Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis

Correlation analysis and principal component analysis on quality traits in hybrid wheat

LI Gui-ping, ZHANG Gen-sheng, BA Qing-song, ZHANG Gai-sheng

2016, 28(9): 1447-1453. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.09.01

Abstract ( 714 )

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In order to explore the performance of quality traits of wheat hybrid in different generations, the heterosis, the characteristics correlation, parent-offspring correlation and principal component analysis of seed quality and dough rheological characteristics of four wheat cultivars and their four hybrids F₁, F₂ were analyzed. The results showed that (1) Heterosis of seed quality characters in F₁ generation hybrid was far greater than that of F₂ generation. There was higher heterosis of dough quality in F₂ generation hybrid seeds. (2) In the process of wheat quality improvement, grain hardness and protein content as an index for selection, is helpful to select superior genotypes of high gluten content, sedimentation value, protein quality and milling quality. (3) When the hybrid grain protein content was selected in the early-generation, low-parent value shouldn��t be neglected. And the key to improving Zeleny sedimentation value of hybrid F₂ was to improve the value of high parent and mid-parent. (4) Through principal component analysis, eight traits of F₂ generation were consolidated into two principal components.

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Effect of nitrogen application rate on nitrogen accumulation and physiological characteristics of functional leaf in potato

HE Cai-lian, ZHENG Shun-lin, WANG Pei-pei, ZHAO Ting-ting, YUAN Ji-chao, HE Wei

2016, 28(9): 1454-1461. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.09.02

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Study on the mechanism of high efficiently utilizing nitrogen of potatoes in different seasons could direct the application of nitrogen fertilizer and promote the utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer. Through pot culture experiment in spring and autumn, the differences of nitrogen accumulation and physiological property of function potato leaves in six nitrogen levels were studied. The results could be summarized as follows: (1) With the increasing rate of nitrogen applied, the nitrate nitrogen content of spring potatoes increased, but that of autumn potatoes decreased after first increase. And the nitrate reductase (NR) activity of potatoes both in spring and autumn increased first and then decreased. Under the same nitrogen level, the peak value of NR activity of spring potatoes in tuber formation and maturity stages were 35.3% and 74.0% higher than those in autumn. (2) The nitrogen content and nitrogen accumulation of potato plants both in spring and autumn increased with the inceasing nitrogen fertilizer. But these two indicators of potatoes in spring were both higher than those in autumn under the same growth period and nitrogen levels. (3) There was a higher correlation coefficient between the nitrate nitrogen content and the total nitrogen content in potato plants, which could induct the effective utilization of nitrogen.

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Photosynthetic physiological responses of Dioscorea opposite Thunb. cv. Guangfeng Qianjin acclimated and transplanted plantlets under PEG drought stress

KE Wei-zhong, WANG Li, YANG Xing-peng, XU Yu-qin, WU Dan, JAING Xia, XIA Jin-hua, YIN Ming-hua, HONG Sen-rong

2016, 28(9): 1462-1475. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.09.03

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In order to explore the drought-resistant physiological mechanism of Dioscorea opposite Thunb. cv. Guangfeng Qianjin acclimated and transplanted plantlets, its photosynthetic physiological responses under drought stress were tested in this paper. The results showed that 50 and 100 g·L^-1 PEG-6000 could significantly promote the biomass and root-shoot ratio of D. opposite Thunb. cv. Guangfeng Qianjin acclimated and transplanted plantlets, while 150 and 200 g·L^-1 PEG-6000 could significantly reduced the biomass and root-shoot ratio. When PEG-6000 concentration was 50 and 100 g·L^-1, the leaf relative water content, stomatal aperture, Tr, Fo, Fv/Fm, Φ_PSⅡ, NPQ and ZR had no significant changes, the chlorophyll content, stomatal density, Pn, Gs, Ls, WUE, CUE, Fm, Fv/Fo, Fv'/Fm', IAA, GA₃ and ABA increased significantly, Ci decreased significantly. When PEG-6000 concentration reached 150 and 200 g·L^-1, the leaf relative water content, chlorophyll content, stomatal aperture, Pn, Gs, Ci, Tr, WUE, CUE, Fo, Fm, Fv/Fo, Φ_PSⅡ, Fv'/Fm', Fv/Fm, qP, GA₃, ZR and IAA decreased significantly, stomatal density, Ls, NPQ and ABA increased significantly. Under drought stress, ZR/ABA ratio and ZR/IAA ratio of D. opposite Thunb. cv. Guangfeng Qianjin acclimated and transplanted plantlets decreased significantly with the increase of PEG-6000 concentration, while the ABA/ (IAA+GA3+ZR) increased significantly with the increase of PEG-6000 concentration. The FCM test results of DNA content showed that the ploidy of D. opposite Thunb. cv. Guangfeng Qianjin acclimated and transplanted plantlets under PEG drought stress was stable, but when PEG-6000 concentration reached 200 g·L^-1, there were clear DNA ladders in the electrophoretic pattern. The results showed that D. opposite Thunb. cv. Guangfeng Qianjin acclimated and transplanted plantlets could adapt to a certain degree of drought stress, but with the aggravation of drought stress, its growth and development, photosynthesis and endogenous hormone regulation mechanism would be affected, which would lead to programmed cell death.

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Epitope analysis of cow mastitis important vaccine candidate proteins and design of amino acid sequence of triple recombinant epitope vaccine

LIU Xiang, KONG Zhi-xiang, YIN Shu-ping, OU Sha-sha, LIU Cheng-yan, TONG Han-hu, WU San-qiao, CHEN Chen, CHEN Chun-lin

2016, 28(9): 1476-1484. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.09.04

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In order to design cow mastitis triple recombinant epitope polypeptide vaccine, six candidate vaccine proteins were selected, which were from three main pathogens of cow mastitis, concluding Ebps and ClfA of Staphylococcus aureus, OmpA and OmpC of Escherichia coli, SIP and PGK of Streptococcus. Using ABCpred and BepiPred prediction program, each protein had 2 B cell epitopes. CTL cell epitopes were obtained by the prediction method of quantitative matrix and artificial neural network, the results showed that the SIP protein had no CTL cell epitope, and there was 1 CTL cell epitope to other proteins. Th cell epitopes were gained using an online server prediction for MHC class Ⅱ peptide binding affinity, the results showed that each protein had 1 Th cell epitope. DNASTAR software was used to analyze the secondary structure for the six proteins, and the results showed that most of the B/T cell epitopes were located on the exposed surface, the random coil and the corner. The B/T cell epitopes were recomposed by DNASTAR Protean software, and triple epitope vaccine amino acid sequence holding better antigen was designed finally. These laid the foundation for the novel triple epitope vaccine of cow mastitis.

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Effects of obesity on blood physiological parameters, four cytokines and immune organs index in response to nonfatal pneumonia in mice

WAN Tao-mei, YUAN Gui-qiang, WANG Zheng-yi, JIA Yi-ping, REN Yi, ZUO Zhi-cai

2016, 28(9): 1485-1492. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.09.05

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To investigate the impact of obesity on systemic immune responses of nonfatal pneumonia, high-fat induced obese mice were divided into group Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and the mice fed with standard diet were divided into group Ⅲ, Ⅳ. Group Ⅰ, Ⅲ were infused intranasally by 40 μL bacteria solution containing 4×10⁹ cfu Escherichia coli (E.coli), and group Ⅱ, Ⅳ were given the same dose of saline. The blood physiological parameters, cytokines in serum and indexes of immune organs of all groups were detected at 2, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h post-infection. As a result, fed with high-fat diet for 8 weeks, the mice had greater WBC, GRA, MID counts, higher concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 and resistin, and lower indexes of spleen and thymus. After infection, indexes of spleen in group Ⅰ were higher than those in group Ⅱ during 2 to 72 h, and in group Ⅲ at 2, 6, 48, 72 and 96. Indexes of thymus in groups Ⅰ were lower than those in group Ⅱ at 6, 12 h and in group Ⅲ at 72, 96 h post-infection. During infection, WBC, GRA, MID counts increased firstly, then decreased, finally decreased to the controls in group Ⅰ, Ⅲ, and were both lower than those in control groups at 24 h post-infection. In the experimental period, WBC, GRA, MID counts in group Ⅰ were higher than those in group Ⅲ. The concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 and resistin elevated at 2 h post-infection, and maintained high concentrations to 48 h post-infection except resistin in group Ⅲ. The four cytokines in group Ⅰ were higher than those in group Ⅲ at 2, 6 h, and lower at 96 h post-infection. The results revealed that experimental mice presented systemic inflammatory responses during nonfatal pneumonia, and obesity enhanced the immune responses to inflammation to promote the abreaction of inflammation.

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Effect of Lianmei dysentery Chinese herbal preparation on weaned piglet diarrhea by an Escherichia coli (K88) experimental infection

LIU Yong-liang, CHEN Bo, LIU Ming-gang, XU Yu-qin, DAI Xi-xi, GU Xiao-xiao, PAN Kang-cheng

2016, 28(9): 1493-1500. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.09.06

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The present study was performed to investigate the treatment effect of Lianmei dysentery Chinese herbal preparation on diarrhea in weaned piglets challenged with Escherichia coli K88. Seventy-two piglets (21 d old, and initial BW of 4.41 ±0.01 kg) were assigned to 6 groups, which were blank control group, diarrhea model group, low dose group (0.5 mL·kg^-1 BW), medium dose group (1.0 mL·kg^-1 BW), high dose group (1.5 mL·kg^-1 BW) and antibiotics group (0.2% enrofloxacin 2 mL·pig^-1). Piglets were infected a certain amount of Escherichia coli(K88) by oral gavage, except the blank control group, and then treated with the low, medium and high dose of Chinese herbal medicine(containing crude drug 1 g·mL^-1) that was made from Druk Plum(Wumei), Coptis chinensis Franch (Huanglian), Terminalia chebula Retz (Hezi), Cortex Fraxini(Qinpi) in the test groups or with enrofloxacin in the antibiotic group. The curative effect of traditional Chinese medicine preparation for diarrheal illness was observed. The results showed that the cure rate with the traditional Chinese medicine preparation for diarrhea in piglets was 80%. Measured by quantitative real-time PCR, the mean level of ETEC K88 in feces of medium dose group and the antibiotic group was significantly different from that of the diarrhea model group (P<0.05) in the whole treatment duration, the other two groups had no difference from the diarrhea model group (P>0.05). From the observation of intestinal morphology of piglets, the antibiotic group and the medium dose group had the basic integrity of the intestinal tissue structure. Based on the survival analysis for piglets of each group, the medium dose group significantly increased the survival rate of piglets compared with the other groups (P<0.05). The survival curves of diarrhea model group was steeper compared with the other groups, which indicated that traditional Chinese medicine reduced the mortality of piglets.

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Cloning and expression analysis of BoBURP1 gene from Brassica oleracea var. italica

ZHANG Yan-ru, YU Ke-ke, GONG Xiu, ZHOU Xiu-qian, ZHU Qi, XU Xin, ZHU Xin, LYU Yi, JIANG Xiao-ying, JIANG Ming

2016, 28(9): 1501-1507. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.09.07

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BURPs are plant-specific proteins, which play important roles in growth, development as well as stress responses. In this study, a BURP gene, designated as BoBURP1, was isolated from broccoli. Bioinformatics analysis has been performed, and expression patterns in different organs were then conducted by means of RT-PCR. Results indicated that the genomic DNA of BoBURP1 was 2 030 bp in length with 2 introns, and the full length coding sequence was 1 872 bp in size encoding 623 amino acids. The molecular weight of the deduced protein was 70.7956 ku with an isoelectric point of 8.65. Phylogenetic analysis results revealed that BoBURP1 and its 12 homologous sequences could be divided into three groups, and the highest identities existed among Cruciferae plants which clustered in the same group. RT-PCR results showed BoBURP1 gene expressed in roots, stems, leaves, flower buds, flowers and young siliques, and the highest was observed in leaves, flower buds and flowers, while the lowest were found in both roots and stems.

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Cluster analysis and evaluation of agronomic characters in garlic variety resources based on principal components

LIU Guo-wei, REN Yan-yun, GAO Yuan-yuan, ZHANG Long-ping, LIU Yan-zhi, XU Xiang-wen, GAO Fa-rui, MA Jing-yu, ZHANG Lian-qiu

2016, 28(9): 1508-1513. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.09.08

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Based on the principal of numerical classification, 15 agronomic traits of 57 garlic variety resources were investigated in the growth period and harvest period, and principal component analysis and cluster analysis were carried out in this paper. The first 4 principal accounted for 85.54%of variation among the cultivars. The first principal accounted for 63.68% which might be regarded as garlic bulb yield component factor. The top 9 cultivars were selected based on the principal component which could be garlic bulb and sprout variety improvement. At the level of D=26.00, all variety resources were classified into 4 groups and 7 cultivars. The two classifying ways, which explained the relative genetic distance and regional ecological characteristics, could both provide scientific evidence to the garlic varieties improvement.

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Dynamic yield model of greenhouse strawberry

SUN Jun-bo, YANG Dong, WEI Sha-sha, LI Qing-bin, DING Ye-yi, HUANG He-lou

2016, 28(9): 1514-1521. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.09.09

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In this study, the key meteorological factors affecting strawberry yield were explored based on the strawberry yield and meteorological data observed in the strawberry experiment greenhouses of Cixi Meteorological Bureau from 2010 to 2014. Once accumulated regression analysis method was applied to construct suitable dynamic model for the yield of greenhouse strawberry in Zhejiang Province. The results indicated that the strawberry yield was mainly affected by average daily temperature, accumulated temperature (>5 ℃) and photosynthetic active radiation. There were obvious differences among the simulating accuracy of dynamic yield models built with different meteorological index. During the preliminary stage of strawberry harvest, the model based on T (daily average temperature) was more acceptable than that based on PTEP (physiological product of thermal effectiveness) and PAR (photosynthetically active radiation). During the other stage of strawberry harvest, the priority of the PTEP-based model was higher than that of PAR-based model,which was more acceptable than the T-based model. During the whole harvest period, the priority level of the models based on PTEP, PAR and T was similar to that during the exuberant and final stage.The simulating accuracy for each model was with obvious variation during different stages. For T-based model, the simulating accuracy during preliminary stage was higher than that during exuberant stage, and that during the final stage was the lowest. For PTEP and PAR-based model, the trend of accuracy was just opposite to that of T-based model. In February, all the three models were with low simulating accuracy.

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Effects of different cutting date on softwood-cutting rooting and related physiological and biochemical changes during rooting of Prunus mume Meiren

DONG Ran-ran, CHEN Rui-dan

2016, 28(9): 1522-1529. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.09.10

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The objective was to study the effects of different cutting date on softwood-cutting rooting and related physiological and biochemical changes during rooting of Prunus mume Meiren. The upper and middle parts of semi-hard wood stems were collected and treated with IBA at a concentration of 2 500 mg·L^-1 with water dipping as control in May and August, respectively. Contents of soluble sugar, starch, soluble protein and activities of peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), indoleacetic acid oxida-se (IAAO) in phloem at various rooting phase were measured. The results showed as follows: (1) In different seasons, the adventitious root displayed three distinct phases: induction (0-10 d), expression (10-30 d) and elongation (30-40 d). (2) IBA treatment had an obvious effect on accelerating rooting of cutting. During induction phase, the contents of soluble sugar and starch increased while the soluble protein content declined; POD activity rose and IAAO activity was in a lower level, which was good for growth of root induction. During expression phase, IBA treating could accelerate decomposition of starch, and POD activity increased after slightly decreased, and the continuous elevation of IAAO activity could benefit rooting expression. During elongation stage, POD activity decreased and IBA could make soluble protein content keeping ascending. (3) During the rooting process, PPO activity changed on the contrary in May and August, at the same time the soluble sugar content and oxidases activity in May were higher than those in August during expression phase. The cuttings treated with IBA in May rooted better, which could provide technical support and theoretical basis for the cutting propagation of cold-resistance Prunus mume.

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Effects of shading on photosystem Ⅱ activity and antioxidant system of Rosa hybrida leaves in summer

HOU Wei, MA Xu-hui, ZHANG Hao-yue, Chen Qi-yang, ZHANG Yong

2016, 28(9): 1530-1537. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.09.11

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Potted 3 years old seedlings of Rosa hybrida were grown in 26%, 72% and 100% natural light intensity, and the effects of light intensity on photosystem Ⅱ activity and antioxidant system of R. hybrida were studied. It had been found that with the decreasing light intensity, the gas exchange parameters such as net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conduction (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr) and intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci) all decreased, while the stomatal limitation value (Ls) increased. The maximum efficiency of PSⅡ photochemistry (Fv/Fm) was demonstrated single peak, while fluorescent non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) increased. Carotenoids (Cars) content, ratio of carotenoid to total chlorophyll (Car/Chl) and activities of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT and APX increased with increasing light intensitiy, while the chlorophyll (Chl) content and light use efficiency (LUE) decreased. There was no photoinhibition in 72% natural light intensity of R. hybrida. While in 100% natural light intensity, its photoinhibition was mainly caused by reversible deactivation of PSⅡ reaction center. In 26% natural light intensity, the reaction center of PSⅡ was seriously destroyed, and this had an photoinhibition, the growth of R. hybrida was also inhibited.

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Studies on physiochemical property and restoration on cisplatin-induced renal cell injury of the glycoprotein from six different edible fungus

XU Duo-duo, WANG Hai-yang, SUN Meng-meng, HAN Miao-miao, ZHAO Xin, GAO Qi-pin

2016, 28(9): 1538-1543. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.09.12

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The glycoprotein obtained from six different edible fungus were extracted by water and alcohol precipitation method, and phenol-sulfuric acid method, hydroxyl biphenyl method and BCA method were used to determine the content of total polysaccharides, uronic acid and protein content of six different edible fungus. The monosaccharide composition and the molecular weights distribution of each sample were determined through PMP pre-column derivatization method and HPGPC method. The renal cell injury model was established by cisplatin (CDDP)-induced Madin-Daiby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cell was to study the restoration effect of six different edible fungus glycoprotein. The results showed that Lentinus edodes glycoprotein contained the highest content of total polysaccharides among the six different edible fungus, which was 38.11%. Pleurotus ostreatus contained the highest content of protein, which was 34.21%, while the contents of uronic acid of each sample was low. Each of the sample contained mannose, glucose and galactose, and its molecular weight distribution ranged from 500-20 000 u. When the concentration was 12.5-50 μg·mL^-1, each sample had restoration effect on renal cell injury by CDDP-induced MDCK cell. The experimental results illustrated that the content of polysaccharides was rich in the six different edible fungus, and had restoration effect on the renal cell injury.

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Individual development of Phenacoccus solenopsis males (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae)

ZHAO Chun-ling, HUANG Fang, WANG Zhi-yong, LYU Yao-bin

2016, 28(9): 1544-1549. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.09.13

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Despite male morphology was of great importance for Coccoidea classification, little information about Phenacoccus solenopsis males was published. To supplement taxonomic information of P. solenopsis, morphological changes during individual development of P. solenopsis males were described in this study. The results showed that P. solenopsis eggs were oval, slightly translucent and pale orange yellow. The first instar nymph was yellowish green and moved fast. For the early second instar nymph, its body surface was smooth and bright yellow with two visible black spots on the back. Male and female individuals could be distinguished by morphological character in late-2nd instar stage. The pre-pupa stage of the males lasted 1-2 d. In this stage, the body was long and narrow, and the males began to produce white silk to cover their whole body. Pupae were in a soft silky cocoon. In the cocoon, the body was covered by white wax power. Male adults showed in barrel-shaped body, developed ocellus, degenerated mouthpart, long antennae, thin front wing, poisers developed from the degenerated hind wings, and two pairs of long wax filaments at the terminal abdomen.

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Isolation and degrading characteristics of picoxystrobin degrading strain

WU Long-fei, LUO Xiang-wen, LIU Yong, LI Meng-qing, DU Jiao, ZHANG De-yong

2016, 28(9): 1550-1557. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.09.14

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The strain PID-1 was screened and isolated by enrichment culture, and was primarily identified as Rhodopseudomonas palustris based on morphology, physiological and biochemical characteristics as well as phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA sequences. The optimal degrading conditions of PID-1 were pH 7 and 35 ℃. Under this condition, up to 83.54% of 100 mg·L^-1 picoxystrobin could be degraded by PID-1. The metabolics of picoxystrobin degraed by PID-1 were identified by mass spectrum as 1-(1,5-dimethylhexyl-)-4-methyl-benzene, 2,5-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl)-phenol, butyl 2-methyoxyethyl ester, bis (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) ester, 1-(3-n-propoxyphenyl)-2-propanone oxime and 2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl) phenol.

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Community structure and fauna of Lygus complex in Inner Mongolia

LI Yuan-yuan, SHI Kai, DELIGEER

2016, 28(9): 1558-1563. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.09.15

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According to the existing specimens and related documents, the community structure and fauna of Lygus complex of Inner Mongolia were studied systematically from 2006 to 2012 using net capture method. The results showed that 5 genus 21 species were indentified. Among of them, the Lygus and Apolygus were dominant group. In the zoogeographic regions of world, the species of Palaearctic distribution were dominant, about 52.38%; and those species spanned the Palaearctic and Oriental distribution accounting for 28.58% followed. In the zoogeographic regions of China, the species of Mongolia-Xinjiang region was predominant, for 23.82%. The genetic relationship of Lygus complex distributed in Mongolia-Xinjiang region, North China region and Northeast China region were more closely. In the vegetation zone of Inner Mongolia, species of Lygus complex distributed in the typical steppe were the most (19 species), accounting for 90.48% of the total species. There were 9 species only distributed in the steppe zone, accounting for 42.86% of the total species. Research showed that Lygus complex was a kind of group which was more adapted to grassland habitat.

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Content and migration characteristic of mineral element in rape with application of selenium

MING Jia-jia, HU Cheng-xiao, ZHAO Xiao-hu, ZHENG Ya-wei, LIU Xin-wei, ZHAO Ze, ZHAO Yuan-yuan, JIA Wei

2016, 28(9): 1564-1571. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.09.16

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In the present study, the effects of two selenium (Se) application methods and different Se concentrations on the dry weight and element contents of rapes were investigated. It was shown that 2 selenium application methods had similar influences on rape. The rape biomass was increased by the lower Se levels (0.1 mg·kg^-1 in soil or 0.1 mg·L^-1 foliar application), yet was decreased by the higher Se levels (1.0 mg·kg^-1 in soil or 0.5 mg·L^-1 foliar application). External Se application increased the contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn in roots, stems, and leaves, as well as Fe in roots, Cu in leaves and Zn in stems and root. External Se application enhanced the translocation of N, P, K, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn from stems to leaves, while reduced the translocation of P, K, Mg, Fe, Zn from roots to stems. Se application reduced the translocation of Ca from roots to stems at the lower levels, whereas the translocation of Ca was enhanced from stems to leaves at the higher levels.

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Evaluation on content and distribution characteristics of soil available microelements in tobacco growing area in Northern Sichuan

JIANG Xin-ye, LI Shan, ZHANG Hao, LI Qi-quan, LI Bin, WANG Chang-quan, LI Bing

2016, 28(9): 1572-1579. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.09.17

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In order to investigate the content status and distribution characteristics of soil available microelements, such as Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B, Mo, in tobacco growing area, 228 soil samples were selected from Guangyuan City in northern Sichuan for analysis. Meanwhile, the distribution characteristics of the above microelements on the function of tobacco growing area, soil type and altitude were analyzed. It was shown that the soil available Fe was at the rich or extremely rich level with the average content of 65.42 mg·kg^-1. Soil available Mn, Cu and Mo were over the medium level with the average content of 31.79, 1.65 and 0.15 mg·kg^-1, respectively. Soil available Zn and B were at the poor or extremely poor level with the average content of 0.90 and 0.19 mg·kg^-1, respectively. Soil available Fe, Mn, Cu and Mo exhibited higher average content in Wangcang County, while soil available Zn and B were higher in Jian��ge County. The average content of soil available Fe was higher in yellow soil, and Mn, Zn and Mo were higher in yellow brown soil, yet soil Cu and B were relatively higher in fluvo-aquic soil. The average content of Mo and B showed no significant difference among different altitudes. Soil available Mn content increased with the elevated altitude. Soil available Cu and Zn contents were higher over 1 100 m, while soil available Fe was higher in lower altitude (500-700 m).

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Effect of organic farming on emissions of carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide in alkali saline soil

WANG Hong-yan, SONG Bing-bing, NIE Ying, SUN Yan

2016, 28(9): 1580-1587. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.09.18

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In the present study, alkali saline soil in Daqing City, Heilongjiang Province was adopted as study objects to explore the effects of organic farming on greenhouse gases (N₂O, CO₂) emissions. By applying the method of IPCC (1992), it was shown that N₂O, CO₂ emissions in alkaline saline soil were reduced with organic farming compared with the conventional farming. With the prolonged time of organic cultivation of soybean and corn, greenhouse gas emissions were not significantly changed, and the overall warming potential was still lower than that of conventional farming. Besides, it was found that organic farming increased the content of soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen.

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Response of soil enzymes activities and microorganism in rhizosphere of watermelon to wheat as companion crop

XU Wei-hui, WU Feng-zhi

2016, 28(9): 1588-1594. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.09.19

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Soil sickness is an important factor which limits production of watermelon. It has also been noted that using the biodiversity of the ground could reduce soil sickness. To explore the response of soil enzymes activities and microorganism in the rhizosphere of watermelon to wheat as companion crop, pot experiments were conducted to investigate the response of soil enzymes activities, microbial community structure and microbial biomass in the rhizosphere of watermelon to wheat as companion crop. The four treatments were D₁₂₃ wheat/watermelon companion system (D₁₂₃), D₁₂₅ wheat/watermelon companion system (D₁₂₅), watermelon monoculture (CK) and no plant (CW). Results showed that total microbial and actinomyce population in the rhizosphere of watermelon in the D₁₂₃ wheat/watermelon system were increased by 45.21% and 130.20%, respectively, and ratio of actinomyce was increased by 7.6% in the D₁₂₃ wheat/watermelon companion system compared with watermelon monoculture. Compared with watermelon monoculture, bacteria population was increased by 40.89% and ratio of bacteria was increased by 10.81% in the rhizosphere of watermelon in the D₁₂₅ wheat/watermelon companion system. Also, the microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) and microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP) in the wheat/watermelon companion systems were significantly higher than those in the watermelon monoculture system. The ratio of fungus and the value of MBC/MBN were decreased, and polyphenol oxidase and saccharase activities in the rhizosphere of watermelon were increased in the wheat/watermelon companion systems compared with watermelon monoculture. The results suggested that watermelon rhizosphere had a positive response to wheat as a companion crop.

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Effects of initial pH values on maturity and nitrogen loss during co-composting of pig manure and edible fungus residue

JIANG Xin-you, WANG Xiao-dong, ZHOU Jiang-ming, ZHENG Jian-bin

2016, 28(9): 1595-1602. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.09.20

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In order to evaluate the effect of initial pH on maturity and nitrogen loss during co-composting with pig manure and edible fungus residue, 8 co-composting treatments of varied initial pH values were designed, with lime and calcium superphosphate as acid-base additives. It was shown that the heating rate and decomposition rate of organic matter increased with the elevated initial pH. However, the elevated initial pH decreased N

$H4+$ -N accumulation, and induced higher N loss during composting. In conclusion, it was suggested that any attempt to shorten the composting period and simultaneously improve the quality of compost, the initial pH should be controlled within 6.42-6.83 for co-composting of pig manure and edible fungus residue. The quantity of amended lime or calcium superphosphate for pH adjusting should be no more than 0.6% or 5.2%, respectively, of the fresh weight of composting mixture.

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Regional variation analysis of energy pressures of Beijing based on STIRPAT model

LI Hong, FENG Zhong-ke, TANG Xiu-mei, PAN Yu-chun, LIU Yu, HAO Xing-yao

2016, 28(9): 1603-1608. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.09.21

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Considering spatial factors, the present study took geographical space effects into STIRPAT model to reveal the stochastic impacts by regression on P (population), A (affluence) and T (technology). Total energy consumption was used as indicators of environmental pressure, and population density, GDP and the proportion of secondary industry were adopted to represent population, affluence and technology, respectively. Geographical weighted regression (GWR) model was applied to estimate the elasticity of driving factors in 16 districts of Beijing. It was shown that the change of driving factors was not balanced in different districts. But, the changes in every district exhibited certain rule. Therefore, it is possible to formulate characterized regulation and control policies of energy production for different districts.

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Multi-feature extraction of apple grading based on improved binary particle swarm optimization algorithm

ZHANG Jian, ZHANG Li-hua

2016, 28(9): 1609-1615. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.09.22

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In order to enhance the apple grade judgment, improved binary particle swarm optimization algorithm was proposed. Firstly, apple multi-feature extraction was established, which included size, color, defect and shape feature. Secondly, binary particle swarm space was updated with auxiliary search space, and position of particle was increased with state turnover factor, so that undirectional flip dynamic angle was made. Thirdly, model of the multi-feature classification of apple was established based on Sigmoid function and Gauss function, and the parameter values of the piecewise function was determined. Finally, the process was given. Simulation showed that improved binary particle swarm optimization was more accurate and had less time than other algorithm.

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Modeling and prediction of tomato leaf CO₂ exchange rate based on gene expression programming

LI Ting-ting, JIANG Zhao-hui, MIN Wen-fang, JIANG Guan-yang, RAO Yuan

2016, 28(9): 1616-1623. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.09.23

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In order to overcome the shortcomings of existing methods in crop growth modeling, gene expression programming (GEP) was introduced and adopted in modeling and prediction of tomato leaf CO₂ exchange rate response to major environmental factors. A new model was established by GEP in this paper, then the performance of the proposed model was compared with two classical modeling methods-regression and neural network. The experimental results on three sets of data showed that, the GEP based model get the highest predictive accuracy and the best predictive time effect, at the same time, the complexity of the GEP based model was numerically similar to neural network. The study indicated that GEP is a good tool in crop modeling, and will be an important supplement for the existing methods.

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Fluctuation and forecast analysis of hog price in Jiangxi Province based on LS-SVM with grey correlation analysis

FU Lian-lian, WENG Zhen-lin, ZHANG Ya-yan

2016, 28(9): 1624-1630. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.09.24

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The paper explored the characteristics of fluctuation for hog price from January 2000 to May 2015 by Census-X12 and HP analysis and identified significant factors for hog price by stepwise regression and grey correlation analysis. On this basis, the LS-SVM model was constructed to predict hog price. The results showed that the fluctuation for hog price was seasonal with the largest seasonal factor in January and the lowest in June. Since 2000, hog price had experienced seven fluctuation cycles and each cycle continued 25.3 months. Contribution of stochastic component to price was increasing.Corn price, piglet price, pork price, producers�� expectation, beef price and epidemic disease were notable factors for hog price, among which corn price and piglet price were the largest. The predicted value and actual value of LS-SVM were close. The average error was only 1.37%. The LS-SVM model can effectively describe the nonlinear relations between hog price and its factors.

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