Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis

Sequence analysis of MAPK gene fragment and phylogenetic relationship of genus Fagopyrum

LIANG Cheng-gang, CHEN Qing-qing, SHI Tao-xiong, CHEN Qi-jiao, CHEN Qing-fu

2016, 28(10): 1631-1636. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.10.01

Abstract ( 431 )

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Mitogen-activated protein kinase is the major signaling molecule of MAPK cascade pathway in plants. To characterize MAPK gene sequence mutations and phylogenetic relationship of genus Fagopyrum, 25 collections of 8 wild species were selected for the PCR amplification, gene sequencing and analysis of MAPK gene. The results indicated that the MAPK gene fragment sequence amplified by PCR was conservative since a total of 125 polymorphic (segregating) sites and 680 unchanged sites among 25 collections of 8 wild species of genus Fagopyrum were detected. Whereas only 32 polymorphic (segregating) sites were found among 12 collections of F. tataricum ssp. potanini indicating that MAPK gene sequence is highly conserved in intra-specie of genus Fagopyrum. Hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that F. esculentum ssp. ancestralis was clustered with F. zuogongense. By contrast, F. tataricum ssp. potanini, F. pilus, F. megaspartanium, F. cymosum, F. gracilipes and F. urophyllum were clustered as a group. F. gracilipes was clustered with F. urophyllum, and further clustered with F. cymosum. In addition, F. pilus was clustered with F. megaspartanium. These results provide the theoretical basis for research of MAPK gene, genetic diversity and evolutionary relationship of genus Fagopyrum.

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Design of self-propelled direct insert precision hill-seeder of corn with whole plastic-film mulching on double ridges

DAI Fei, YANG Zheng, ZHAO Wu-yun, ZHANG Feng-wei

2016, 28(10): 1637-1643. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.10.02

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In order to meet the requirements of planting techniques of dry-land corn with whole plastic-film mulching on double ridges in northwest China, to solve the problems about picked film, tore film and dislocation of soil hole caused by the traditional film seeding machine, a self-propelled direct insert precision hill-seeder of corn with whole plastic-film mulching on double ridges has been developed, which provided the theoretical basis for the development of agricultural machinery equipment about high-performance direct insert seeding on plastic-film. According to the direct insert planting operation principle, the prototype structure, transmission scheme and key parts of the hill-seeder were analyzed. With the help of a Step function to establish motion studies, the profile of disc cam and the corresponding seeding kinematic trajectory were studied, and the seeding experiment in the field was carried out. The motion amplification mechanism and direct insert planting device have been designed, the maximum size of disc cam was 182.719 mm and the minimum radius of curvature was 53.057 mm, and the corresponding Step function was obtained. After the self-propelled direct insert precision hill-seeder worked, the dislocation of soil hole rate was 0.43% and the mechanical damage of daylighting plastic was 45.5 mm·m^-2. The sowing motion trajectory of self-propelled direct insert precision hill-seeder was reasonable, the direct insert planting device horizontal velocity component was zero in sowing period and excavating period, which could realize the self-adaption and low damage planting with whole plastic-film mulching on double ridges, to meet the technical requirements specification of planting operation quality on plastic-film.

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Bioinformatics and expression analysis of 5 newfound ERF genes in soybean

ZHAI Ying, ZHANG Jun, ZHAO Yan, GAO Shi-tong, SUN Wan-shu, ZHANG Chuang, REN Wei-wei, WANG Xiu-wen, WANG Yu-shu

2016, 28(10): 1644-1649. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.10.03

Abstract ( 618 )

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ERF transcription factors are widespread in plants, which are widely involved in plant response to biotic and abiotic stress. In this study, five novel ERF gene sequences, ERFa/b/c/d/e, were obtained by blast from NCBI data base. Protein sequences analysis showed that the five ERF proteins all contained a typical AP2/ERF binding domain. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that GmERFe was highly homologous to GmERF3 and GmERF7; GmERFb and GmERFc were highly homologous to GmERF5; GmERFd was homologous to GmEREBP1; while GmERFa had lower homology with other ERF proteins. The expression patterns of five ERF genes in soybean tissues and under stress treatments were analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR. The results showed that the five ERF genes expressed highly in root and leaf. GmERFd/e responded mainly to ethylene signal and low temperature, GmERFb responded mainly to drought, and GmERFa responded mainly to low temperature.

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Artificial synthesis of VP60 conserved gene fragment of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus type 2 and preliminary study of its RT-PCR detection method

YANG Ze-xiao, ZHAO Xi-lun, LI Yan, WANG Bo, YAO Xue-ping, WANG Yin, GENG Yi, MENG Zheng-qun, BAI Yu

2016, 28(10): 1650-1656. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.10.04

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In order to develop a rapid detection method for RHDV2, 4 specific primers and 10 overlapping oligo primers were designed to amplify the conserved RHDV2 VP60 gene specific DNA fragment according to the genome sequences of RHDV and RHDV2 published in GenBank. Based on the synthesis of a conserved part of RHDV2 sequence using overlap extension PCR and the construction of recombinant plasmid, RT-PCR assay was firstly established and evaluated in China after a series of tests, including optimization of reaction conditions, sensitivity and specificity tests, and the application tests of 35 samples. It was shown that a 435 bp specific DNA fragment of the RHDV2 capsid protein (VP60) gene was synthesized in vitro and the recombinant plasmid pMD-19T-RHDV2 was constructed. The sensitivity of the established RT-PCR detection method for RHDV2 could reach about 230 copies of cloned viral genomic fragments of RHDV2, and there was no amplification for RHDV, pGM-T-EBHSV, Pasteurella multocida, Escherichia coli and Salmonella from rabbits by this method. Besides, the application results showed that there were not RHDV2 in the experimental infection RHDV samples and clinical samples. The present research set basis for RHDV2 control study and supplied a back-up method for the rapid detection and prevention of RHDV2.

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Effects of fermentation metabolite produced by probiotics on intestinal morphology and intestinal barrier function in chicken

ZHANG Jun, ZHU Jian-jin, LIU Jiang-ying, JIANG Rong, CHENG Xiang-rong

2016, 28(10): 1657-1662. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.10.05

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In order to evaluate the effects of fermentation metabolite produced by probiotics on intestinal morphology and intestinal barrier function in chicken, 495 1-d-old broilers were randomly allotted into 5 dietary treatments, namely: Treatment Ⅰ, positive control, basal diet + bacitracin zinc 80 mg·kg^-1 feed + colistin sulfate 20 mg·kg^-1 feed + 2% unfermented feed; Treatment Ⅱ, negative control, basal diet + 2% unfermented feed; Treatment Ⅲ, basal diet + 1.0% fermented feed + 1% unfermented feed; Treatment Ⅳ, basal diet + 2.0% fermented feed; Treatment Ⅴ, basal diet + 2.0% sterilized fermented feed. The serum was collected for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) test, ileum was removed for observation of intestinal morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the intestinal mucosa was scraped from the ileum by glass slide to determine the expression of intestinal tight junction. It was shown that the levels of serum lipopolysaccharide in treatment Ⅰ, Ⅳ, Ⅴ tended to be decreased significantly. The treatment Ⅴ and Ⅲ had higher and smoother intestinal villus in ileum than treatment Ⅱ, and the length of microvilli in these 2 treatments were significantly higher than that in treatment Ⅰ and Ⅳ, but villi density was less than that of treatment Ⅰ and Ⅳ. The expression of intestinal tight junction protein in treatment Ⅴ and Ⅳ were up-regulated significantly. These results suggested that not only probiotics but also fermentation metabolite played role in intestinal barrier function.

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Effects of different processed products of Terminalia chebula Retz. on 5-HT of small intestine in mice

ZHAO Si-qi, HE Min, LIANG Xiao-xia, LI Xue, LIAO Li

2016, 28(10): 1663-1670. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.10.06

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This study investigated the effects of Terminalia chebula Retz. and its 2 processed products of Tibetan medicine, Rubia cordifolia L. per Terminalia chebula and Euphorbia fischeriana Steud per Terminalia chebula on the secretory activity of 5-hydroxytryptamine immunoreactive (5-HT-IR) cells in small intestine of mice. Cellular localization and protein expression of 5-HT-IR cells in small intestine were revealed by immunohistochemistry. It was shown that 5-HT cells were widely distributed in small intestine, and the protein expression gradually reduced from duodenum to ileum. After drug delivery for 28 d, the protein expression of 5-HT of small intestine in mice was significantly lower in Rubia cordifolia L. per Terminalia chebula groups (in the dosage of 1.0 and 4.0 g·kg^-1), Euphorbia fischeriana Steud per Terminalia chebula groups (in the dosage of 1.0 and 4.0 g·kg^-1) and Terminalia chebula group (in the dosage of 4.0 g·kg^-1). The efficacy decreased as Rubia cordifolia L. per Terminalia chebula>Euphorbia fischeriana Steud per Terminalia chebula> Terminalia chebula. The efficacies of Terminalia chebula and its processed products in dosage of 4.0 g·kg^-1 were better than those in dosage of 1.0 g·kg^-1. The shape of 5-HT cells varied as cone, ellipse, and spindle. A large number of 5-HT-IR cells were found in the epithelial of intestinal gland and intestinal lamina propria in control group, while these cells were widely distributed in the epithelial cells of intestinal mucosal and epithelial of intestinal gland in experimental groups. This study indicated that Terminalia chebula and its processed products played an important role in adjusting physiological function of small intestine by inhibiting the secretion of 5-HT, and the effect of Rubia cordifolia L. per Terminalia chebula in the dosage of 4.0 g·kg^-1 was the best.

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Polymorphism of SLA-DQB exon 2 and its association with diarrhea in Yantai black pigs

MU Tong, WANG Guo-mei, YANG Qi-rui, JIN Li, ZHANG Hai-long, ZHANG Li, TIAN Xiao-jing, LIU Li-xia

2016, 28(10): 1671-1677. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.10.07

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Polymorphism of SLA-DQB exon 2 in Yantai black pigs was studied using PCR-RFLP, and its correlation with piglets diarrhea was analyzed. The results showed that there were four alleles (A, B, C, D) and seven RFLP genotypes (AA, BB, CC, AB, AC, BC, AD), polymorphism of the DQB exon 2 was abundant. The chi-square test displayed DQB exon 2 of Yantai black pigs deviated Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium(P<0.05). The results of least squares showed that the sex of Yantai black pig and genotype of DQB exon 2 did not have significant influence on diarrhea piglets (P>0.05). However, polymorphism of DQB exon 2 in different genders affected diarrhea piglets (P<0.01). In males, diarrhea score of genotype AD was higher than that of AA genotype (P<0.05), in female, scores of BB, AC, BC, CC were higher than others (P<0.05).

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Study on growth difference and steroid hormones between female and male Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus before sexual maturity

YUE Meng-meng, ZHAO Jin-liang, TANG Shou-jie, WANG Yan, ZHAO Yong-hua

2016, 28(10): 1678-1686. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.10.08

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Studies were conducted to reveal the growth differences between female and male Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by identifying the gender with molecular marker, acid red dyeing method and histological section, meanwhile, the content of serum steroid hormones, testosterone (T) and estradiol (E₂), were also investigated. Results showed that the total length, body weight in the female and male began to show significant differences (P <0.05) at 3.0 and 2.5 months age, respectively. Simultaneously, the Logistic growth equation can be expressed as L_t(♀)=16.443/(1+e^{(2.821-1.363*}^t⁾), L_t(♂)=18.248/(1+e^(2.72-1.295*^t⁾), W_t(♀)=107.704/(1+e^{(5.157-1.464*}^t⁾), W_t(♂)=134.796/(1+e^{(5.080-1.417*}^t⁾). The inflection point for the body weight growth was 3.523 month in the female and 3.585 month in the male, and the corresponding weight was 52.352 and 67.398 g, respectively. The growth rate of total length and body weight in the male was throughout larger than that in the female. Furthermore, the male showed longer period and heavier increment than the female in the fast-growing period. After 3.0 months age, the content of E₂ and T between the male and female was significantly different(P<0.05), respectively. Results suggested that the relative content of E₂ and T may result in the growth difference between the male and female Nile tilapia.

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Effect of salicylic acid and calcium chloride on physiological characteristics of tomato seedlings under drought stress

ZHANG Dong-ye, ZHAO Ting-ting, LI Jing-fu, JIANG Jing-bin, ZHANG He, CHEN Xiu-ling, XU Xiang-yang

2016, 28(10): 1687-1694. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.10.09

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Dongnong 11537 tomato seedlings were applied exogenously with different concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) and calcium chloride (CaCl₂) for 3 d and then treated by drought stress. Plant phenotypes were observed and physiological characteristics were investigated, effects of SA and CaCl₂ upon drought stress were compared and the optimal concentrations of SA and CaCl₂ were screened. The results showed that compared with control group, under drought stress, appropriate application of SA and CaCl₂ could effectively slow down the reduction of relative water content of tomato leaves, suppress the increase of relative conductance rate and malondialdehyde content, increase SPAD value, contents of proline and soluble protein, stimulate the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase, indicating that appropriate application of SA and CaCl₂ could effectively improve drought resistance of tomato seedlings. 0.3 mmol·L^-1 SA and 10 mmol·L^-1 CaCl₂ had the optimal effect for improving drought tolerance of tomato seedlings. To summarize, the effect of 0.3 mmol·L^-1 SA was more prominent.

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Effects of hormone treatments on germination of self-pollinated seeds and hybrid seeds of azalea cultivars

CAO Sha, LIU Bing, ZHOU Hong, XIA Yi-ping

2016, 28(10): 1695-1703. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.10.10

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To find an efficient way to promote seed germination of azaleas, whose seeds were very small and had low germination, self-pollinated seeds from azalea cultivar Zihudie were treated in three ways: 1) water soaking for 6 to 48 h; 2) 100 to 2 000 mg·L^-1 GA₃ soaking for 24 h; 3) cultured in 1/4 MS medium with different combinations of NAA, KT, ZT and GA₃. Then seed germination status of these treatments, including germination time, germination rate and other indicators were compared. The results showed that germination rate of seeds reached 43% when water soaking 24 h and the germination rate increased to 75% when aseptic seeding with 2.0 mg·L^-1 GA₃+0.05 mg·L^-1 NAA. Soaking seeds with 1 600 mg·L^-1GA₃ for 24 h increased the germination rate to 82%, which was 1.82 times as that of the control. Then this GA₃ soaking treatment was set on seeds got from two cross breeding of azalea cultivars which named NO.29 and NO.59. The results showed that when treated with different concentrations of GA₃ for 24 h, germination rate and related index of these two hybrid seeds were superior to those of the controls. Additionally, when the seeds of NO.29 were soaked with 1 200 mg·L^-1 GA₃ for 24 h, the germination rate was 96%. As for NO.59, the germination rate was 95% when the seeds were soaked with 1 600 mg·L^-1GA₃ for 24 h. The seeds germinated 2 and 7 d earlier than the controls, and their germination rates increased 20% and 71% than the controls, respectively. Thus, this treatment especially high concentration of GA₃ soaking was efficient in promoting germination for both self-pollinated seeds and hybrid seeds of azalea cultivars.

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Optimization of chromosome preparation and karyotype analysis of leaf beet

SUN Bo, TIAN Yu-xiao, XIA Xue, LI Meng-jiao, LUO Ling-ling, LI Lin, CHEN Qing, ZHANG Fen, TANG Hao-ru

2016, 28(10): 1704-1710. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.10.11

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In the present study, the green-stalk leaf beet cultivar was used as plant material, chromosome staining factors including dissociation duration, pretreatment and sampling time point were optimized, and karyotype characteristics were also investigated. The results showed that the best chromosome staining and cytoplasm transparency as well as the highest contrast were observed at 12 min dissociation; The best contraction, shape and dispersion of chromosomes were found at 9 h pretreatment with 0.002 mol·L^-1 8-hydroxyquinoline; The percentage of the mitotic cells and metaphase cells reached maximum when sampled at 9:00 A.M.. Leaf beet had a total of 18 chromosomes. The karyotype formula was 2n=2x=18=16m+2sm (2SAT), the ratio of chromosome length (L/S) was 1.52, and the constitution of the relative length was 8M₂+10M₁. The relative lengths ranged from 8.75% to 13.29%, the centromeric index ranged from 36.67% to 47.04%, and arm ratio ranked from 1.13 to 1.73. Moreover, the second pair of chromosomes, which own two satellites (SAT), was submetacentric chromosomes (sm), while other eight pairs of them were metacentric chromosomes (m). Karyotype asymmetry index (As.K) was 58.50%, and karyotype characteristics fell into type 1A according to Stebbins classification criteria. Meanwhile, the obtained results were compared with those from the already reported sugar beet so as to reveal the karyotype differences between the two, and the significant differences were found on karyotype formula, karyotype characteristics, satellites and As.K. In conclusion, the results revealed the karyotype characteristic of leaf beet, and provided a theoretical basis for karyotype comparison among different types of leaf beet.

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Effects of foliar nutrition on fruit yield and quality of Chinese bayberry (Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc.)

XU Yun-huan, LIANG Sen-miao, ZHENG Xi-liang, REN Hai-ying, QI Xing-jiang

2016, 28(10): 1711-1717. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.10.12

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In this study, the effects of three different nutrient solutions including Ainong amino acid, fruit and vegetable quality improver and Cuikang calcium on fruit shape, yield, fruit surface coloring, firmness, the index of quality and storability of Dongkui Chinese bayberry were studied. Compared with the control, the single fruit weight, yield per plant, vertical and horizontal diameter, fruit surface coloring, edible rate, Ca, B element, sugar, acid, firmness, soluble solids, marketability, storability of three different treatments were improved to varying degrees. And the treatment of fruit and vegetable quality improver had the most obvious contribution. After treatment of fruit and vegetable quality improver, the single fruit weight, yield per plant, soluble solids, commodity fruit rate, the content of Ca and B increased by 27.19%, 32.91%, 18.75%, 99.44%, 21.41% and 48.00% compared with the control, respectively. The average number of rotten fruit reduced by 38.30% on the 14th day in the treatment of 2-5 ℃ compared with the control. From correlation coefficients, the single fruit weight and edible rate were positively correlated with contents of Ca and K, respectively.

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Effect of functional organic fertilizer on growth of Chinese cabbage

HAN Li-na, DING Zhe-li, ZENG Hui-cai, ZHENG Wei, HE Ying-dui, GE Yu

2016, 28(10): 1718-1723. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.10.13

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Greenhouse experiment was set at Yonfa experiment station, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, to study the effect of functional organic fertilizer on Chinese cabbage. It was shown that application of functional organic fertilizer could promote the growth of Chinses cabbage, and the effect was better for the functional organic fertilizer with higher content of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). After 20 d of transplantation, the height and leaf width of Chinese cabbage were increased by 30.5% and 24.9%, respectively, with application of functional organic fertilizer containing 2% PGPR compared to the control (CK). The yield, soluble sugar and vitamin C contents were also increased with application of functional organic fertilizer compared to CK and normal organic fertilzer, and the soil microbial community structure was improved.

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Identification and characterization of new tea line Lizaoxiang based on chemical fingerprint

PAN Jian-yi, CHENG Hao, WANG Li-yuan, MA Jun-hui, CHEN Xiang-yun

2016, 28(10): 1724-1729. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.10.14

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Chemical fingerprint technology has widely been implicated for discriminating the identity and origin of tea plant. Difference identification between tea plant cultivars is important for applying for new variety certification. In the current study, we analyzed the chemical composition and proportion of bioactive compounds using HPLC and built a chemical fingerprint to distinguish Lizaoxiang from Longjing 43, Yingshuang and Jiukeng. On the basis of the obtained HPLC chromatographic data, we selected common peak data of more than 90% samples to build chemical fingerprint chromatograph for further analysis. Chromatography revealed that Lizaoxiang was closest to Jiukeng;while the proportion of catechins, gallic acid and caffeine was different from that of Longjing 43, Yingshuang and Jiukeng. These observations help to distinguish Lizaoxiang from Longjing 43, Yingshuang and Jiukeng, and thus provid reference to characterize the difference between the varieties of tea plant for new variety protection.

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Studies on the detached-leaf inoculation method for determination of rice resistance to sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani)

MA Chen-yan, YUAN Zheng-jie, YANG Hai-he, QU Hai-yan, HE Hai-yan, ZHANG Yu, QU Shao-hong

2016, 28(10): 1730-1737. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.10.15

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Rice sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani) is one of the important diseases causing large loss to rice production. Rice resistance to R. solani belongs to quantitative genetic trait. Rice germplasm with high resistance or immunity to sheath blight has not yet been identified. In order to improve the efficiency of screening and characterizing sheath blight-resistant rice germplasm, we made precise control of the experimental conditions for the detached-leaf inoculation method, and developed a quantitative protocol for the evaluation of disease severity. The detached leaf tissues inoculated with R. solani were subjected to quantitative reverse-transcription qRT-PCR analysis. The induced expression of rice pathogenesis-related genes verified the infection of the pathogen into rice. A sheath blight-resistant rice cultivar and a sensitive cultivar were tested using the detached-leaf method, the field inoculation method and the micro-chamber inoculation method, respectively. The three methods showed similar results, and disease scores of the resistant and sensitive cultivars were significantly different based on statistical tests. Taken together, the improved detached-leaf inoculation method had the advantages of easy operation and good repeatability, and could be used for large-scale screening of sheath blight-resistant rice germplasm.

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Biological characteristics of three Lecanicillium species infecting Asian citrus psyllids

LU Lian-ming, DU Dan-chao, HU Xiu-rong, PU Zhan-xu, HUANG Zhen-dong, CHEN Guo-qing

2016, 28(10): 1738-1744. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.10.16

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Strains ZJLA08, ZJLP09 and ZJLSP07, Lecanicillium species isolated from Diaphorina citri cadavers, were identified as Lecanicillium attenuatum, Lecanicillium psalliotae and a new species of Lecanicillium, and showed strong pathogenicity against D. citri. In order to make clear the biological characteristics of these strains, effect of temperature, light and UV irradiation on mycelial growth, sporulation quantity and conidial germination were determined. The results showed that the optimum temperature for mycelial growth, sporulation quantity and conidial germination of these three strains was 25 ℃ to 30 ℃. Light did not exert significant effect on mycelial growth and conidial germination, while was beneficial to sporulation.The sporulation quantity of strains ZJLSP07, ZJLA08 and ZJLP09 were 6.72×10⁸, 6.13×10⁸ and 10.38×10⁸ conidia·mL^-1 after 7 days of incubation under continuous light. UV irradiation exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition effect on mycelial growth, sporulation quantity and conidial germination. After exposure to UV light for 60 min, the inhibition rates to sporulation quantity of strains ZJLSP07, ZJLA08 and ZJLP09 were 38.32%, 51.17% and 32.41%, and to conidial germination were 81.43%, 87.35% and 78.14%, respectively. High humidity could facilitate conidial germination. At 62% relative humidity, the conidial germination rates of strains ZJLSP07, ZJLA08 and ZJLP09 dropped by 84.31%, 86.21% and 77.47%, compared to those at 100% relative humidity. The mycelial growth rate, sporulation quantity and conidial germination rate of strain ZJLP09 were higher than the other two under the same conditions, and had stronger tolerance to high temperature, low humidity and UV irradiation.

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Effect of biochar on carbon and nitrogen content of albic soil

DAI Lin, NIE Ying, FENG Lu, XU Mao-mao, DING Yi-jun, XU Hong-tao, WANG Hong-yan

2016, 28(10): 1745-1754. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.10.17

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In the present study, the effect of different biochar application rate (0,10,20,30 t·hm^-2) on soil carbon and nitrogen content was explored via field test. It was shown that application of biochar increased contents of soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), microbial biomass carbon (MB-C), microbial biomass N (MB-N), nitrate (NO₃^--N) and ammonium (NH₄⁺-N), and the more application, the higher the contents. Compared with CK, SOM, TN, MB-C, MB-N content was increased by 6.88%-43.77%, 1.68%-15.91%, 9.76%-60.88%, 6.72%-68.91%, respectively. The highest contents for above indexes were all reached at the highest biochar application rate. Application of biochar significantly increased NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N content in every soil depth, and showed an overall tendency of 0-10 cm>10-20 cm>20-30 cm. Thus, application of 30 t·hm^-2 was recommended for albic soil.

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Effect of fertilization on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of sunflower on alkaline soil

ZHAO Xiao-xia, HE Wen-shou, ZHANG Feng-ju, CAO Zhe, DANG Ke-ke, YU Xiao-hong, CHEN Tian-xiang

2016, 28(10): 1755-1763. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.10.18

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Under alkaline soil conditions, the effects of fertilization on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of oil sunflower were investigated. It was shown that non-rectangular hyperbolic model was appropriate to simulate the net photosynthetic rate with R²>0.99. Photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate were enhanced significantly with the increase of photosynthetically active radiation after fertilization, while intercellular CO₂ concentration was constantly decreasing. For characteristic parameters of light response curves, the apparent quantum efficiency and maximum net photosynthetic rate reached the highest value under phosphorus-free treatment (NK). Dark respiration rate and light compensation point were the highest under no potassium condition (NP). Light saturation point, yield, biological yield and product increase ratio went maximum under full application of NPK conditions. The highest grain weight was achieved with bio-organic fertilizer application. Unfilled grain rate was the lowest with no potassium applied (NP). In conclusion, proper fertilization could increase grain weight, reduce unfilled grain rate, and increase the accumulation of photosynthetic products and production. Therefore, during the filling stage of oil sunflower, it was feasible to apply phosphorus, potassium and organic fertilizers on the basis of more nitrogen fertilizer rationally to increase the economic output based on the improvement of photosynthetic characteristics.

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Study on physicochemical properties and evaluation of maturity during composting of cotton slags

LIU Yue-zhen, CHEN Qian-qian, CHEN Xiao-yang, HONG Chun-lai, CHEN Lin-tong, LU Jian-jiang

2016, 28(10): 1764-1771. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.10.19

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Cotton slags, characteristic agriculture wastes in Xinjiang Province, were applied in the present study for composting. Cattle manure was added as conditioning agent to explore its effects on cotton slags composting, as well as to reveal the differences of physicochemical properties of material in different depths during composting. The maturity was evaluated on the basis of germination index (GI). It was shown that addition of cattle manure could accelerate the heating up of material, increase the primary fermentation temperature, and shorten the fermentation time. Compared with control, the T index (ratio between final and initial C/N) was reduced to 0.6 in advance of 12 d, and GI was increased with cattle manure added, indicating a lower phytotoxicity. The temperature in the middle layer rose the fastest and was the highest. The increase rate of TOC (total organic carbon) and decrease rate of TN (total nitrogen) in the middle layer was also the greatest, and was followed by the bottom layer and then the surface layer. Due to the easily generated anaerobic zone in the bottom layer, material decomposed slower there, and GI was the lowest before fully composting. After composting, there was no obvious difference of physicochemical properties in different depths.

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Distribution characteristic of different phosphorus speciation in sediment of typical karst wetland located in southeast of Yunnan

ZHAN Nai-cai, LIU Yun-gen, WANG Yan, LIANG Qi-bin, HOU Lei, WANG Shu-jin, ZHANG Hui-juan

2016, 28(10): 1772-1780. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.10.20

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In the present study, Puzhehei karst wetland, located in the southeast of Yunnan, was selected as the research area, and typical sample plots were also set to determine the contents of different speciation of phosphorus and the distribution characteristics of total phosphorus (TP) and different phosphorus speciation (Ca₂-P, Ca₈-P, Ca₁₀-P, Al-P and O-P) in the area of paddy wetland, meadow wetland and lakeside wetland, as well as the correlation analysis among phosphorus speciation. It was shown that the contents of total phosphorus exhibited large variations in the sediment of paddy wetland,meadow wetland and lakeside wetland, which followed the sequence of paddy wetland>lakeside wetland>meadow wetland. Ca-P was the main form of phosphorus speciation in sediments, and the Ca₁₀-P showed the highest proportion in Ca-P. The spatial distribution characteristics of Ca₂-P, Ca₈-P, O-P, Ca₁₀-P were consistent with that of TP. In the vertical direction, the distribution of each phosphorus speciation showed the highest concentrations in the surface layer (0-5 cm) of the sediments in lakeside wetland and decreased with the increasing depth. Each of the phosphorus speciation was positively correlated to TP in sediment, and Ca₂-P and Al-P were significantly correlated to TP.

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Studies on isolation, identification of cold-resistant petroleum-degrading strain and its degradation capability

YANG Rui-qi, XUE Lin-gui, CHANG Si-jing, ZHANG Gao-sen, CHEN Tuo, LIU Guang-xiu

2016, 28(10): 1781-1789. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.10.21

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We obtained a low-temperature resistant crude oil degrading strain known as YF28-1(8) from the soil samples in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Qilian mountain, whose degradation rate was (57.90±3.86)%. Besides, after a preliminary identification on the basis of investigation on its biochemical and biological characteristics and 16S rRNA homology analysis, we defined this strain as Rhodococcus erythropolis. In addition, we drew a conclusion about degradation capability by means of GC-MS, UV-spectrophotometry, gravimetry that YF28-1(8) was able to biodegrade all alkane constituents in different degrees and especially effective to linear saturated alkane. The initial optimum conditions of this strain included: pH value at 7.5, temperature at 30 ℃ and inoculation size of 800 μL and its quantity and degradation rate could reach maximum in only 8 days, meanwhile, surfactant named Tween 80 could only slightly improve its degradation rate.

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Study on northern japonica rice yield model based on canopy date of NDVI

XU Tong-yu, HONG Xue, CHEN Chun-ling, ZHOU Yun-cheng, CAO Ying-li, YU Feng-hua, LI Na

2016, 28(10): 1790-1795. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.10.22

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In the present study, experimental field in Shenyang Agricultural University was selected as study region, and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) remote sensing technology and manual analysis was combined to collect canopy NDVI data of the whole growth of japonica rice in the summer of 2015. Firstly, dual distance variable correlation analysis was applied to reveal the relationships between NDVI data of single day, ten day or each month and yield. Then, the yield and NDVI data which showed good correlations were adopted to build models via linear regression and Square or Cubic curve, and validation test of the constructed regression model and precision comparison were carried out. It was shown that it was better to build model with Square or Cubic curve than linear regress when only one variable was used. The model consisted of data collected in June 11^th to 20^th and August 1^st to 10^th was ideal to predict the yield, of which the determination coefficient (R²), relative error(RE), and root mean square error (RMSE) were 0.771, 4.06% and 0.474 t·hm^-2, respectively. It was of high precision and feasibility. Thus, it was suggested that the most suitable time for japonica rice yield prediction in Northern China was June 11^th to 20^th and August 1^st to 10^th.

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Dynamic relationship between Chinese and Canadian rapeseed future prices and spot prices

WU Qi, CAI Xun, FENG Zhong-chao

2016, 28(10): 1796-1802. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2016.10.23

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Based on the monthly data of Chinese and Canadian rapeseed future prices and spot prices form January 2013 to December 2015, directed acyclic graph and SVAR model were adopted to analyze the dynamic relationship between Chinese and Canadian rapeseed future prices and spot prices. It was shown that Canadian rapeseed futures market played a relatively strong price discovery function on its rapeseed spot market, while Chinese rapeseed futures market played a relatively weak price discovery function on its rapeseed spot market. Although Chinese rapeseed market took part in international rapeseed pricing to a certain degree, it still needed to be improved.

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