±0.001 1 b
	>15~30	21.48±5.14 c	1.50±0.23 bc	14.32±2.54 ab	324±41 b	0.015 2±0.001 2 b
	>30~50	9.86±2.41 e	0.74±0.14 e	13.32±2.13 bc	82±9 e	0.008 2±0.000 7 d
	>50~70	6.87±2.31 ef	0.55±0.11 ef	12.49±3.15 bc	45±5 f	0.006 6±0.000 5 e
	>70~100	4.57±1.54 f	0.40±0.12 f	11.43±2.67 c	29±3 f	0.006 2±0.000 4 e
坡积物发育土壤Deluvium-derived soils (n=6)	0~15	28.54±4.66 b	1.87±0.43 a	15.26±4.21 a	512±61 a	0.017 8±0.001 4 a
	>15~30	24.65±5.84 b	1.65±0.29 b	14.94±3.11 ab	354±32 b	0.014 5±0.001 2 b
	>30~50	17.59±4.67 cd	1.24±0.24 cd	14.18±2.74 b	198±22 c	0.011 3±0.001 0 c
	>50~70	19.25±4.13 cd	1.47±0.27 bc	13.10±2.65 bc	153±12 c	0.008 1±0.000 9 d
	>70~100	14.25±3.25 d	1.05±0.23 d	13.58±3.14 bc	124±10 d	0.008 8±0.000 7 d

Comparison of properties between soils developed from eluvium and deluvium in subtropical low mountain forest land

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土壤 Soils	深度 Depth/cm	游离态轻组有机碳 Free light group organic carbon/(g·kg^-1)	粗颗粒有机碳 Coarse particulate organic carbon/(g·kg^-1)	细颗粒有机碳 Fine particulate organic carbon/(g·kg^-1)	矿物结合态有机碳 Mineral bound organic carbon/(g·kg^-1)
残积物发育土壤Eluvium-derived Soils (n=6)	0~15	8.47±2.14 a	20.63±2.24 a	10.58±2.21 a	60.32±3.25 e
	>15~30	6.97±1.14 ab	12.21±1.65 c	11.24±1.98 a	69.58±4.25 cd
	>30~50	4.58±1.03 bc	4.65±1.14 e	8.52±2.69 b	82.25±3.98 b
	>50~70	2.28±0.56 d	4.12±0.98 ef	5.97±1.59 c	87.63±4.26 ab
	>70~100	1.12±0.45 e	3.05±0.52 f	6.58±2.21 bc	89.25±4.98 a
坡积物发育土壤Deluvium-derived soils (n=6)	0~15	7.52±1.65 a	16.79±2.45 b	11.21±1.96 a	64.48±3.42 de
	>15~30	5.89±1.14 b	13.25±1.89 bc	10.25±2.33 a	70.61±3.77 cd
	>30~50	5.35±0.68 b	8.54±1.45 d	9.57±2.14 ab	76.54±3.54 bc
	>50~70	4.63±0.52 bc	9.14±1.14 d	8.68±1.98 b	77.55±4.25 bc
	>70~100	3.58±0.49 c	5.89±0.65 e	9.99±2.03 ab	80.54±3.98 b

土壤样本 Soil samples	深度 Depth/cm	pH	ba值 ba value	黏粒Sa值 Sa value of clay	铁活化度 Activation degree of iron oxide/%
残积物发育土壤Eluvium-derived soils (n=6)	0~15	5.32±0.11 a	—	—	34.2±3.5 a
	>15~30	5.17±0.09 ab	0.304±0.031 b	2.42±0.02 b	29.6±4.6 ab
	>30~50	4.87±0.14 c	0.281±0.024 b	2.38±0.02 b	18.9±2.5 c
	>50~70	5.12±0.08 ab	—	—	21.4±4.2 c
	>70~100	5.24±0.13 ab	—	—	17.5±3.7 c
坡积物发育土壤Deluvium-derived soils (n=6)	0~15	5.17±0.14 ab	—	—	32.5±4.0 ab
	>15~30	5.19±0.12 ab	0.368±0.028 a	2.61±0.03 a	31.2±3.4 ab
	>30~50	5.07±0.07 b	0.372±0.021 a	2.59±0.03 a	27.5±3.6 b
	>50~70	5.05±0.09 b	—	—	32.5±4.2 ab
	>70~100	5.14±0.11 b	—	—	31.3±5.2 ab

[1]	WANG Baojun, CHENG Wangda, CHEN Gui, SHEN Yaqiang, SHEN Meng, YUAN Ye, WANG Lei, ZHANG Hongmei. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer regulation on soil properties of paddy fields and rice yield with full amount returning of straw in Northern Zhejiang [J]. , 2020, 32(2): 183-190.
[2]	WANG Baojun, CHENG Wangda, CHEN Gui, SHEN Yaqiang, ZHANG Hongmei. Effect of straw returning and nitrogen reduction on soil nutrition, carbon pool and rice yield in rice field [J]. , 2019, 31(4): 624-630.