Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis

A real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR for detection of genetically modified maize line MIR604

CHANG Lijuan, SONG Jun, ZHANG Fuli, LIU Wenjuan, TANG Chunyan, WANG Dong, YIN Quan

2017, 29(11): 1769-1774. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.11.01

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Genetically modified maize MIR604 is an insect resistant maize line developed by Syngenta in 2005, which was approved as a raw material for food and feed processing in 2008 in China. In order to accurately detect MIR604 and its processing products, event-specific quantitative PCR detection method was established in this study. The PCR primers and probes were designed specially according to the left boundary sequence of MIR604 and maize genome sequence. Finally, we used the method to detect 6 kinds of non-genetically modified crops, MIR604 and other non-target transgenic crops. The results showed that the other samples apart from MIR604 were not detected. The measured value of the sample(CRM) containing 1% MIR604 was 1.07%, which was close to the real value (1%). The sensitivity experiment results indicated the method could detect only 5 copies of MIR604 molecular fragments. Thus, the event-specific quantitative PCR detection method of genetically modified maize MIR604 has high specificity, accuracy and sensitivity, which can be used for quantitative detection of genetically modified maize MIR604.

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Assessment on climatic potential productivity of rice in Guizhou Province

ZHANG Bo, GU Xiaoping, GU Shuhong

2017, 29(11): 1775-1782. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.11.02

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Based on the meteorological data of 81 meteorological stations in Guizhou Province during 1961-2015, the photosynthetic potential productivity, photo-thermal potential productivity, climatic potential productivity and climatic resources utilization of rice were evaluated with successive correction analysis. It was shown that the photosynthetic potential productivity, photo-thermal potential productivity, climatic potential productivity of rice in Guizhou Province exhibited decrease trend, with decrease rates of 484.46, 206.78, 357.38 kg·hm^-2·10 a^-1, respectively. The spatial distribution of the photosynthetic potential productivity was high in eastern and western region, while low in the central and northern region. While, the spatial distribution of photo-thermal potential productivity and climatic potential productivity showed a decrease trend from southeast to northwest. The temporal variation of rice climate resource utilization showed an increase trend at the rate of 0.017%·a^-1, and the average annual climate utilization rate was 9.06%.

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Combined effects of yeast selenium and boron on structure of immune organs and immune function of broilers

JIN Erhui, ZHOU Jinxing, REN Man, Hu Qianqian, JIN Guangming, LI Shenghe

2017, 29(11): 1783-1795. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.11.03

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In order to study the combined effects of yeast selenium and boron on development of immune organ and immune function of broilers, a total of 1 200 one-day-old AA broilers were randomly divided into five groups, the control group and the experimental groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ. Each group included 6 pens and 40 birds per pen. The control group was given a basic diet, while experimental groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ were given basic diets supplemented with 0.3 mg·kg^-1 yeast selenium and different doses of boron (0, 5, 10, 15 mg·kg^-1) for 42 days, respectively. The results showed as follows: 1) Compared with the control group at 21 days of age, the indexes of bursa of Fabricius and the areas of splenic node, periarterial lymphatic sheath and bursa nodule of Fabricius of broilers in experimental group Ⅱ and Ⅲ were significantly (P<0.05) increased; Serum Newcastle disease virus(NDV) antibody and interferon-γ (INF-γ) levels of broilers in experimental group Ⅱ and the serum interleukin-2 (IL-2) contents of broilers in experimental group Ⅲ were also significantly (P<0.05) increased. 2) Compared with the control group at 42 days of age, the indexes of thymus and bursa of Fabricius, and the levels of serum NDV antibody and IL-2, and the areas of splenic node, periarterial lymphatic sheath and bursa nodule of Fabricius of broilers in experimental group Ⅱ and Ⅲ were significantly (P<0.05) increased; the serum IgG and IFN-γ levels of broilers in experimental group Ⅱ were also significantly (P<0.05) increased; The indexes of thymus and bursa of Fabricius and serum IgG levels of broilers in experimental group Ⅰ were significantly (P<0.05) increased. Microscopic observation also showed that at 21 and 42 days of age, the microstructure of immune organs were improved in broilers of experimental group Ⅱ and Ⅲ, such as the structure of white pulp and red pulp of the spleen were clear, the boundary of thymus cortex and medulla was obvious, the node number of bursa of Fabricius were increased and the arrangement was compacted, and the size of bursa of Fabricius lobule also significantly (P<0.05) increased in experimental group Ⅰ. In conclusion, either the alone supplementation of yeast selenium or combined supplementation of yeast selenium and different doses of boron could promote the development of immune organs, improve microstructure and enhance the immune function of broiler to a certain extent, and combined supplementation of 0.3 mg·kg^-1 yeast selenium and 5-10 mg·kg^-1 boron had more obvious beneficial effects.

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Influence of noise on HSPs mRNA transcription in internal organs of meat duck

ZHANG Yang, CHEN Bowen, BIAN Youqing, WANG Zhaoshan, XU Qi, CHANG Guobin, CHEN Guohong

2017, 29(11): 1796-1799. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.11.04

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In order to clarify the physiological effects of noise on meat ducks and improve the animal welfare of meat ducks, 60 ducks were randomly divided into 3 groups. The 80 and 100 dB noise were applied by noise generator to establish stress model in experimental group 1 and 2, respectively. The control group did not apply noise stress. Liver, spleen, lung and kidney tissues were collected after the stress treatment. RT-PCR was used to detect the expression of HSP70 and HSP90 mRNA in each tissue. The results showed that transcription levels of HSP70 and HSP90 mRNA in the liver, spleen, lung and kidney of experimental group 1 and 2 were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.01), and the transcription levels of HSP70 and HSP90 mRNA in experimental group 2 were significantly (P<0.01) higher than those in experimental group 1. Therefore, acute noise stress would increase the transcript of HSPs mRNA in the internal organs of meat ducks.

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Effects of composite antimicrobial peptide on rumen bacteria community structure of goat

CHEN Yun, LIU Qi, DENG Junliang, YANG Yanyi, GAO Shuang, CHEN Chong, YAO Shuhua

2017, 29(11): 1800-1808. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.11.05

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of composite antimicrobial peptide (AMP) on rumen bacteria community structure by MiSeq high throughput sequencing technology, which could provide theoretical basis for the application of antimicrobial peptide in ruminant. Twenty-four male goats (4-month-old) were randomly divided into 4 groups according to the similar weight. Four groups were normal concentrate group A (concentrate 300 g·d^-1·goat^-1), normal concentrate+AMP group C (concentrate 300 g·d^-1·goat^-1 + AMP 3 g·d^-1·goat^-1), double concentrate group D (concentrate 600 g·d^-1·goat^-1), double concentrate + AMP group E (concentrate 600 g·d^-1·goat^-1 + AMP 3 g·d^-1·goat^-1). The rumen fluid samples were collected after 20 d, and then the total DNA were extraced for amplification 16S rRNA(520F-802R), sequencing by MiSeq Illumina250. Results showed as follows: 1) A total of 629 634 valid 16S rDNA sequences and 13 227 operational taxonomic unit (OTU) across 12 samples were obtained. 2) At phylum level, Bacteroidetes was the most abundant phyla in A, C and E groups (38.52%-43.68%), except for the D group (Firmicutes was the most abundant phyla, 34.30%), and Proteobacteria and Spirochaetes were significantly decreased when adding AMP (P<0.05); Firmicutes and Spirochaetes were significantly increased in D group compared with A group(P<0.05), while Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria were significantly decreased (P<0.05). 3) At genus level, Prevotella was the most abundant genus in all samples (25.54%-33.88%), Succiniclasticum, Ruminococcus, Pseudobutyrivibrio and Desulfovibrio were significantly increased when adding AMP (P<0.05 or P<0.01), while Succinivibrio was extremely significantly decreased (P<0.01), and it was not affected by the amount of concentrate; But the change tendency of Selenomonas and Treponema were affected by the amount of concentrate when adding AMP, significantly decreased in C group compared with A group (P<0.05), but no significant difference between D and E groups (P>0.05). Prevotella and Treponema were significantly increased in D group compared with A group (P<0.05), while Succinivibrio was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 4) There were no significant differences (P>0.05) between groups on alpha diversity index (Chao, ACE, Shannon and Simpson). In conclusion, Proteobacteria and Spirochaetes were decreased when adding complex antibacterial peptide, while some genus of cellulolytic were increased; Firmicutes and Spirochaetes were increased when the amount of concentrate changed from 300 to 600 g·d^-1·goat^-1, while Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria were decreased, and Prevotella was increased, while Succinivibrio was decreased. Moreover alpha diversity index was not affected by complex antibacterial peptide or the amount of concentrate changed from 300 to 600 g·d^-1·goat^-1.

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Pathogenicity and epidemiological investigation of outbreaks of fowl adenovirus subpopulation Ⅰ infection in chickens in parts of southwestern China

YAO Kechang, LIU Yueyue, YOU Guojin, LI Shuyun, XIA Jing, HE Xiao, LI Wenwen, DU Lijing, HAN Xinfeng, HUANG Yong

2017, 29(11): 1809-1818. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.11.06

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In 2015-2016, suspected fowl adenoviruses infections were observed in many chicken farms in southwestern China. The liver samples were collected from diseased chickens and inoculated into chicken embryo kidney cells (CEK) cultures for virus isolation, and 16 fowl adenoviruses (FAdV) strains were isolated. After PCR amplificating, sequencing and comparing the conserved sequences located in the pedestal regions adjacent to the L1 loop of the hexon genes of FAdV, all of the 16 stains could be grouped into four serotypes including FAdV-4(13/16), FAdV-8a (1/16), FAdV-8 (1/16) and FAdV-2 (1/16). Then, the delegate strains from those four different serotypes were selected to infect chickens to observe its pathogenicity to chickens, the results showed that the mortality of chickens infected with CH/SCDY/1604(FAdV-4) and CH/CQBS/1504 (FAdV-8a) was 80% and 20%, respectively, while no death of chicken was observed in chickens infected by CH/GZXF/1512(FAdV-2)and CH/CQBS/1512(FAdV-8b). It was concluded that the FAdV-4 was the predominant serotype and was highly pathogenic to chickens, and hydropericardium syndrome (HPS) was the main clinical manifestation. This results could provide reference for the epidemiological investigation and prevention of FAdVⅠinfection in southwestern China.

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Establishment of TaqMan fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR assay for detection of Canine distemper virus without nucleic acid extraction

WEI Bin, TIAN Yi’nan, LI Ping, SHI Mei, CAO Xuefeng, XIAO Qicheng, TU Rui, DAN Jiaming, YANG Tingyu, PENG Guangneng, ZHONG Zhijun

2017, 29(11): 1819-1826. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.11.07

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To establish a direct TaqMan fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR (direct-qRT-PCR) method without extracting nucleic acid for detecting canine distemper virus(CDV). Specificity, sensitivity and reproducibility of the method were tested by using constructed recombinant plasmid. Fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR was used to compare the detection limitation in both the nucleic acid extraction and the viral stock. Clinical samples were also collected and applied for verification the established method. Our results showed that the sensitivity of this method was 1 000 times higher than ordinary PCR. Nucleic acid extraction and viral stock was detected by the established method, the minimum detectable dilution times were 10⁷ and 10⁵, respectively, indicated that the effective cDNA concentration in the sample after nucleic acid extraction was 100 times higher than that using viral stock to test. Specificity and reproducibility results showed that the method had good specificity and reproducibility. 97 clinical samples were detected by this method, 60 samples showed positive. The detectable rate of this method was higher than those of ordinary RT-PCR and colloidal gold rapid detection plate. The positive detectable rate using nucleic acid extraction was perfectly matched with that using viral stock. Compared with ordinary RT-PCR and colloidal gold rapid detection plate, standard curve showed direct-qRT-PCR had high accuracy and positive detectable rate while the virus concentration was higher than 10² copies·μL^-1, and it was worthy of clinical application.

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Correlation analysis of transcriptome, proteome and metabolome of Dioscorea bulbifera L. microtubers conserved in vitro at low temperature

HONG Senrong, WU-XIA Junpeng, XU Wenhui, ZHAN Xuelin, XIE Ni’ni, JIANG Yan, WANG Jinhua, LING Fei, WU Lixia, WAN Lin

2017, 29(11): 1827-1834. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.11.08

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In order to explore the internal mechanism of Dioscorea bulbifera L. microtubers conserved in vitro at low temperature, the correlation of transcriptome, proteome and metabolome was analyzed. The results showed that Log₂ of transcript ratio and protein ratio of D. bulbifera L. microtubers conserved in vitro at low temperature and room temperature all showed normal distribution, which were very similar and consistent with the requirements of real biological samples; Wayne plot analysis of differential proteins and differential transcripts showed that the 84 transcripts were different in both groups, indicating that most of the transcripts were differentially expressed in proteome data; Log₂ logarithm thermal analysis of differential proteins and differential transcripts showed that the difference in transcriptome was greater than that in proteome, most of their differential transcripts were consistent, few were different; Analysis of log₂ logarithmic scatter correlation density plot showed that ratio of differential proteins and transcripts was in the vicinity of 0, the lower left corner and upper right corner that indicating the up/down regulation relationship of transcripts and proteins was consistent were more compared with the upper left corner and lower right corner that indicating the up/down regulation relationship of transcripts and proteins was not consistent, which indicated that consistency degree of the trend of differential expression was higher. Correlation analysis results of transcriptome, proteome and metabolome showed that conservation in vitro of D. bulbifera L. microtubers at low temperature mainly involved the pathway, such as carbon metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, glycolysis, starch and sucrose metabolism, and pyruvate metabolism etc., which could provide a theoretical basis for conservation in vitro at low temperature and low temperature breaking dormancy for D. bulbifera L. microtubers.

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Characteristics and differences of soil fauna community in different management modes of urban lawn

LUO Manli, HUANG Tingting, XIAO Jiujin, HUANG Jinping, ZHANG Jian, PENG Caiyun

2017, 29(11): 1835-1843. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.11.09

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To reveal the community structure of soil fauna in different managements in urban lawn, no weeding, weeding and trampled grassland were chosen as sample plots in July 2015. Soil macro-fauna were picked up by hands. nematodes and meso-fauna were separated and collected from the soil samples by Baermann and Tullgren methods, respectively. Results showed that soil fauna had 1 009 individuals, belonging to 2 phylums, 11 classes, 20 families. The order of the average density of soil fauna was no weeding (3.84×10⁴ ind.·)>weeding (3.63×10⁴ ind.·)>trampling (2.79×10⁴ ind.·). The order of species number was no weeding (33)>weeding (27)>trampling (20). There were significant differences between no weeding and weeding on the density-group index (DG) (P<0.05). The various diversity index (H') among the lawn managements were not significantly different (P>0.05), while the specie numbers of soil macro-fauna were significantly different (P<0.05). Results indicated that the richness, diversity and homogeneity of soil fauna were closely negatively correlated with intensity of human interference.

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Evaluation of nutrient status in site soil of ancient tea trees in Huaxi on principal component analysis

SONG Qinfei, NIU Suzhen, CHEN Zhengwu, YIN Jie, ZHOU Shaojun, CEN Chunjiao

2017, 29(11): 1844-1853. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.11.10

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This study was conducted to investigate soil nutrient status of ancient tea trees in Huaxi, Guizhou Province, and to provide the basic data for protection and rational utilization of ancient tea trees. Thirty-seven site soil samples were collected from Qiantao, Maling, Jiuan and Gaopo. The pH value, organic matter(OM), total nitrogen(TN), available nitrogen(AN), total phosphorus(TP), available phosphorus(AP), available potassium(AK), exchangeable calcium(ECa), exchangeable aluminum (EAl)and available manganese(AMn) and the relationship between them were measured and analyzed. Then the method of principal component analysis was used to estimate the status of soil fertility by means of estimating IFI. The results showed that the pH value, contents of exchangeable calcium and effective aluminum of site soil was suitable for ancient tea tree growth,the contents of soil organic matter, available nitrogen and available potassium were sufficient. But the content of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and available phosphorus were very low in 59.45%, 91.89% and 86.49% side soil, respectively. Available manganese changed greatly, only 40.54% side soil contained suitable available manganese for ancient tea tree. Soil integrated fertility index (IFI) was 19.23. According to the value of IFI, side soil with fertility at middle grade accounted for 64.86%, so the soil fertility quality of side soil belonged to the middle level in general. The best nutrient status of side soil came from Malin, then Jiuan and Gaopo, the side soil from Qiantao was the worst, which suggested that soil fertility management should focus on increasing the content of phosphorus and nitrogen.

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Inhibition of four vegetable edible organ extracts on bacterial contamination in plant tissue culture

LI Bai, GAO Guangchun, FANG Qi, LI Jun

2017, 29(11): 1854-1861. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.11.11

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Plant extracts were obtained from four vegetable edible organs including ginger rhizome, onion bulb, garlic bulb and bitter gourd fruit. The extraction methods were hot water extraction, ultrasonic wave extraction with water, ultrasonic wave extraction with ethanol, volatile oil extraction. Inhibition of these extracts on bacterial contamination in the production of tissue culture were discussed. The results showed that the crude extracts from the four plants had inhibition on the bacteria while single plant extracts could not inhibit all the bacteria. Crude extracts obtained by different extraction methods had different antimicrobial effects. Ultrasonic wave extraction with ethanol had the best antibacterial effect among the three solvent extraction methods. The essential oil from garlic and ginger could significantly inhibit Pseudomonas (B2) and Enterobacter (B11), and other extracts had no significant inhibition. Minimum inhibitory concentration results showed that the MIC value of crude extract from garlic using ultrasonic wave extraction with ethanol was lower than those of other extracts, ginger and garlic essential oil had low MIC value and higher fresh weight. This research could provide references for the prevention and control of bacterial contamination in plant tissue culture.

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Biological characteristics of Alternaria tenuis Nees on Dendrobium gratiosissimum Rchb. f.

LIANG Linbo, WANG Shiyu, YANG Jianhua, ZHANG Yusi

2017, 29(11): 1862-1867. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.11.12

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Biological characteristics of Alternaria tenuis Nees on Dendrobium gratiosissimum Rchb. f. were studied. The results showed that temperature, pH, light, carbon source and nitrogen source affected the growth and sporulation of the fungus. The optimal growth temperature was 25 ℃, while Alternaria tenuis Nees almost could not grow at 40 ℃. The optimal pH was 5.0-6.0. The optimal light conditon for sporulation was 12 h lighting and 12 h dark circle in a day at 25 ℃; Sucrose, glucose, lactose and starch could be used as carbon sources at different level in PSA medium. So did the nitrogen sources. Colony diameter was the biggest when NH₄NO₃ was used as nitrogen source, while smallest when glycine was used as nitrogen source.

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Recognition method of winter jujube diseases based on internet of things and deep convolutional neural network

ZHANG Shanwen, HUANG Wenzhun, YOU Zhuhong

2017, 29(11): 1868-1874. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.11.13

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Focusing on the problem of traditional crop disease recognition methods that the artificially designed features are more susceptible to the crop disease image shapes, illumination and background, a recognition method of jujube disease was proposed based on the internet of things and deep convolutional neural network (DCNN). The network model was composed of input layer, 4 convolutional layers, 3 down-sampling layers, fully-connection layer and output layer. The proposed method can extract effective features of winter jujube disease image and recognize the diseases, avoiding the complicated feature extraction process of the traditional crop disease method. The proposed method was verified on the winter jujube fruit disease database, and the recognition rate was above 92%. The experimental results showed that the proposed method was suitable for winter jujube disease recognition on the large-scale disease database collected by internet of things.

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Yield effect and influence factors of one-time fertilization on single-cropping rice in the lower reaches of Yangtze River

WANG Qiang, JIANG Li’na, PAN Jianqing, LI Jianqiang, FU Jianrong, MA Junwei, YE Jing, YU Qiaogang, SUN Wanchun, ZOU Ping, LIN Hui

2017, 29(11): 1875-1881. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.11.14

Abstract ( 454 )

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A multi-point field plot experiment about one-time fertilization schemes of single-cropping rice combined with different types of slow release nitrogen and conventional urea was conducted in Zhejiang Province, and multi-point demonstration experiment of the similar commercial products of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer was conducted in Zhejiang and Anhui Province. The results showed that with the support of the appropriate slow-release fertilizer, one-time fertilization in the lower reaches of Yangtze River could achieve the same or higher yield compared with the conventional urea application. The yield of the treatment with a ratio of 60∶40 for resin-coated urea and conventional urea received the highest average yield (8 287.6 kg·hm^-2), which was higher than that of conventional urea application (8 151.4 kg·hm^-2). The results of the multi-point demonstration experiment verified the results of the multi-point field plot experiment. Resin-coated urea treatment had a significant effect of increasing yield, with the average yield of 9 356.0 kg·hm^-2, which was increased by 9.78% as compared with the conventional fertilization treatment. Soil type affected the effect of one-time fertilization treatment. The resin-coated urea had obvious effect in most soil types, while the effect of stability fertility on different soil types was varied. The effect of one-time fertilization on the heavily clay soil was better than that on the light soil. There was significant difference in the effect of one-time fertilization on different rice varieties supported by different slow-release fertilizers.

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Soil bacterial community composition and diversity of five soil types in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

WANG Xin, CHENG Liang

2017, 29(11): 1882-1889. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.11.15

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In August 2015, soil bacterial diversity under five soil types (Castanozeras, mountain meadow soil, chernozems, gray desert soil, gray-cinnamon soil) was measured using Illumina high-throughput sequencing. It was shown that soil total organic carbon and total nitrogen varied in the order of castanozeras>mountain meadow soils>chernozems>gray desert soils>gray-cinnamon soils. There was no correlation between soil nutrient accumulation and the elevation of the sampling sites. The dominant phyla across all the soils were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteri, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi and Firmicutes. The bacteria diversity (species richness and phylogenetic diversity) of castanozeras and mountain meadow soils was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of other soil types. Phylogenetic diversity in gray desert soil was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of other soil types. The lowest phylotype richness was observed in gray-cinnamon soil. The results of the canonical correspondence and Pearson correlation analysis showed that soil moisture content, and contents of potassium, total organic carbon and total nitrogen were the main factors that affected the soil bacterial community composition and alpha diversity in these five soil types.

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Effects of vermicompost on nitrogen mineralization and nitrification of latosol in cane field in Hainan

SHAN Ying, ZHAO Fengliang, ZOU Ganghua, LI Wei, HE Zhenli, ABDELAZIZ Adel M R A

2017, 29(11): 1890-1896. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.11.16

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To explore the effect of vermicompost on N mineralization and nitrification of latosol, soil was collected from a cane field in Hainan to conduct a microcosm experiment. Treatments included CK (no vermicompost was applied) and 4 ratios of vermicompost and soil mass as 1∶11, 1∶5, 1∶3 and 1∶2 were set to determine the dynamic changes of pH, total nitrogen (TN), NH4+-N, NO3--N and mineral N contents in soil. The results showed that soil pH increased by 0.11-0.98 units with vermicompost as compared to CK. NO3--N and mineral N contents in the soil with vermicompost application were 1.67-6.09 times and 1.21-2.83 times of those in the control after 52 d incubation. In contrast, NH4+-N contents in the soil were lower than that in the control. Soil net N mineralization rate and nitrification rate were 1.47-5.13 times and 2.23-8.16 times of those in the control, respectively. Overall, the increase of vermicompost application improved soil N mineralization and nitrification.

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Rapid determination of physical and chemical indicators in camellia oil based on near infrared spectrum analysis

JIANG Qi, ZHANG Yu, YANG Hua, WANG Qiang, WANG Junhong, LI Xue, ZHU Zuoyi, WANG Wei, ZHANG Cunli

2017, 29(11): 1897-1902. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.11.17

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In order to non-destructively and precisely determine the iodine value, acid value and peroxide value in camellia oils, the quantitative models for iodine value, acid value and peroxide value were established by near infrared spectroscopy (NIS) with partial least squares (PLS). It was shown that the best models of iodine value, acid value and peroxide value were established by first derivative and Savitzky-Golay filter (S-G) with PLS based on the selected spectral ranges of 5 966-9 000, 4 447-5 665, 4 447-5 605 cm^-1. Verification test showed that the correlation coefficients (R²) of predicated values and determination results were 0.999 2, 0.997 7, 0.996 9. Therefore, it was feasible to detect physical and chemical indicators in camellia oils based on NIS with the constructed models.

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Optimization of Se-rich liquid fermentation conditions and antioxidant activity of polysaccharide from Auricularia auricula mycelia

CHAI Xinyi, NI Zanpeng, YU Shijun, ZHANG Weiwei, YIN Peifeng

2017, 29(11): 1903-1911. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.11.18

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The specific objectives of the study were to determine the optimal culture conditions of Se-accumulation and antioxidant activity of polysaccharide from Auricularia auricula mycelia in order to provide some references for liquid fermentation of Auricularia auricula and industrialization of its polysaccharide production. The single factor and orthogonal experiment was used to get the optimal culture conditions of Auricularia auricula by Se-accumulation of mycelia. The free radical scavenging activity of DPPH (1,1-phenyl-2-hydrazide) was used as the index to study the antioxidant activity of polysaccharide from Auricularia auricula mycelia. The results showed that the optimal culture conditions were as follows: glucose 20 g·L^-1, yeast extract 2.5 g·L^-1, selenium concentration 7.5 μg·mL^-1, pH 6.5,temperature 28 ℃, rotational speed 140 r·min^-1, and cultivation 5 d. Se-accumulation under the optimal culture conditions was 853.16 μg·g^-1,which was 66% higher than that of the original conditions. The antioxidant activity of polysaccharide from Auricularia auricula mycelia in scavenging DPPH radical was 76.12%. Se-accumulation of Auricularia auricula was obviously improved with the optimal culture conditions.

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Environment control system of seedling box based on image processing

LI Qi, HU Yicong, WU Fuchuang

2017, 29(11): 1912-1919. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.11.19

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In the process of raising seedlings in the domestic market, there are many problems, such as poor facilities, occupying more land resources, and no scientific method of environmental regulation, a kind of environment control system for seedling growing box was designed, and a method for simultaneous determination of stem diameter of multi-seedling was proposed by image processing technique. Firstly, the growth information of seedlings was obtained, the median filter method was used to preprocess the image, and the target area was extracted based on the Otsu automatic threshold segmentation method, through the “stacked wood” way to achieve seedling stem segmentation extraction. Stem diameter D and stem diameter variation ΔD were the input of fuzzy inference system, the output of the fuzzy inference system was the temperature setting value. Temperature was controlled by PID method to achieve the control of the temperature inside the nursery box. The experimental results showed that the system can adjust the temperature of the seedlings in real time according to the growth of the seedlings, reflect the scientific planting pattern and enhance the economic benefit, and promote the cultivation of high quality seedlings.

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Rapid and non-destructive estimation method for aboveground biomass of Tamarix ramosissima based on Android platform

WANG Yangyang, SUN Wei, LI Gan, KANG Zhenghua, MIAO Jian

2017, 29(11): 1920-1929. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.11.20

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Estimation of desert shrub biomass is an important index to study the structure and function of desert ecosystem. In order to realize the real-time, nondestructive and rapid estimation of aboveground biomass of desert shrubs, by using the technology of mechanical design and manufacture, a field measuring device for the aboveground biomass of desert shrubs was developed. With the integrated application of digital image processing algorithm based on the Android platform, the non-destructive and rapid estimation software for the aboveground biomass of desert shrubs was developed. The southern fringe of Gurbantunggut Desert in Xinjiang in 150 strains of Tamarix ramosissima as the experimental object, the biomass was effective nondestructive method for fast estimating verification on desert shrubs. The results showed that the optimal biomass model was B=15.215+369.44S-42.03S²+1.668S³, which was based on the area of vertical view of Tamarix ramosissima. The coefficient of determination was the maximum value. Compared with the actual measurement results, the average absolute error of the system was 79.12 g, the average system error was 1.73%, the mean absolute percentage error was about 18.59%, and the correlation coefficient between the estimated value and the measured value was about 0.939 1. It can effectively measure the biomass, improving work efficiency for rapid and non-destructive estimation of aboveground biomass of Tamarix desert.

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Acquisition of operation parameters of intelligent leaf vegetable harvester under natural lighting

WU Yuanyuan, SHANG Xin, ZHANG Chengbin, XIE Xinyi

2017, 29(11): 1930-1937. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.11.21

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Aiming at the problem of obtaining navigation parameters and the height of cutting platform parameters autonomously during the operation of intelligent leaf vegetable harvester, the method of obtaining two kinds of job parameters by machine vision was proposed. Firstly, the autonomous navigation parameters were studied, the collected images of leaf vegetables were pretreated and the navigation discrete points were obtained. The robust regression method was used to linearly fit the discrete points to obtain the navigation control parameters so that the harvester could adjust the direction of the work. Then the parameters for the height of the cutting table, image preprocessing and stubble height feature extraction of leafy vegetables were adjusted. The stubble height was used as the parameter of the height of the cutting table of the harvester. The results showed that the accurate line recognition rate was 97%, and the relative error of stubble height was 8 mm, the maximum relative error was 11.9%. It showed that the method could effectively extract the direction parameters and stubble height under natural light, which provided technical support for intelligent and accurate operation of unmanned harvester.

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Measurement and analysis on contribution rate of cotton input factors in China: Based on time-varying elasticity production function

WANG Li, CHEN Qian, LIU Jingde, Yu Yu, CHEN Bing

2017, 29(11): 1938-1948. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.11.22

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In the present study, the unreasonable neutral assumption of constant output elasticity of the Cobb-Douglas production function was broadened, and the output elasticity of cotton cultivated area, material capital and labor force investment per unit area were regarded as variable parameters. With panel data of input and output in the 11 main cotton production provinces through 1998-2015 in China, a model of variable parametric production function was proposed to calculate the elasticity of cotton input factors and to measure the contribution rate of each input factor. It was shown that time-varying parameters in the production function of cotton did exist, and the returns to scale continued to increase in recent years. Contribution rate of each input factor remained fluctuating. Specifically, the contribution rate of cotton cultivated area increased at first and then decreased, the contribution rate of material capital investment per unit area kept decreasing, the contribution rate of labor force investment per unit area kept increasing, and the contribution rate of technical progress decreased at first and then increased .According to the changing tendency of contribution rate of each input factor in cotton production and the external environment that cotton industry faced, policy recommendations were put forword.

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Analysis on reform of shareholder rights for rural collective property: A case study of Deqing County in Zhejiang Province

LIN Hang, LI Zhenhua

2017, 29(11): 1949-1956. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.11.23

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Based on the survey of Deqing county, the only pilot unit of the national reform of shareholder rights for rural collective property in Zhejiang province, this paper aims at analyzing Deqing’s experiences and achievements, in particular the “eight institutional innovations”, the “six rights” accorded to the rural residents, as how the “Deqing model” in defining shareholder rights, regulating institutions, constructing transaction platforms, and activating mortgage functions. In connection with the problems emerging from Deqing’s experiences, this paper advices to define the spectrum of shareholders, solidify the shareholder rights through static management, confer status of legal entity upon organizations of rural collective property, regulate distribution of collective income, as well as create mortgage and guarantee pilot units for rural property.

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