Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis

Genome-wide association analysis of lodging resistance of millet in Luoyang and Jilin ecological regions

JIA Xiaoping, ZHANG Bo, QUAN Jianzhang, WANG Yongfang, DONG Zhiping, YUAN Xilei, LI Jianfeng

2018, 30(12): 1981-1991. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.12.01

Abstract ( 966 )

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Lodging is an important factor affecting the yield and quality of millet. In order to uncover the genetic mechanism of lodging resistance in foxtail millet, 98 foxtail millet cultivars were selected to investigate lodging rate in Luoyang and Jilin, further re-sequencing was performed for the association analysis between SNPs and lodging resistance. The results showed that lodging rate of 98 foxtail millet cultivars gave same distribution law in Luoyang and Jilin: number of cultivars without lodging>number of cultivars with fewer lodging>number of cultivars with quite a few lodging. 4 482 208 SNP markers were developed by re-sequencing and the 98 foxtail millet cultivars were divided into three groups by population structure analysis. LD analysis found that linkage disequilibrium decline distance of foxtail millet genome was 47.5 kb. 764 and 24 SNP sites associated with lodging resistance were detected in Luoyang and Jilin respectively by genome-wide association analysis. A candidate gene coding LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (LOC101776261) on Chr6 was detected both in Luoyang and Jilin. Furthermore, some wall-associated receptor kinase genes(LOC105914550,LOC101786429,LOC105913474,LOC101766879) that were function-related but lied in different loci were detected on Chr6 and Chr8 in Luoyang and Jilin. Some genes such as cytochrome P450 protein, UDP-glycosyltransferase and kinesin protein were detected on different chromosomes in Luoyang and Jilin. All of candidate genes above may be related to lodging resistance of foxtail millet. Lodging resistance was a complicated quantitative character that controlled by multiple genes in foxtail millet and the protein kinase genes may play important role in lodging resistance of foxtail millet.

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Differences of yield, accumulation and translocation properties of dry matter and N, and N use efficiency between indica-japonica hybrid rice and japonica rice

CHEN Gui, CHEN Mei, ZHANG Hongmei, WANG Shilei, SHI Weiming, CHENG Wangda

2018, 30(12): 1992-2000. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.12.02

Abstract ( 941 )

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A field experiment was conducted to study the differences of yield, yield response to nitrogen (N) fertilizer application based on the individual and the unit area within indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivars Yongyou 12 and Jiayouzhongke 6, and japonica rice cultivar Xiushui 134 under respective planting densities. Meanwhile, yield components, accumulation and redistribution properties of dry matter and N, and N use efficiencies were also studied. The results showed that the yield based on the individual, unit area and daily output of Yongyou 12 and Jiayouzhongke 6 were higher than that of Xiushui 134, among which the difference of individual yield was more obvious. Although the spike number of unit area and seed setting rate of indica-japonica hybrid rice were relatively lower, the advantages of large panicle with more spikelets were more obvious. With the increase of N fertilizer input, the yields of Yongyou 12 and Jiayouzhongke 6 showed increasing trend. While, the yield of Xiushui 134 began to decline when N input was over 200 kg·hm^-2. The accumulations of dry matter and N for both individual and unit-area rice plants of Yongyou 12 and Jiayouzhongke 6 were higher than that of Xiushui 134, of which the individual difference was more obvious. Generally speaking, translocation amounts or efficiencies of dry matter and N for the unit-area in Yongyou 12 and Jiayouzhongke 6 were relatively lower than those of Xiushui 134. Yongyou 12 and Jiayouzhongke 6 showed higher N use efficiencies, which is mainly characterized as higher N uptake efficiency, other than physiological N use efficiency. In conclusion, the indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivars possessed obviously stronger abilities in biomass development and N uptake compared to the japonica rice cultivar. However, their translocation amount and efficiency were lower. Compared with its N uptake efficiency, the physiological N use efficiency in indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivars should be further improved.

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HMW-GS composition analysis of core wheat breeding parents in Southern Zhejiang region

LIU Yong'an, PAN Binrong, YUE Gaohong, MEI Xixue, XU Likui, ZHANG Zongchen, ZHOU Zhihui

2018, 30(12): 2001-2006. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.12.03

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In order to learn the genetic basis of quality of the core wheat breeding parents in Southern Zhejiang region, the composition of high molecular weight glutenin subunit of twenty-eight core cultivars (lines) was analyzed using the method of SDS-PAGE. The results showed that there were Null (57.14%) and 1 (42.86%) subunit alleles on Glu-A1 loci; 7+8 (67.86%), 7+9 (25.00%), 17+18 (3.57%) and 13+16 (3.57%) subunit alleles on Glu-B1 loci; 2+12 (96.43%) and 5+10 (3.57%) subunit alleles on Glu-D1 loci. On the other hand, there were five kind of HMW-GS combinations, 1/7+8/2+12 (39.29%), Null/7+8/2+12 (28.57%), Null/7+9/2+12 (25.00%), 1/17+18/5+10 (3.57%) and Null/13+16/2+12 (3.57%), respectively.

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Analysis of genetic codon usage preference in pig Claudin family

ZONG Qiufang, HUANG Yanjie, WU Lisi, WU Shenglong, BAO Wenbin

2018, 30(12): 2007-2017. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.12.04

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Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) can cause diarrhea in piglets by infecting pig intestinal epithelial cells. The tight junction protein is an important part of the intestinal mucosal barrier. As one of the important tight junction proteins, the Claudin family constitutes the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier and determines intestinal permeability. Studying the use of codons can help to further understand the molecular mechanisms and evolutionary relationships of a particular gene. In order to reveal the Claudin family gene codon usage patterns, we analyzed the coding sequences of 22 genes in Claudin family and calculated nucleotide composition, relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) and the codon bias parameters by using CodonW and the online website EMBOSS Explore. At the same time, the influence factors of the codon usage preference of the Claudin family were analyzed. The results showed that Claudin family genes mainly prefer codons ending in G/C; RSCU value analysis showed that the 11 codons CUG, AUC, GUG, UCC, CCC, ACC, GCC, CAG, CGC, CGG, GGC had a strong preference and were dominant codons. The clustering results showed that Claudin-3 and Claudin-4 were closer, and Claudin-10 and Claudin-11 were closer. In addition, Claudin family gene codon bias was mainly affected by mutational pressure. This study analyzed the codon usage pattern of Claudin family genes, to reveal the genetic and evolutionary relationship between these genes, and provide some theoretical guidance for improving the expression level of foreign genes from the codon optimization approach in the future.

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SNP screening and bioinformatics analysis of MSTN in Japanese White Rabbit

REN Weihe, REN Wenwen, MA Boyan, GAO Chenghong, LI Hongxu, LIU Lixia, CAO Xin, ZHANG Li

2018, 30(12): 2018-2023. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.12.05

Abstract ( 849 )

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To investigate the relationship within MSTN gene and growth and meat quality traits in Japanese White Rabbit, a mixed DNA pool was built, PCR amplification and direct sequencing techniques were used to screen single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of this gene, and the SNP loci with significant effect on the meat quality of Japanese White Rabbit were screened. Functional prediction and homology analysis of proteins encoded by MSTN gene of Japanese White Rabbit were carried out at molecular level by bioinformatics method. The results showed that, the sequence length of MSTN gene coding region of Japanese White Rabbit was 1 128 bp, encoding 375 amino acids, which was an unstable water-soluble protein. The protein molecular weight was 42.8 ku, theoretical equal electric point was 6.97, protein tertiary structure was mixed type, and the irregular curl occupied the highest proportion. One SNP site was found in the non coding region of the amplification area, which did not affect the change of encoded amino acids. Homology analysis showed that, the similarity between MSTN gene of Japanese White Rabbit and common rabbit was 100%, and MSTN gene of Japanese White Rabbit had a higher similarity to the home cat and the kinship was close.

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Cloning and characterization of LlMBF1a in lily induced by gray mold pathogen

CAO Xing, ZHANG Xiusheng, HOU Dong, SUI Juanjuan, MU Hongmei, GAO Xiangbin, LYU Futang, GUO Shangjing, WANG Guiqing

2018, 30(12): 2024-2030. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.12.06

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Previous studies revealed that MBF1a was involved in host defense response. The MBF1a homologous gene was isolated from lily cultivar White Heaven by silico cloning and RT-PCR approaches. The open reading frame of LlMBF1a gene was 429 bp, encoding a protein of 142 amino acid residues, and the molecular weight of LlMBF1a protein was 15.53 ku with a theoretical isoelectric point of 10.12. Bioinformatics analysis predicted that LlMBF1a was a stable soluble non-secreted protein, containing a typical MBF1 motif and a helix-turn-helix motif. Subcellular localization assay indicated LlMBF1a expressed in nucleus. The expression of LlMBF1a was at a similar level in leaf, stem, bulb and root, and was induced by Botrytis cinerea. The up-regulation of LlMBF1a in resistant variety was higher and more persistent than that in susceptible variety, suggesting LlMBF1a might be correlated to the resistance of lily against gray mold.

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Identification and expression analysis of PAL gene family in apple

ZHANG Lizhi, FAN Sheng, AN Na, ZUO Xiya, GAO Cai, ZHANG Dong, HAN Mingyu

2018, 30(12): 2031-2043. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.12.07

Abstract ( 951 )

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Based on apple genome and the genomic database of Golden Delicious, 8 apple PAL genes were identified through BLAST tool. All members shared conserved MIO active site including Ala-Gly-Ser. The analysis of classification and evolutionary relationship showed that the 8 MdPAL genes were divided into three groups, the molecular weight was between 47.713 and 81.748 ku, the isoelectric point was between 5.44 and 6.39, and the members of one subgroup shared similar gene structure and conserved protein motifs. Based on GEO database and qRT-PCR, expression patterns of MdPAL genes in different organs and different stages of fruits in Nagafu No.2 were determined. The analysis of expression patterns of MdPAL genes in different organs showed that MdPAL2, MdPAL3/4/6/7, MdPAL8 had the highest expression levels in leaves, while MdPAL1 and MdPAL5 expressions were the highest in flowers. The expression patterns were diverse. In 5 stages of the fruit development in Nagafu No.2, the expression patterns of MdPAL genes were significantly increased in the young stage or the ripening stage except MdPAL1, indicating that they might play important roles in different stages during the fruit development.

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Changes of nutritional quality and aroma during fruit development of Fragaria ananassa Duch. cv Benihoppe

ZHAO Guofu, WANG Jin'ao, XIE Tinghui

2018, 30(12): 2044-2048. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.12.08

Abstract ( 954 )

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Understanding the nutritional quality and aroma composition of strawberry fruit has important guiding significance for the selection of strawberry varieties with high nutritional value and strong aroma. In this study, micro extraction-solid phase combined with GC-MS was used to analyze the changes of nutrient quality and aroma components in different developmental stages of strawberry. The results showed that the contents of anthocyanin, soluble sugar and vitamin C (V_C) increased with fruit development. The aroma components of strawberry were composed of aldehydes, ketones, alcohols and esters. The main components were 2-hexenal (26.46%), 3,7-dimethyl 1.6 octadien-3-ol (15.96%), and 2-nerolidol (13.94%), etc. Among them, aldehydes content increased with fruit development; alcohols content was less in immature fruit, but increased sharply in mature fruit, up to 31.31%. Based on the aroma value (relative content/flavor threshold) of the main aroma components, it was speculated that the characteristic aroma of mature strawberry fruit were hexenal and furanone. The results of this study would provide a theoretical basis for strawberry quality control and the selection of new strawberry varieties.

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Survey and landscape construction analysis of flowering plants in Nanjing agritourism parks

CHEN Yu, CHEN Shulin

2018, 30(12): 2049-2055. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.12.09

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In order to understand the utilization of flowering plant resources in agritourism park in Nanjing, and to find the current problems and put forward construction strategies and development suggestions, and to provide scientific reference for improving the landscape diversity, competitiveness and attraction of agritourism parks. By taking Nanjing as an example, we chose 15 types agritourism parks in Nanjing, and used the method of practical investigation to analyze species, ornamental period, color and configuration of flowering plants. According to the results of this study, flowering plants in Nanjing agritourism parks were rich in plant level and varied in landscape construction. However, the seasonal landscape effect was only concentrated in spring and summer, and the duration of each season was short. The colors of flowering plants were mainly red. Plant materials in different agritourism parks were similar, and the homogenization was serious. On this basis, three construction strategies and development suggestions were put forward to provide ideas for the selection of flowering plants in agritourism parks, which included matching flower species with site and extended plant ornamental period; one garden with one scene, building the characteristic of the park; exploring the beauty of plant culture.

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Function of DnaJ-like proteins in infection of Turnip mosaic virus onto Nicotiana benthamiana

SUN Chaochen, YAN Fei, CHEN Jianping

2018, 30(12): 2056-2064. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.12.10

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Heat shock protein 40 (HSP40) contains a conserved J domain, also named DnaJ protein. Its homologous protein is called DnaJ-like protein. Current research shows that HSP40 family responds to the infection of multiple viruses, but the ways in their respective functions are different. Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) is an important vegetable virus that causes serious economic losses to vegetable production. At present, it is unclear whether the DnaJ-like protein responds to the infection of TuMV and whether DnaJ-like protein play a role in TuMV infection. In this study, 16 genes belonging to DnaJ protein class A subfamily and B subfamily were cloned from Nicotiana benthamiana. The qRT-PCR analysis showed that DnaJ-like protein family genes were up-regulated in TuMV-infected N. benthamiana. Silencing the genes NbJ1 and NbJ5, the typical gene of subfamily A and B, respectively, caused the reduced TuMV accumulation. The results showed that DnaJ-like protein might play a role in TuMV infecting, which provided a new way to understand the pathogenic mechanism of TuMV.

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Isolation, identification, and inhibition charateristics of a Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum inhibiting strain

LYU Zhihang, XU Weihui, WANG Zhigang, WANG Chunlong, LIU Zeping, CHEN Wenjing, SHI Yiran

2018, 30(12): 2065-2071. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.12.11

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To isolate a Fusarium oxyxporum f. sp. niveum(FON)-inhibiting strain, the plant rhizosphere soil which was located in Zhalong Nature Reserve, Heilongjiang Province was collected and used. The FON-inhibiting strain was screened out by antagonistic experiment, and was identified by morphological test and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Moreover, the inhibition characteristics were studied using mycelial growth, spore germination and scanning electron microscope methods. The results showed that the FON-inhibiting strain was classified as Bacillus licheniformis, and was named as MLY01. When the ratio of filtrate to medium was 1∶1, the inhibition rate of FON mycelial growth was 71.85%, the inhibition rate of biomass was 79.55%, and the inhibition rate of spore germination was 76.81% at 36 h. The number of spore was decreased and surface was rough, and the hyphae of FON was deformed after 12 h treatment by cell-free cultural filtrate of MLY01. These results indicated that MLY01 was a high-efficiency FON-inhibiting strain, and it could be used to develop antibacterial agent in future.

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Cloning, prokaryotic expression, purification and interaction with ABI5 of Arabidopsis thaliana AFP4

DENG Zibing, QIU Liangkun, MA Jianzhong

2018, 30(12): 2072-2080. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.12.12

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Arabidopsis thaliana ABI5 interacting protein AFP4 (ABI five binding protein 4) is a small molecule protein in plants, and its expression characteristics was similar with ABI5, and was induced by ABA. In this paper, Arabidopsis thaliana L. cv. Columbia was used as a material to amplify the complete coding sequence of AFP4 gene by PCR. The amplified fragment was inserted into the multiple cloning site of prokaryotic expression vector pET-32a(+) and yeast two-hybrid vector pGBKT7. The coding sequence of the ABI5 gene was inserted into the multiple cloning site of the yeast two-hybrid vector pGADT7. The results of recombinant plasmid showed that the cloned AFP4 and ABI5 coding sequences were 100% identical to the AFP4 gene (GenBank accession number NM_111081.2) and ABI5 gene (GenBank accession number NM_129185.3) included in NCBI database. The recombinant molecular weight of recombinant protein containing AFP4 fragment was 53.4 ku. The recombinant plasmids were transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 Star (DE3) and induced, and then analyzed by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography, SDS-PAGE and Western blot. Analysis of yeast two hybridization was carried out as recombinant plasmids containing AFP4 and ABI5 were co-transformed into Saccharomyces cerevisiae AH109. The results suggested that the suitable conditions for the expression of recombinant fusion protein in E. coli BL21 Star (DE3) were as follows: IPTG concentration was 0.4 mmol·L^-1,induction at 25 ℃ for 6 h. Under the above conditions, the recombinant fusion protein could account for 41.6% of the E. coli total proteins. After purification by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography column, AFP4 fusion protein showed a single band when analyzed by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. The band which contained 6×His tag peptide was verified by Western blot. The growth status of colony and the color reaction showed that AFP4 and ABI5 could interact in yeast cells.

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Establishment of ELISA for Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis

YAN Han, YANG Ruixiu, GAI Xiaotong, LI Gang, ZHAO Zhiguo, GAO Zenggui

2018, 30(12): 2081-2086. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.12.13

Abstract ( 574 )

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Polyclonal antibody was prepared by the mycelium protein of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis as antigen, and indirect ELISA method was established. The field samples and soil samples were detected by qualitative and quantity analysis, which showed charasteristics of convenience, specificity and high sensitivity. The ELISA detection technology could be easily applied in the field and have important practical value.

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Identification of isolated fungus from root rot of Polygonatum sibiricum and its antagonistic endophytic bacteria

WU Yiting, YAO Chuanwei, DENG Boxia, ZHANG Xia, LI Shenghua, ZOU Juan, FU Ming

2018, 30(12): 2087-2093. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.12.14

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Polygonatum sibiricum is a medicinal and food plant in China. The strain HF2, isolated from root rot of Polygonatum sibiricum in Hongjiang City, was classified and identified by morphological characteristics, ribosomal DNA (rDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS), EF-1a sequence analysis and its phylogenetic relationships with other species of the genus Fusarium. Bacteria were screened from endophytic resources of P. sibiricum against the strain HF2, and were identified by the characteristics of morphology, 16S rRNA sequence analysis and physiology and biochemistry tests. The results showed the strain HF2 was identified as Fusarium oxysporum. Of 40 endophytic bacterial strains isolated, ten strains exhibited good inhibition activity against F. oxysporum in vitro, and the strain A8 showed the highest antifungal activity with inhibition zone of 13 mm. The strain A8 was identified as Bacillus subtilis.

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Balance characteristics of soil organic carbon under different long-term fertilization models in rice soil in South China

LI Yan, CHEN Yi, TANG Xu, WU Chunyan, JI Xiaojiang, TANG Liangliang

2018, 30(12): 2094-2101. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.12.15

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Based on the long-term fertilization experiment on rice soil, 8 fertilization treatments were set, including CK (no fertilization), N (application of 375 kg·hm^-2 N), NP (application of 375 kg·hm^-2 N, 187.5 kg·hm^-2 P₂O₅), NK (application of 375 kg·hm^-2 N, 187.5 kg·hm^-2 K₂O), NPK (application of 375 kg·hm^-2 N, 187.5 kg·hm^-2 P₂O₅, 187.5 kg·hm^-2 K₂O), M (application of 22 500 kg·hm^-2 manure), M+NPK (application of 22 500 kg·hm^-2 manure, 375 kg·hm^-2 N, 187.5 kg·hm^-2 P₂O₅, 187.5 kg·hm^-2 K₂O), M+1.3NPK (application of 22 500 kg·hm^-2 manure, 487.5 kg·hm^-2 N, 243.75 kg·hm^-2 P₂O₅, 243.75 kg·hm^-2 K₂O). The dynamic changes of soil organic matter, soil organic carbon surplus, sequestration and transformation rate of soil organic carbon, the relationship between soil organic matter and crops yields in 12 years were investigated. It was shown that the content of soil organic matter under different fertilization treatments increased gradually in 12 years. The soil organic matter content in the treatments with both organic manure and chemical fertilizers were significantly (P<0.05) increased. The organic matter content of M+NPK and M+1.3NPK was increased by 17.9% and 23.3%, respectively, as compared with CK. Soil organic carbon surplus was positive under all fertilization treatments. There was a strong positive linear relationship between carbon input and carbon surplus, and the minimum annual carbon input was 1 660 kg·hm^-2 in the experiment site. The treatments with both organic manure and chemical fertilizers improved the annual carbon sequestration rate, and the treatment of M+1.3NPK showed the highest carbon sequestration rate. There was a positive linear correlation between crops yields and the soil organic matter contents in all treatments. It was concluded that fertilization with both organic manure and chemical fertilizers could increase soil carbon content and sequestration rate, and benefit the crop yield. M+1.3NPK was the best fertilization mode under the experiment conditions.

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Model-driven in-situ data compressive gathering

RAO Yuan, XU Wenjun, ZHAO Gang, Arthur GENIS, LI Shaowen

2018, 30(12): 2102-2111. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.12.16

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The energy consumption of data transmission is effectively reduced when model-driven in-situ data compressive gathering method is employed. The mechanism was elaborated on about several data-prediction models, such as autoregressive integrated moving average model (ARIMA), support vector regression (SVR), derivative-based prediction (DBP) and clock work recurrent neural networks (CW-RNN). Moreover, their setting strategies of training parameters and error thresholds were explored based on air temperature, soil moisture, fruit growth and wind speed. Based on the gathered data error, data transmission ratio, model update and prediction overhead, the applicability of data-prediction models was evaluated using entropy weight technique for order preference by similarity to and ideal solution (TOPSIS). It was demonstrated that the optimal training parameters were relevant to model mechanism and data objects, and it was feasible to automatically acquire error thresholds based on previously gathered data. The model applicability was dependent on data objects, computation resources of nodes and network bandwidth. More specifically, Constant model had the greatest applicability, followed by DBP. ARIMA model was suitable to scenarios with limited bandwidth, but abundant computation resources. On the contrary, SVR model could be applied to scenarios with high bandwidth, but limited computation resources.

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Effects of different concentrations of acid rain on biomass allocation and physiological characteristics in Morus alba seedlings under cadmium pollution

XU Chenyang, MAO Xiaoyu

2018, 30(12): 2112-2120. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.12.17

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To explore the effects of different concentrations of acid rain (AR5.6, AR3.0) on the biomass allocation and physiological character of Nongsang12 seedlings under heavy metal Cd and provide a theoretical basis for breeding of Morus alba in areas with severe heavy metal pollution and frequent acid rain, we measured biomass accumulation, photosynthetic capacity and chlorophyll fluorescence of Nongsang12 seedlings under Cd stress (100 mg·kg^-1), and the physiological effect by faintly acid and severe acid rain solution of Nongsang12 seedlings under Cd stress. The results showed as follows: 1) When compared to the controls, decreases in dry matter accumulation (DMA), net photosynthetic rate (P_n), transpiration rate (E), intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i), stomatal conductance (G_s), the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ (F_v/F_m), potential activity of PSⅡ (F_v/F₀), electron transport rate (ETR) to different degree and increase in non-photochemical quenching (q_N) in Nongsang12 seedlings under Cd stress were found. 2) Further decreases in P_n, E, C_i were found in Nongsang12 seedlings under treatment of AR3.0 which were greater than those of AR5.6; Increases of F_v/F_m, F_v/F₀, effective quantum yield of PSⅡ Y(Ⅱ), ETR under treatment of AR5.6 and decreases of F_v/F_m, F_v/F₀ were found. 3) Compared to the treatment of Cd, increases of proportions in stem and leaf and decreases of P_n, E, C_i, Gs, F_v/F_m, F_v/F₀, Y(Ⅱ), ETR in Nongsang12 seedlings were remitted by AR5.6 but intensified by AR3.0. Finally, we got the following conclusion: There was a negative effect exerted by Cd stress on DMA and it was behaved in the decrease of root weight (RW), besides, there was also negative effect of gas exchange rate and impairment of photosynthetic apparatus in Nongsang12 seedlings; Different concentrations of acid rain leaded to varying degrees damage of biomass allocation, gas exchange rate and impairment of photosynthetic apparatus in plants, and the negative influences under treatment of AR3.0 were greater than those of AR5.6; Under Cd stress, the combination with AR5.6 could result in a positive influence to the recovery of impairment of photosynthetic apparatus, but the combination with AR3.0 could intensify the degree of stress.

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Research on situation of Zhejiang sewage treatment technology based on patent analysis

XU Meifang, HUANG Xiaodong, WEI Jiaxiang, FENG Jian, SHAO Ying

2018, 30(12): 2121-2128. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.12.18

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In this paper, taking the patent star database as the data source, the technical life cycle, patent core technology area, organization types of right holder and the advantage patent technology of region were deeply studied, based on the analysis of the patent application age, technology field, rights holders and regional distribution in Zhejiang Province from 2008 to 2017. The results showed that Zhejiang sewage treatment technology was in the rapid development period of technology life cycle; the core technology of sewage treatment patents in Zhejiang Province was highly concentrated, mainly in 12 IPC classifications such as C02F 9/14, C02F 9/04 and C02F 9/02. Affected by the technical force and industrial policies, the regional difference of advantage sewage treatment technology in Zhejiang province was obvious.

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Design and experiment of fast salting eggs device based on programmable logic controller

GONG Ting, XIAO Chaogeng, GUAN Rongfa, CHEN Di, TANG Honggang, LU Wenjing, YANG Huijuan, CHEN Lihong, ZHOU Di

2018, 30(12): 2129-2136. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.12.19

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In order to further improve the salting quality of salted eggs and shorten the salting time, a small automatic and fast salting device was designed based on the traditional ultrasonic-pulsed pressure technology, and the design of the device and the realization of the control system were discussed intensively. The device provided a good environment by realizing the function of positive and negative pressure pulse changes, keeping constant temperature, providing ultrasonic, circulating water. The control system of automatic and fast salting device was comprised of Delta DVP-SS2 programmable logic controller and Delta DOP-7S touch screen. Experimental results showed that this device could operate steadily and provide visualization platform, and it cut the salting time to 2 days. Compared with ultrasonic-pulsed method, the salting time was shortened by 33.3%, with no eggshell breaking, honeycomb proteins, proteins yellowing, which verified the feasibility and rationality of the proposed device.

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HPLC fingerprint of peanut hulls from different habitats by cluster analysis

ZHAO Liang, CHEN Yue, FANG Yingguo, RAO Guiwei

2018, 30(12): 2137-2143. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.12.20

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The HPLC fingerprints of peanut shell samples from 8 habitats were studied and cluster analysis was carried out. The conditions of sample extraction and chromatographic were optimized. The optimized chromatographic conditions were WondaCract ODS-2 C₁₈ (4.6 mm×150 mm, 5 μm) column and gradient elution with acetonitrile-0.5% phosphate solution as mobile phase. The flow rate was 1 mL·min^-1, the column temperature was 35 ℃, and the wavelength was 290 nm. The HPLC fingerprints of peanut shell samples from 8 regions were established, indicating 14 stable common peaks. The similarity of common patterns was larger than 0.9 except Xinchang Xiaojingsheng. The cluster analysis of the average peak area of the common peaks showed that the 8 peanut shells could be divided into two categories.

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Investigation of measurement method of soybean canopy leaf area based on light field camera

GU Zhengmin, LI Zhenfeng, SONG Feihu, ZHANG Junsheng, ZHUANG Wei

2018, 30(12): 2144-2152. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.12.21

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Soybean upper, middle and lower canopy leaf area distribution is an important basis for soybean plant type status assessment and yield prediction. Traditionally, the field slicing method was used to measure the upper, middle and lower canopy leaf area, which was cumbersome and could cause certain harm to the leaves. In order to solve this problem, the refocusing technology of light field camera was introduced to obtain the refocusing images focused on the upper, middle and lower leaves respectively. The focal plane blades were extracted by image processing technology and the leaves of the defocusing planes were removed to get the upper, middle, lower projection area respectively. In this study, 103 pots of Hongqiu variety soybean at flowering stage were selected as calibration set, and the calibration coefficients of each canopy leaf were calculated to obtain the revised projected area of each canopy leaf according to the calibration of light field camera. A regression model was established for each canopy projection area and the true leaf area of soybean plants, and 20 pots were selected as prediction sets to verify each regression model. The study found that the coefficient of determination of upper leaf area model was 0.945, the maximum error of prediction set was 4.48%, and the root mean square error was 4.376. The determination coefficient of the middle leaf area model was 0.796, the maximum error of the prediction set was 13.62%, and the root mean square error was 7.273. The lower leaf area model had a coefficient of determination of 0.914, the maximum error of the prediction set was 8.63%, and the root mean square error was 1.529. The correlation of the upper and lower leaf area measurements was high, and the correlation of the mid-leaf area model was lower due to the occlusion of the upper leaf.

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Design and experiment of slider-hole-wheel precision hill-direct-seeding metering device for rice

LI Lanlan, ZHU Dequan, ZHANG Shun, WEN Shichang, JIANG Rui, WU Liquan

2018, 30(12): 2153-2160. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2018.07.22

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In order to improve the accuracy of mechanical seeding device, a slider-hole-wheel hybrid rice precision seeding device was designed according to the agronomic requirements, and its basic structure and working principle were described. The primary parts, such as seeding wheel, guard slider, and flange, were designed and analyzed. Three hybrid rice varieties with varied seed sizes, i.e. Guofeng No.1, Gangyou898 and Gangyou3551, were selected as the experimental materials. The qualified rate, the replay rate and the missing rate were taken as the evaluation indexes of seeding performance. It was shown that when the rotation speed of seeding axis was 30 r·min^-1, the seed metering performance of medium-sized seed (Gangyou898) was the best, as the qualified rate was 83.24%, the replay rate was 10.48%, and the missing rate was 6.28%; the seed metering performance of large-sized seed (Guofeng No.1) was the second, as the qualified rate was 81.84%, the replay rate was 10.27%, and the missing rate was 7.89%; the seed metering performance of small-sized seed (Gangyou3551) was the third, as the qualified rate was 80.14%, the replay rate was 15.16%, and the missing rate was 4.70%. These results demonstrated that the proposed slider-hole-wheel seeding device had good adaptability to different rice seed sizes, and its seeding performance could meet the agronomic requirements of hill-direct-seeding for hybrid rice.

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