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25 June 2022, Volume 34 Issue 6 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Crop Science
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Crop Science

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Dynamic profile of genes related to seed dormancy under high humidity condition during late stage of rice grain filling DONG Yuanyuan, XU Heng, ZHANG Hua, ZHANG Heng, WANG Fulin, GU Nana, ZHU Ying 2022, 34(6):  1103-1113.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.06.01 Abstract ( 888 )   HTML ( 103825 )   PDF (2157KB) ( 855 )   To investigate the effect of high humidity on pre-harvest sprouting in the late stage of rice grain filling, milky stage rice plants, at 26, 28, 30, 32 DAP (day after pollination) respectively, were undergo high humidity treatment in the artificial climate chamber (28 ℃/22 ℃, 12 h light/12 h dark cycle, relative humidity were 60%, photosynthetic photon flux density were 600 μmol·m-2·s-1). Spikelet was sprayed periodically by water (spray 500 mL water once every 3 h per bots, 5 d in total) to mimic continuous rainy conditions, and the viviparity of mature seeds were then investigated. Then, developing seeds at DAP30 were undergo same treatment and the dynamic expression of ABA and GA synthesis and metabolism and α-starch hydrolase and other related genes were investigated at different time under high humidity treatment. The results indicated that seed maturity was an important factor affecting viviparity induced by high humidity. Few seeds were sprouted at DAP26 and DAP28 but most of seeds could be sprouted after DAP30 under high humidity treatments. The results showed that high humidity treatment could rapidly induce the expression of abscisic acid (ABA) degradation related genes, such as OsABA8ox1 and OsABA8ox3, and gibberellin (GA) synthesis genes such as OsGA3ox2 and OsGA20ox1, and simultaneously inhibited the expression of key ABA synthesis genes OsNECD1, OsNECD2 and OsNECD3. Many α-starch hydrolase genes, such as OsAmy1A, OsAmy3B, OsAmy3C and OsAmy3D were activated after 72 h water-spraying treatment and provided material and energy for seed germination. The results of this study would help us to understand the molecular mechanism of pre-harvest sprouting under rainy climate. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Codon bias of IPI gene in leguminous plants JIANG Ruiping, ZHAO Chenhui, LI Wenjie, AN Qiuju, LI Jialun, ZHOU Jiayu, LI Suiyan, LIAO Hai 2022, 34(6):  1114-1123.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.06.02 Abstract ( 423 )   HTML ( 43 )   PDF (2536KB) ( 670 )   Isopentenyl diphosphate isomerases (IPI), as a key enzyme in 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) and Mevalonate (MVA) pathways, takes part in the biosynthesis of terpenoids. Since leguminous species contain a variety of terpenoids, the codon bias of IPI genes from leguminous species will provide significant basis to increase those expressing levels and thus the terpenoids contents in leguminous species. In this study, Codon W, EMBOSS, ENc-GC3s and PR2-plot were used to calculate the base composition, relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU), effective number of codons (ENc), codon adaptation index (CAI), and etc. As a result, 7 codons showed strong preference (RSCU >1), in which GGU was the most optimal codon. That the low contents (<0.5) of both GC (GC content) and GC3s (GC content of the third base) indicated that A/U was preferable terminal codon. The low expressing level of IPI genes was probably due to the Enc values ranging from 46.69 to 55 and the CAI values ranging from 0.23 to 0.27. The results of ENc-GC3s and PR2-plot supported that the formation of codon bias was mainly contributed from natural selection. Compared with RSCU clustering, the phylogenetic tree based on CDS was closer to the result of classification based on morphology. Finally, Escherichia coli, Nicotiana tabacum and Arabidopsis thaliana were proposed to be suitable hosts for IPI genes from leguminous species. Therefore, the result of this paper laid foundation for transformation of codons and genetic engineering of IPI genes. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Bioinformatics of Huipizhi Black soybean GmPUB24 and expression under Heterodera glycines infection LI Wenchen, LIU Xin, QI Zezheng, YU Lu, WANG Fang 2022, 34(6):  1124-1132.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.06.03 Abstract ( 384 )   HTML ( 164 )   PDF (6935KB) ( 717 )   In order to clarify the mechanism of soybean U-box E3 ubiquitin ligase mediating plant disease resistance, coding sequence (CDS) of GmPUB24 gene from resistant cultivar Huipizhi black bean was cloned by RT-PCR. Bioinformatics and expression analysis of this gene after inoculation with soybean cyst nematode were carried out. The results showed that the length of CDS was 1 254 bp, encoded a total of 417 amino acids with a molecular weight of 46.78 ku. Protein secondary structure analysis showed that the protein encoded by GmPUB24 contained alpha helix, random coil, extended chain and beta turn, and the alpha helix accounted for the highest proportion of 58.9%. Protein encoded by GmPUB24 gene was a hydrophilic protein without transmembrane domain and signal peptide. Protein phylogenetic tree displayed that it had the highest affinity with wild soybean. Subcellular location predicted that it localized in the cytoplasm. Promoter analysis of 1 500 bp upstream of GmPUB24 gene showed that it contained CGTCA-motif, TGACG-motif and other elements that respond to disease resistance pathways, as well as ABRE, WUN-motif, TATA-box and other corresponding abiotic stress elements. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-RCR) results showed that the expression of GmPUB24 was induced by soybean cyst nematode, and the highest expression level in roots was 6.14 times compared with the uninoculated sample on the third day, indicating that GmPUB24 gene was induced by soybean cyst nematode and might be involved in the process of soybean defense against cyst nematode. These results provided a basis for clarifying the regulatory mechanism of soybean U-box family gene in resistance to soybean cyst nematode disease. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics of soluble sugar components in waxy corn and its postharvest quality REN Mengyun, DU Longgang, WANG Meixing, HUANG Yifeng 2022, 34(6):  1133-1140.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.06.04 Abstract ( 405 )   HTML ( 73 )   PDF (751KB) ( 624 )   Fresh food quality of waxy corn after harvest is an important standard for varieties evaluation. To explore the relationship between waxy corn quality and sugar contents, the content of soluble sugar in raw storage ears of 63 waxy corn germplasm resources were determined by high performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detector (HPLC-ELSD), and the soluble sugar content in steamed storage ears of 8 important waxy corn germplasm resources were measured. Results showed that there were three soluble sugars of fructose, glucose and sucrose in both raw and steamed storage ears. In the raw storage ears, the sucrose content was the highest, with an average content of 44.22 mg·g-1, accounting for 65.60% of the soluble sugar. The fructose and glucose content were similar, with an average of 10.49 mg·g-1 and 19.86 mg·g-1, respectively. The content of soluble sugar in raw storage ears mainly depended on sucrose. The content of sucrose and reducing sugar in steamed ears were decreased. Soluble sugar and sucrose were important indicators to evaluate the sweetness of waxy corn. With the duration of storage, content of soluble sugar in fresh waxy corn decreased and the degradation rate was assessed by sucrose degradation rate. Two germplasm with specific soluble sugar of waxy corn in postharvest storage were selected according to soluble sugar content and degradation rate, and these findings could provide scientific basis for the development of postharvest preservation technology of waxy corn. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning and target gene screening of miR397 in potato LI Wenxiang, WANG Fang, WANG Jian 2022, 34(6):  1141-1151.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.06.05 Abstract ( 1305 )   HTML ( 111 )   PDF (1949KB) ( 687 )   miR397 is widely involved in plant stress response. In this study, the precursor sequence of miR397 was isolated from potato leaves, the StmiR397 was cloned and its potential target genes were predicted. The qRT-PCR was used to analyze the expression patterns of different low-temperature phenotypic materials, the results showed: the length of precursor sequence of potato miR397 was 81 bp, which could form stable stem-loop structure, and the mature sequence was located at the 5' end. The upstream regulatory region contained various stress response elements such as temperature response. Under low temperature treatment, the expression of StmiR397 was up-regulated in the leaves of the low-temperature resistant material DR-2, and the expression showed no difference in the roots, while the expression of StmiR397 showed no difference in the leaves of the low-temperature sensitive material Favorite, and the expression was up-regulated in the roots. According to the expression patterns analyses of the 10 predicted target genes, oxidoreductase-like domain-containing protein gene, zinc knuckle (CCHC-type) family protein gene of the reverse inhibitory target genes and the positive activation target genes 6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase subunit alpha gene and auxin-induced beta-glucosidase gene were initially screened. This study provides a certain reference for further research on the regulatory network of StmiR397 and target genes. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of physicochemical properties, fatty acids and volatile components of different tobacco seed oils SONG Biqing, YANG Xiaodong, ZHENG Yunye, WANG Guoping, XU Shengchun, ZHAO Yan, ZHAO Shanshan, MA Yuxuan, LI Sujuan 2022, 34(6):  1152-1161.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.06.06 Abstract ( 456 )   HTML ( 388 )   PDF (1367KB) ( 658 )   In this study, the Soxhlet extraction method was used for extracting tobacco accessions. The physicochemical properties were measured, and the fatty acid composition and volatile components of tobacco seed oil were determined by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for quality evalution. The results showed that there were significant differences in acid value, specific gravity, peroxide value and iodine value among eight tobacco seed oils, except saponification value and refractive index. Hongda and NC89 had the lowest acid value, Baoshan 4 showed the lowest peroxide value, the highest iodine value is NC89, and Dashubazhiba was with the highest specific gravity. Based on the performance of physical and chemical properties, the Burley21 has a better quality, whose acid value, saponification value, specific gravity, peroxide value, iodine value and refractive index were 0.75 mg·g-1, 185.04 mg·g-1, 0.84 g·cm-3, 1.17%, 1 520.5 g·kg-1 and 1.467 81, respectively. All the seed oil of eight different tobacco accessions were showed a high level of polyunsaturated fatty acids contents (785.99-965.99 mg·g-1), and the polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids(PUFA/SFA) value ranged from 5.61 to 6.60. The linoleic acid content was the highest (772.41-944.20 mg·g-1) among all the measured fatty acids. On the other hand, in total, we detected seven kinds of volatile substances, including palmitic acid methyl ester, methyl palmitic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, methyl caprolactam, and 2, 2'-methylene double-(4-methyl-6-tertiary butyl phenol) from the seed oil. The composition and the content of volatile substances were highly consistent with the polyunsaturated fatty acids. In summary, considering the results of fatty acids and volatile substances, we found that Yunxue 2 and Burley21 showed better quality. Taken together, we concluded that the Burley21 is an ideal raw material for tobacco seed oil. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Animal Science

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Full-length cDNA cloning and bioinformatic analysis of MHCⅠα gene from black amur bream (Megalobrama terminalis) LIU Kai, XIE Nan, GUO Wei, MA Hengjia 2022, 34(6):  1162-1174.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.06.07 Abstract ( 367 )   HTML ( 34 )   PDF (8740KB) ( 691 )   Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a highly polymorphic molecule that plays an essential role in vertebrates' innate immune response. Specific primers were designed according to the reported MHCⅠα sequence of fish. Finally, the full-length MHCⅠα cDNA sequence of Megalobrama terminalis was obtained by RT-PCR and RACE. The cDNA sequence was named Mete-UAA and conducted bioinformatics analysis. The results showed that the Mete-UAA was 2 102 bp in length, containing 1 044 bp open reading frame, encoding 347 amino acids. The Mete-UAA encoded a hydrophilic protein that contains 16 amino acid signal peptides. It was localized on the cell membrane and had one N-glycosylation, three O-glycosylation, and 39 potential phosphorylation sites. The encoded MHCⅠα protein had a predicted relative molecular mass of 38 699.18 and an isoelectric point of 5.23. Amino acid sequence homology comparison showed that the homology of the Mete-UAA amino acid sequence was up to 75.79% with M. amblycephala (AEE87250) and 75.25% with Ctenopharyngodon idella (BAD01521) slightly lower than M. amblycephala (AEE87250). The Mete-UAA possessed the typical structural features of MHCⅠα, including a leader peptide, three extracellular domains, one transmembrane region, and one cytoplasmic region. The secondary structure analysis of the Mete-UAA protein showed that the proportions of the α-helix, β-turn, extended chain and random coil were 25.94%, 9.22%, 26.80%, and 38.04%, respectively. Based on the transcriptome analysis, expression of the MHCⅠα gene in M. terminalis infected with Aeromonas hydrophila showed an overall decreasing trend. In this study, the MHCⅠα gene was successfully cloned from the liver of M. terminalis. Its bioinformatics characteristics were analyzed, which would provide a theoretical basis for further research on the mechanism of MHCⅠα involved in regulating the innate immune response in M. terminalis. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Horticultural Science

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Effects of different dwarfing interstocks on Whangkumbae pear growth and correlation analysis of graft-compatibility LI Hanfen, LI Dingli, WANG Ran, MA Chunhui 2022, 34(6):  1175-1182.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.06.08 Abstract ( 454 )   HTML ( 57 )   PDF (813KB) ( 629 )   Abstract: In order to explore the effects of dwarfing interstock on pear tree growth, the 23 different interstocks, each of which was combined between Pyrus betulaefolia （as the base stock） and Whangkumbae pear (as the scion), were used as test material. After four years of growth, the indexes of graft union circumference, interstock circumference, length of scion shoot, number of shoot leaves and leaf curl were investigated. Statistical analysis results showed that: BA29, OHF97 and K6 dwarfing interstocks had the best dwarfing effect on Whangkumbae pear. There was a certain correlation between interstock graft-compatibility and rootstock circumference, branch and leaf growth, and the correlation order for the base stock circumference > shoot internode length > ratio of upper graft union circumference to scion circumference (D/E) > ratio of lower graft union circumference to interstock circumference (B/C) > shoot leaf curls > shoots length. The leaf curl was thought to be useful for the early screening of the graft-compatibility, and the ratio of upper graft union circumference to scion circumference (D/E) was more accurate to indicate graft-compatibility. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Development and application of KASP marker of BoCAL gene related to curd development in cauliflower SHENG Xiaoguang, SHEN Yusen, YU Huifang, WANG Jiansheng, ZHAO Zhenqing, GU Honghui 2022, 34(6):  1183-1192.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.06.09 Abstract ( 1068 )   HTML ( 52 )   PDF (3816KB) ( 562 )   BoCAL is one of the key genes controlling the curd formation in cauliflower. In order to improve the efficiency of BoCAL genotype identification of cauliflower, a competitive allele specific PCR (KASP) marker (BoCAL-KASP1) was developed according to the functional single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutation of the 16th base (Pe5 + 16) G-T in the fifth exon of BoCAL. Using this KASP marker, BoCAL alleles were genotyped in 86 core accessions from seven variants of Brassica. oleracea and related wild species. It turned out that a total of thirty-six accessions showed the genotype of T:T, including twenty-eight cauliflower, six broccoli and two imported landraces; forty-three accessions had the genotype of G:G, including two cauliflower, nine broccoli, six cabbage, five Chinese kale, three kohlrabi, seven kale, two Brussels sprouts, four imported landraces and five related wild species; Seven accessions showed heterozygous genotype T:G, including two broccoli, two kale and three imported landraces. The results of KASP identification of BoCAL genotype of these 86 accessions were completely consistent with those of cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (BoCAL-CAPS1) identification. Thus, the KASP marker developed in this study could efficiently and accurately identify the genotype of BoCAL target locus, so as to provide reliable functional markers for cauliflower curd development research and molecular breeding. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Gene cloning, subcellular localization and tissue expression analysis of tobamovirus multiplication protein 1 gene of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg in Huaiyushan HONG Senrong, XIANG Qiongyu, XIE Ying, XIONG Chenlu, XU Chenhui, XU Luke, CHEN Ronghua, CAI Hong 2022, 34(6):  1193-1204.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.06.10 Abstract ( 538 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (4594KB) ( 685 )   In this paper, the core fragment of tobamovirus multiplication protein 1 gene was screened from the transcriptome database of plantlets of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg in Huaiyushan. The tobamovirus multiplication protein 1 gene of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg in Huaiyushan was cloned by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) technique, sequenced by bioinformatics method and analyzed in organ expression by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). The results showed that the total length of tobamovirus multiplication protein 1 gene cDNA of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg in Huaiyushan was 888 bp and the content of G+C was 51.58%. The tobamovirus multiplication protein 1 of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg in Huaiyushan was made up of 295 amino acids with molecular weight of 33 173.36 u and isoelectric point of 9.16, which was hydrophobic protein. The secondary structure was composed of α-helix (43.73%), β-lamella (21.69%), irregular curl (34.58%). The tertiary structure is monomer. The tobamovirus multiplication protein 1 of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg in Huaiyushan mainly existed in the endoplasmic reticulum, endoplasmic reticulum_plasma membrane, extracellular, cytoplasmic, mitochondrial and plasma membrane. The evolution of tobamovirus multiplication protein 1 of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg in Huaiyushan was closely related to Aegilops tauschii subsp. Tauschill, Triticum turgidum subsp. Durum and Hordeum vulgare, especially showed the highest phylogenetic relationship with tobamovirus multiplication protein 1 of Aegilops tauschii subsp. Tauschill. Subcellular localization analysis of tobacco leaves showed that tobamovirus multiplication protein 1 was located in cytoplasm (possibly including cell membrane) and nuclear membrane. The results of qRT-PCR showed that the expression of tobamovirus multiplication protein 1 gene was organ specific in the two cultivars of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg in Huaiyushan. Huaiyu 2 had the highest expression in leaves and Huaiyu 1 had the highest expression in stems. The tobamovirus multiplication protein 1 of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg in Huaiyushan has the structural characteristics of typical tobamovirus multiplication protein 1. The amino acid sequence and nucleic acid sequence are highly similar to the homologous species and highly conserved in evolution, which is of great significance to further reveal the biological function of tobamovirus multiplication protein 1. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of salt stress and phosphorus supply on physiological characteristics of switchgrass seedlings MA Zhonghua, WU Na, CHEN Juan, ZHAO Cong, YAN Chenghong, LIU Jili 2022, 34(6):  1205-1216.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.06.11 Abstract ( 422 )   HTML ( 87 )   PDF (1400KB) ( 740 )   In order to clarify the physiological response characteristics of different switchgrass varieties to the two factors of salt stress and phosphorus supply level, this study adopted a hydroponic experiment with 2 salt stress levels (A1 salt stress, A2 non-salt stress) and 4 phosphorus supply levels (B1 no phosphorus, B2 low phosphorus, B3 high phosphorus, B4 full phosphorus) were set, the effects of salt stress and phosphorus supply levels on The results showed that the soluble sugar content of Alamo syndiploid, Alamo and Pathfinder decreased with the increase of the phosphorus supply level under salt stress conditions, and the total phosphorus treatment decreased by 40.80%, 26.47%, and 13.82% compared with the non-phosphorus treatment. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content of the three switchgrass varieties under salt stress reached the maximum under the high phosphorus treatment with the increase of the phosphorus supply level. The proline content of the three switchgrass varieties increased with the increase of the phosphorus supply level under salt stress, and the total phosphorus treatment increased by 136.79%, 193.85%, and 61.09% respectively compared with the non-phosphorus treatment. Under salt stress, the peroxidase (POD) activity of Alamo syndiploid and Alamo reached the maximum under the full phosphorus treatment with the increase of the phosphorus supply level; while POD activity of Pathfinder reached the maximum under the low phosphorus treatment. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of Alamo syndiploid under salt stress reached the maximum under high phosphorus treatment with the increase of phosphorus supply level; the SOD activity of Alamo and Pathfinder under salt stress reached the maximum under low phosphorus treatment with the increase of phosphorus supply level value. The CAT activity of the three switchgrass varieties decreased with the increase of the phosphorus supply level under the salt stress condition. Compared with the non-phosphorus treatment, the catalase (CAT) activity decreased by 65.81%, 37.41%, and 90.66%. According to the comprehensive physiological stress resistance analysis of 3 switchgrass varieties, it was concluded that Pathfinder variety has the highest sum of comprehensive values under each treatment, indicating that Pathfinder has the strongest resistance to salt stress and low phosphorus stress at seedling stage and is suitable for planting in saline-alkali land. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of different basal fertilizers and topdressing fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of pineapple ZHU Shijun, JIN Shuquan, YAO Hongyan, XU Zhihao, LUO Youjun, CHEN Ruoxia 2022, 34(6):  1217-1226.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.06.12 Abstract ( 844 )   HTML ( 296 )   PDF (859KB) ( 723 )   To clarify the effects of different basal fertilizers and topdressing fertilizers on the growth, yield and fruit quality of pineapples in Ningbo, Tainong 17 was selected as the material, and the basal fertilizer experiments and topdressing fertilizer experiments were carried out respectively to determine the best fertilization mode for pineapple. Four fertilizer treatments of NPK compound fertilizer, “Jinjiu”controlled release fertilizer, sheep excreta+NPK compound fertilizer, “Wofengkang” biological organic fertilizer+NPK compound fertilizer, with three gradients of 100% N, 75% N and 50% N were set up for basal fertilizer experiment. And control treatment CK1 with no basal fertilizer applied was added. A total of 4 treatments including T1 (flower-promoting fertilizer + flowering fertilizer + fruiting fertilizer), T2 (flowering fertilizer + fruiting fertilizer), T3 (flower-promoting fertilizer + fruiting fertilizer) and control treatment CK2 were carried out in topdressing fertilizer experiments. The results showed that the growth, yield and fruit quality of pineapple with 11 250 kg·hm-2 sheep excreta+1 875 kg·hm-2 NPK compound fertilizer applied were the best. Based on the data of 135 days after transplanting, the leaf tip height of pineapple increased by 28.25%, number of leaves increased by 59.09%, the maximum leaf length and width increased by 16.00% and 42.55%, respectively. The yield of pineapple was 58.62 t·hm-2, with increase of 20.22% compared with CK1. Average fruit weight was (1.86±0.32) kg, fruit length and diameter of fruit and core were (231.47±44.28) mm, (125.62±33.24) mm and (41.16±4.13) mm, respectively. In addition, fruit quality of the treatment was also better than other treatment. The value of soluble solids was (12.6±0.4)%, titratable acid was (0.50±0.11)%, and of vitamin C was (29.1±6.7) mg·kg-1. Furthermore, At 75% N level or 50% N level, some better indicators were observed in the treatment of “Wofengkang” bio-organic fertilizer + NPK compound fertilizer. As top dressing fertilizer part, various pineapple indexes of T1 treatment were higher than other treatments. Leaf tip height, total number of leaves, maximum leaf length and width after top dressing increased by 20.18%, 184.87%, 21.95% and 61.25% respectively, comparing with that before fertilizer applied. And the yield increased by 6.62% compared with CK2. Average fruit weight was (1.62±0.33) kg, and fruit length and diameter of fruit and core were (183.52±29.35) mm, (123.58±15.68) mm and (40.58±8.39) mm, respectively. Soluble solids of pineapple was (13.1±0.9)%, titratable acid was (0.47±0.12)%, and vitamin C was (28.9±3.2) mg·kg-1. This study showed the best fertilization methods for native pineapples in Ningbo: 11 250 kg·hm-2 sheep manure + 1 875 kg·hm-2 NPK compound fertilizer as basal fertilizer, with some bio-organic fertilizer added, and flower-promoting fertilizer, flowering fertilizer and fruiting fertilizer top-dressed. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Plant protection

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Antifungal effect of Camellia seed cake on root rot pathogens of Astragalus membranaceus and Panax notoginseng YANG Xiujuan, LI Weiya, LI Caimiao, CHENG Bijun, GAO Fen, ZHAO Jun 2022, 34(6):  1227-1235.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.06.13 Abstract ( 259 )   HTML ( 260 )   PDF (2144KB) ( 633 )   The root rot disease of Astragalus membranaceus and Panax notoginseng are increasingly serious which have restricted their yield and quality. To investigate the effect of water extract and volatile organic compounds of Camellia seed cake on root rot fungal pathogens of A. membranaceus and P. notoginseng, six dominant root rot fungal pathogens were used for testing, respectively. 6 strains of dominant pathogenic fungi from Astragalus membranaceus and Panax notoginseng were cultured by plate inoculation method, and the inhibition rate was calculated by measuring the diameter of colony every day. 2 g∙L-1 water extract of Camellia seed cake showed significant inhibition on A. membranaceus root rot pathogens Fusarium acuminatum, Fusarium solani and Fusarium oxysporum, and inhibition rates were 52.08%, 20.89% and 41.98%, respectively. 5 g∙L-1 water extract of Camellia seed cake showed significant inhibition on P. notoginseng root rot pathogens F. solani, F. oxysporum and Ilyonectria sp., and inhibition rates were 25.31 %, 30.51% and 13.33%, respectively. 50 g∙L-1 volatile organic compounds of Camellia seed cake showed inhibition on P. notoginseng root rot pathogens F. oxysporum, F. solani, and Ilyonectria sp., and inhibition rates were 60.16%, 52.16% and 40.47%, respectively. Tea saponin and five volatile organic compounds of Camellia seed cake showed significant inhibitory effects on the six fungi pathogens, of which 1-octen-3-ol and 2-methylbutyric acid showed the strongest fungistatic ability. This study layed a solid foundation for the effective prevention and control of Chinese herbs root rot disease by Camellia seed cake. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Transcriptome analysis of Spodoptera furgiperda during corn-wheat host alternation WANG Siliang, SHAO Yue, YAN Chengjin 2022, 34(6):  1236-1247.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.06.14 Abstract ( 369 )   HTML ( 168 )   PDF (3346KB) ( 693 )   Spodoptera furgiperda is a major invading pest. In the south of China, S. furgiperda can survive and multiply through whole year. Previous investigations and research revealed the risk that wheat was overwintering host of S. furgiperda. To investigate the internal mechanism of feeding fitness of S. furgiperda to wheat, transcriptomes of S. furgiperda larva feeding on corn, wheat and artificial diet were sequenced and compared. Totally, 66407 unigenes were obtained after assembly and 18868 unigenes were functionally annotated. Respective 542 and 6863 differentially expressed genes were found in wheat-feeding larva and artificial-diet-feeding larva, comparing with corn-feeding larva. Analysis of differentially expressed genes showed that lots of cuticle-related genes up regulated in wheat-feeding larva, while down regulated in artificial-diet-feeding larva. Cytochrome P450 genes were found down regulated in both wheat-feeding and artificial-diet-feeding larva. This study provides information and reference to risk assessment that S. furgiperda damage wheat through overwintering stage. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Environmental Science

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Effects of foliar spraying inhibitor on uptake and translocation of cadmium in rice under flooded paddy field TAI Yueying, HE Tengbing, CHEN Xiaoran, ZHANG Wang, HUANG Xiaoyun, LIU Hongyan, GAO Zhenran 2022, 34(6):  1248-1257.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.06.15 Abstract ( 412 )   HTML ( 392 )   PDF (959KB) ( 755 )   In this study, a field experiment was conducted to study the effect of foliar application of different inhibitors on the uptake and translocation of cadmium by rice. The treatments included CK (no spraying), ZK1 (manganese and zinc), ZK2 (chitosan selenium and silica sol), ZK3 (water-soluble silicon), ZK4 (chelated iron) and ZK5 (silica sol). The results showed that compared with CK, ZK1, ZK2 and ZK4 treatments significantly (P<0.05) increased rice yield by 13.08%-44.19%; ZK1-ZK5 treatments significantly (P<0.05) increased the relative chlorophyll content of rice by 13.18%-24.42% at the filling stage; ZK1-ZK4 treatments significantly (P<0.05) reduced the enrichment coefficient of Cd in brown rice by 42.31%-57.69%; ZK1-ZK5 treatments significantly (P<0.05) reduced the translocation coefficient of Cd from leaf to brown rice with a decrease of 26.63%-71.28%, and reduced the translocation coefficient of Cd from stem to brown rice with a decrease of 26.93%-65.87%; ZK1, ZK2 and ZK3 treatments significantly (P<0.05) reduced the Cd content in brown rice by 55.88%, 20.59% and 17.65%, respectively. Therefore, with the condition of constant flooding, the inhibitor containing the manganese and zinc, or chitosan selenium and silica sol, is not only conducive to improve the rice yield, but also effective to reduce the content of Cd in brown rice. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of conditioning agents on soil fertility, microbial community diversity and rice yield in red soil ZHU Ming, LIU Chen, LIN Yicheng, GUO Bin, LI Hua, FU Qinglin 2022, 34(6):  1258-1267.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.06.16 Abstract ( 406 )   HTML ( 1804 )   PDF (1794KB) ( 760 )   The majority of low- and medium-yielding fields in Zhejiang Province are typical acidified and fertile-deficient soils. To increase rice yield via improvement of soil fertility, a field experiment was conducted with five treatments, including CK (no fertilization and no conditioning agents), N (conventional fertilization), NS (conventional fertilization +limestone powder), NSJ (conventional fertilization + limestone powder + straw return), and NSF (conventional fertilization + limestone powder + humic acid) on the low-yield red soil in Lanxi City, Zhejiang Province. The results showed that the application of limestone powder could quickly increase the soil pH, and the soil pH under NS, NSJ and NSF treatments was significantly (P<0.05) increased by 1.17-1.60 compared with CK. Compared with CK and N treatments, application of humic acid significantly (P<0.05) increased soil organic matter content, while straw return or application of humic acid significantly (P<0.05) increased soil available potassium content. The application of conditioning agents could improve the ability of soil microbial communities to utilize carbon sources, and increase the content of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA). Among all the treatments, the highest AWCD value and FLPA contents were found under NSF treatment. The high-throughput sequencing results showed that application of conditioning agents changed the composition of the microbial community and enhanced the richness and diversity of the soil microbial community. Application of conditioning agents could significantly (P<0.05) increase crop yield, and NSF treatment showed the best performance on yield improvement, as its yield was 11.02% higher than that of CK. In general, under experimental conditions, NSF was the best combination to improve soil fertility and rice yield in red soil. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening of salt-tolerant growth-promoting Bacillus strains and their effect on oat growth under salt stress LI Liyan, TAN Haixia, LI Jing, WANG Lianlong, DU Yinghui, XU Zhiwen 2022, 34(6):  1268-1276.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.06.17 Abstract ( 338 )   HTML ( 389 )   PDF (1015KB) ( 703 )   Abstract: In order to screen salt-tolerant growth-promoting Bacillus strains from the rhizosphere soil of coastal halophytes in Qinhuangdao City, Hebei Province, and provide bacterial resources for the development of salt-tolerant bacterial manure, high-salinity tolerant Bacillus strains were screened and separated by LB culture medium with pH of 9.0 and NaCl mass fraction of 5%, 10%, 15%, respectively. The strains with growth-promoting abilities were further screened by functional medium. Their auxin (IAA)-producing abilities were quantitatively analyzed by Salkowski colorimetric method. The pot experiment was used to study their effect on the growth of oat under salt stress, and 16S rDNA sequence analysis was used to identify the strain with good growth promoting effect. It was shown that a total of 13 Bacillus strains were isolated with high salt tolerance, among which 3 strains (YP2, YP4, SM12) could tolerant 10% (mass fraction) NaCl. All the three strains had abilities of phosphate-solubilizing, potassium-releasing, nitrogen fixation, and production of IAA. Besides, all the three strains could improve the salt resistance of oat and promote its growth under salt stress, and the strain YP2 showed the best performance. Compared with the control, the plant height, stem diameter, shoot biomass, root length, root surface area and root tips quantity were significantly (P<0.05) increased by 72.02%, 42.58%, 186.11%, 392.35%, 378.07% and 518.85%, respectively, malondialdehyde content in oat leaves was significantly (P<0.05) decreased by 43.34%, and the contents of chlorophyll and proline, and activities of peroxidase and catalase were significantly (P<0.05) increased by 312.20%, 124.10%, 274.09% and 198.60%, respectively. As revealed by 16S rDNA sequences, YP2 strain was identified as Bacillus flexus, which has great potential to be developed as a special bacterial agent. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Isolation and identification of polylactic acid degrading microorganisms from mealworm（Tenebrio molitor）gut FENG Juan, ZHU Tingheng, LUO Chunping, YANG Jiayue, ZHU Siyu, LI Tong 2022, 34(6):  1277-1287.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.06.18 Abstract ( 423 )   HTML ( 106 )   PDF (6369KB) ( 621 )   Polylactic acid (PLA) is biodegraded rapidly under composting or thermophilic temperature but slowly under natural conditions with substantial microplastics generated. In this study, microorganisms with the ability to degrade PLA were screened from the gut of mealworm, and the degrading bacteria were identified and the degradation characteristics were determined. Mealworms was fed with PLA powder as the only food for 60 days, and the gut extract of mealworms was inoculated on the solid medium with PLA as the sole carbon source to enrich, screen and isolate PLA-degrading microorganisms. Isolated strains were identified through morphological, physiological and biochemical properties as well as ITS gene sequences analysis, the phylogenic tree was constructed to identify the taxonomic status of the strains. The screened bacteria were added to the PLA liquid fermentation medium under different nutrient conditions to determine their degradation efficiency. The results showed that 11 strains with PLA degradation potential were screened from the mealworms gut. A PLA-degrading strain (FJ001) was initially identified as the fungus Trametes hirsuta. After inoculating FJ001 in PLA thin film inorganic salt liquid medium containing 1.0% glucose for 30 days, the PLA degradation rate could reach 20.1%. In conclusion, Trametes hirsuta FJ001 was isolated from mealworms with capable of degrading PLA plastics effectively. The results suggested that strains which can degrade PLA plastics could be isolated from mealworms gut. The result showed that there were fungi that can degrade PLA in the gut of mealworm, which provided a theoretical basis for the development of microbial resources for degrading polylactic acid materials. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Food Science

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Antibacterial activity and stability of Extracts of four common rice dumplings leaves TANG Xiao, MA Ming 2022, 34(6):  1287-1397.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.06.19 Abstract ( 375 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (978KB) ( 552 )   To systematically study the antibacterial activity and stability of 80% ethanol ultrasonic extracts of lotus leaves, Indocalamus leaves, reed leaves and Quercus leaves against food pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis. The antibacterial zone diameter, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), cell membrane permeability, thermal stability, pH stability and UV irradiation stability were measured. The results showed that the inhibition zone diameter of lotus leaf and reed leaf extract were larger than others. Their inhibition zone diameter of Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enteritis were almost all significantly (P < 0.05) larger than those of potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate. The MIC and MBC to all pathogens of lotus leaf were the smallest. The MIC of the four extracts to Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the lowest, and the MBC to Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the same. The extract with concentration of 0.5 times of MIC value or above could significantly change the cell membrane permeability of microorganisms (P<0.05). The extracts of four rice dumplings leaves could effectively inhibit the growth of food pathogens. Meanwhile, they had UV irradiation stability and thermal stability, and their bacteriostatic effect were stable under weak acidic and neutral conditions of pH 5-7. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Biosystms Engineening

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Inversion of soil moisture content of winter wheat at turning green period based on multispectral remote sensing by unmanned aerial vehicle WANG Jun, LU Zhou, LUO Ming, XU Feifei, ZHANG Xu 2022, 34(6):  1297-1305.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.06.20 Abstract ( 375 )   HTML ( 134 )   PDF (9422KB) ( 663 )   Accurate and quick determination of soil moisture of winter wheat plot could provide references for efficient water utilization and precision irrigation. In this study, the multispectral remote sensing data of winter wheat at turning green period were obtained by unmanned aerial vehicle in Zhangjiagang City, Jiangsu Province. The soil moisture at two depths (10 cm and 20 cm) was measured simultaneously. Spectral reflectance was extracted from remote sensing images, and normalized difference vegetation index, enhanced vegetation index, perpendicular drought index were calculated. After collinearity analysis, stepwise regression, ridge regression and partial least squares regression methods were used to construct soil moisture content inversion models at different soil depths, then the optimal inversion model was adopted to draw soil moisture inversion maps. The results showed that the determination coefficient of models constructed by the stepwise regression method for 10, 20 cm soil depths were 0.885 and 0.782, respectively, of which the inversion precision was the highest. The inversion performance for 10 cm soil depth of all the constructed models were better than that of the 20 cm soil depth. The present study could provide references for the selection of soil moisture monitoring of winter wheat at turning green period. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Detection of forest pests based on improved YOLOv4 CHEN Daohuai, WANG Hangjun 2022, 34(6):  1306-1315.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.06.21 Abstract ( 388 )   HTML ( 418 )   PDF (6972KB) ( 666 )   Abstract：In order to improve the accuracy of pest detection in the forest, an improved algorithm based on YOLOv4 was proposed. First, based on the image captured by the intelligent pest capture device, the pest data set was made, and K-means algorithm was used to cluster the target frame of the sample data set. Based on the DIoU-NMS algorithm, the counting function of pests was realized. Then, feature fusion was added to the path aggregation network (PANet) structure of the model, as well as 104×104 hierarchical feature detection graph, to increase the recognition accuracy of small-sized pests. Finally, according to the efficiency and complexity of model detection, the combination of scale feature maps in the model was adjusted to ensure the detection accuracy, improve the detection efficiency and simplify the model. The experimental results showed that the mean average precision of the improved YOLOv4 model was 1.6 percent higher than that of the traditional YOLOv4 model with a better performance on the detection of small-sized pests. Besides, its speed was improved by 11.1 percent, and the model complexity and model parameters were reduced by 11.9 percent and 33.2 percent, respectively, as compared with the traditional YOLOv4 model, which was more suitable for application deployment. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of over expression of phosphopantetheinyl transferases gene on fatty acid synthesis in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 LI Yanle, ZHONG Huairong, XUAN Ning, ZHANG Yan, CHEN Gao, JI Xiang 2022, 34(6):  1316-1325.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.06.22 Abstract ( 340 )   HTML ( 132 )   PDF (1351KB) ( 520 )   Phosphopantothenyl transferase (PPTase) is a key enzyme in fatty acid synthesis in bacteria. In this study, the homologous recombinant plasmid slr0495(+) was successfully constructed for overexpressing the PPTase (slr0495) gene and transformed into wild-type Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. The results showed that under the culture conditions of 30 ℃, 50 μmol·m-2·s-1, the contents of C12:0, C16:0 and C18: 0 in wild type Synechocystis sp. were 1.06 mg·g-1, 6.44 mg·g-1, 1.19 mg·g-1,while the C12:0, C16:0and C18:0 contents of mutant strains were 23.58%, 25.31% and 13.45% higher than those of wild type strains, respectively. Under the culture conditions of 20 ℃, 50% NaNO3 and 50 μmol·m-2·s-1 light intensity, compared with the wild type, the contents of C16:0 and C18:0 in mutant strains overexpressing slr0495 gene increased by 44.71% and 41.51%, respectively. These above results indicated that overexpression of slr0495 gene increased the contents of saturated long-chain fatty acids in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803, and the contents of medium-long-chain saturated fatty acids were further improved under the conditions of low temperature (20 ℃) and nitrogen deficiency (50% NaNO3). This study not only provides a theoretical basis for further exploring the function of slr0495 and the stress response of this gene in adversity but also lays the foundation for further exploring the high-yield polyunsaturated fatty acids of microalgae. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Agricultural Economy and Development

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How information symmetry promotes pesticide reduction: theoretical models, typical cases and regulatory strategies SHAO Yitian 2022, 34(6):  1326-1336.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.06.23 Abstract ( 418 )   HTML ( 86 )   PDF (1374KB) ( 569 )   The development of pesticide has promoted the progress of agriculture in China, but abuse of pesticide has also caused many negative external effects. How to reasonably apply pesticide is a practical problem for China’s agricultural sustainable development. In the present study, the theoretical model of pesticide reduction was constructed by referring to nuclear decay law, and the influencing factors of farmer’s profits and guidance of pesticide application behavior under different pesticide information conditions were analyzed. A typical case of “Lishui Shangeng” was taken to analyze the realization of pesticide reduction by pesticide information symmetry. The results showed that “government external empowerment & market endogenous drive” is a feasible path to achieve sustainable pesticide reduction, and the key is to ensure the information symmetry of pesticide in agricultural products. Therefore, the focus of pesticide reduction regulation strategy should be transferred from the specific control of pesticide application to the creation of information symmetry market environment. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Dilemma in transformation of homestead resources, assets and capital and corresponding solutions PANG Yajun 2022, 34(6):  1338-1348.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.06.24 Abstract ( 242 )   HTML ( 1849688071 )   PDF (1505KB) ( 564 )   Rural homestead which features the attributes of resources, assets and capital can be transformed from the elements of "natural" space resources and "unnatural" policy resources into the value of "constant" transaction capital and "variable" financial capital before transforming into the economic form of "tangible" physical assets and "intangible" equity assets under the condition of market economy. The regulatory system for the use of the homestead under the traditional economy, which inhibits the transformation of homestead resources, assets and capital, has largely reduced the property income of rural residents, the utilization of rural land, inherent driving force of rural revitalization, and the immigration of rural population to urban areas. By drawing on the pilot reform experiences of Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, Nanhai, Guangdong Province and Wujin, Jiangsu Province, the logical channels for the transformation of resources, assets and capital of homestead were explored and framed, the spatial scope and usage regulations for the transformation, the main body of land reconditioning, transformation direction and other supporting policies were clarified simultaneously, and countermeasures were proposed in accordance with the top-level design of "separation of three rights" of ownership, qualification and use rights, from the dimensions of confirmation and certification, live rights empowerment, market entry and transaction, spatial governance and pilot iteration. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics