Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis

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2024, 36(7): 0-0.

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Breeding, yield and quality characteristics of Zheshu 86, a sweetpotato variety with high photosynthetic efficiency

SHEN Shengfa, XIANG Chao, MENG Yusha, LI Bing, WU Liehong

2024, 36(7): 1469-1480. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231059

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Shaping ideotype is the foundation and important way to achieve crop yield breakthroughs and high photosynthetic efficiency breeding. The sweetpotato parents with semi-erect and high quality, a starch variety Zheshu 20 and an edible local variety Yuedong, were used for cross-breeding, with ideotype, high yield and high quality as the main selection objectives, and the variety Zheshu 86 with high photosynthetic efficiency was bred. This variety had the morphological characteristics of an ideotype with short vines and a large number of base branches, forming a semi-erect plant type with more vertical secondary branches and a higher canopy space by the obvious advantages of plant height on ridge. Zheshu 86 had high leaf area index, medium depth split leaf shape with seven lobe, smaller and thick leaves, small stem-leaf angle of upper leaves, obvious leaf upthrust and more storage roots per plant. Based on the above advantages and characteristics, Zheshu 86 had higher photosynthetic efficiency and economic coefficient, and exhibited excellent early maturity and high yield. In the sweetpotato variety regional trials of Zhejiang Province and the Yangtze Plain, the annual yield of fresh storage root ranked first among all the tested varieties, with the yields of fresh storage root, dry storage root and starch increasing by about 30% compared with Xushu 22. The storage roots had high β-amylase activity, high content of maltose and soluble sugar after steaming, good taste, high starch content and good starch properties of high peak viscosity, high breakdown value and setback value, as well as low pasting temperature, so Zheshu 86 was suitable for fresh food, preserved potato, and starch processing. The variety had wide adaptability and was resistant to fusarium wilt, moderately resistant to black rot, root rot, and type Ⅱ bactrium wilt, and susceptible to stem nematode, type Ⅰ bactrium wilt, and foot rot. Zheshu 86 was a high quality, high yield and multi-purpose sweetpotato variety with high light efficiency, which was suitable for planting in Yangtze Plain areas, except for the severely affected areas of foot rot in southeastern Zhejiang.

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Phenotypic diversity of ear traits in 487 maize landraces

LI Qingchao, YANG Shan, ZHANG Dengfeng, LIU Jianxin, SUN Kaili, WU Xun

2024, 36(7): 1481-1491. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240060

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To investigate the interrelationship between ear traits in maize germplasm resources and identify high-quality maize germplasm resources, 487 maize germplasm resources collected from four provinces including Guizhou, Shaanxi, Gansu and Hubei were used as study materials, and comprehensive evaluation of 10 ear traits were conducted using methods such as Shannon-Wiener diversity index, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis. The results showed that the coefficient of variation of the 10 ear traits ranged from 6.1% to 71.0%, and the phenotypic diversity indices ranged from 0.319 to 2.038. Correlation analysis revealed widespread correlation between traits. Systematic cluster analysis divided the 487 germplasm resources into four groups: Group Ⅰ included 187 germplasm resources, Group Ⅱ included 208 germplasm resources, Group Ⅲ included 48 germplasm resources, and Group Ⅳ included 44 germplasm resources, with Guizhou and Shaanxi germplasm resources being more representative. In the end, 15 germplasm resources with excellent comprehensive performance in ear traits were selected, which could provide reference and basic materials for maize resource identification, germplasm material innovation, and genetic breeding.

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Analysis of yield and utilization of temperature and light resources of different types of ratoon rice varieties in central Anhui, China

PAN Zhijun, WU Xiaowen, WU Chenyang, CHENG Yu, CHEN Long, ZHANG Xiaohong, ZHANG Jinshan, ZHOU Bing, JIANG Bo, ZHANG Wenjing, CHE Zhao, SONG He

2024, 36(7): 1492-1501. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230554

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To explore the growth and development characteristics and utilization of temperature and light resources among different types of ratoon rice varieties in central Anhui, China, and provide references for the selection of suitable ratoon rice varieties and annual rice cultivation patterns, 8 representative ratoon rice varieties from 4 types (early indica rice, early indica hybrid rice, middle-season indica hybrid rice, indica-japonica hybrid rice) were selected as the test materials. The rice yield and meteorological factors were measured during the whole growth period. The results showed that the middle-season indica hybrid rice had the highest yield [(12.47±0.24)t·hm^-2], solar radiation production efficiency [(0.40±0.01)g·MJ^-1] and effective accumulated temperature (≥10 ℃) production efficiency [(4.35±0.10)kg·hm^-2·℃^-1·d^-1]. It realized high yield by maitaining the high daily yield and prolonged growth period. Early indica rice and early indica hybrid rice matured 24-47 days earlier than the midle-season indica hybrid rice and indica-japonica hybrid rice, which provided more abundant temperature and light resources for the successive crop planting. In summary, when the middle-season indica hybrid rice was used as ratoon rice, it could improve the utilization efficiency of temperature and light resources and crop yield. However, the rotation patterns could be more abundant when the early indica rice and early indica hybrid rice were used as ratoon rice.

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Study of polymorphism in the VRTN gene and its association with production traits in (Duroc×Saba)♂×[Yorkshire×(Landrace×Saba)]♀

MA Li, LAN Yi, XIE Bingxin, ZHOU Chunlu, LUO Shuyuan, XU Wenkun, DONG Xinxing, YAN Dawei

2024, 36(7): 1502-1510. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230760

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To investigate the polymorphism of the vertnin (VRTN) gene in (Duroc×Saba, DS)♂×[Yorkshire×(Landrace×Saba), YLS]♀ (hereafter DS×YLS) and its effects on fattening, carcass and meat quality, the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in promoter region and its 4 exons regions of VRTN gene were detected by PCR product directed sequencing in populations of DS×YLS, Duro, Landrace, Yorkshire, and the genotype frequency and gene frequency were calculated. Fattening, carcass and muscle quality were determined in 321 DS×YLS pigs. The association between different genotypes at each SNPs locus and fattening, carcass and meat quality were analyzed by least squares model. A total of two mutation loci, VRTN g.97615896_97615897ins291 and VRTN g.97622607G>A were detected to be polymorphic in four pig populations. g.97615896_97615897ins291 showed Q/Q, Q/Wt, and Wt/Wt genotypes in all four pig populations. All four populations were moderately polymorphic and in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium state. In the VRTN g.97615896_97615897ins291 locus of DS×YLS pigs, the backfat thickness of Q/Q genotype was 0.36 mm less than that of Wt/Wt (P<0.05), the rib number of Q/Q genotype was 0.63 pairs more than that of Wt/Wt genotype (P<0.01), the carcass oblique length of Q/Wt genotype was 1.56 cm longer than Wt/Wt (P<0.05), the area of longissimus dorsi of Q/Q genotype and Q/Wt genotype were 4.38 cm², 4.34 cm² bigger than that of Wt/Wt genotype (P<0.05) respectively, the lean meat percentage of Q/Q genotype was 3.23 percentage points higher than that of Wt/Wt genotype (P<0.05), the fat percentage of Q/Q genotype was 4.1 percentage points lower than that of Wt/Wt genotype (P<0.05) at VRTN g.97615896_97615897ins291 loci in the population of DS×YLS. VRTN g.97622607G>A belonged to the low polymorphism site (PIC=0.079 9)in DS×YLS,and was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium state. In the VRTN g.97622607G>A locus of DS×YLS pigs, the average daily gain (ADG) between 30 kg and 100 kg of GG genotype was 61.43 g·d^-1 higher than that of GA genotype (P<0.01), the lean meat percentage of GG genotype was 2.53 percentage points higher than that of GA genotype (P<0.05) at VRTN g. 97622607G>A locus in the population of DS×YLS. The results showed that the insertion of the Q allele at VRTN g.97615896_97615897ins291 could increase the number of ribs, carcass oblique length, area of longissimus dorsi and lean meat percentage, and decrease the backfat and fat percentage. VRTN g.97622607G>A locus GG genotype could increase the ADG and lean meat rate of DS×YLS. This study provided a basis for molecular marker-assisted selection with the VRTN gene to improve the performance of Saba pigs.

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Effects of Spirulina platensis and Haematococcus pluvialis on the growth performance, antioxidant enzymes, phosphatase, and heat shock protein of zebrafish (Danio rerio)

LI Fei, SU Tiantian, SU Kangjie, XU Ke, MA Li, LIU Ziming

2024, 36(7): 1511-1518. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231326

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Spirulina platensis and Haematococcus pluvialis are both high-quality microalgae with good nutritional and medicinal value. This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of 2% or 4% S. platensis and H. pluvialis on the growth performance, antioxidant enzyme and phosphatase activities, and heat shock protein expression of zebrafish (Danio rerio), which laid the foundation for the joint application of the two algae. The results showed that the final weight, weight gain and specific growth rates of zebrafish in group with 4% S. platensis and 2% H. pluvialis added to feed were significantly higher than those in the control group, and the gains were accompanied by significant increases in amylase and protease activities. The effects of dietary supplementation of two algae on the antioxidant enzyme activities of zebrafish were relatively complex. Compared with the control group, superoxide dismutase activities in two groups (2% S. platensis + 2% H. pluvialis and 4% S. platensis + 2% H. pluvialis) were significantly elevated. The opposite results were observed in catalase activities of zebrafish from two groups (4% S. platensis + 2% H. pluvialis and 4% S. platensis + 4% H. pluvialis). Zebrafish fed a diet supplemented with S. platensis and H. pluvialis had significant elevations in phosphatase activities and the expression of heat shock proteins. Phosphatase activities and heat shock protein 70 expression of zebrafish in all groups with algae supplementation were significantly higher than those in the control group, which illustrated that the combined feeding of S. platensis and H. pluvialis was conducive to improve the immune related levels and stress resistance of zebrafish. Compared with the control group, the significant elevation in the expression of heat shock protein 90 in zebrafish was detected in only one group (4% S. platensis + 2% H. pluvialis) rather than the other three groups. To sum up, dietary supplementation of S. platensis and H. pluvialis improved the growth performance, immune related level and anti-stress ability of zebrafish, and the addition with 4% S. platensis + 2% H. pluvialis was more appropriate.

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Simultaneous determination of 15 quinolones in livestock and poultry excrement by UPLC-MS/MS

QIU Chengjun, HOU Xuan, CHEN Kai, WU Wangjun, ZHOU Wei, DUAN Yougang

2024, 36(7): 1519-1529. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230345

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An analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 15 quinolones residues in livestock and poultry excrement by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was established. The sample was crushed and sieved after freeze-drying, extracted by mixing N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and 0.1 mol·L^-1 hydrochloric acid solution, purified by HLB solid phase extraction column, detected by UPLC-MS/MS, and quantified by matrix matching calibration external standard method. The results showed that the linearity of 15 quinolones was good in the concentration range of 2-50 ng·mL^-1, the coefficient of determination (R²)>0.99, and the detection limit was 5 μg·kg^-1, limit of quantitation was 10 μg·kg^-1, the average recovery rate was 76.2%-109.0%, relative standard derivation (RSD) was 1.3%-12.4% (n=6) at the concentration of 10, 20 and 500 μg·kg^-1. This method has achieved lower detection limit, quantitative limit, higher recovery rate and stability. It can be applied to the monitoring of quinolones residues in livestock and poultry excrement, provide accurate guidance for the scientific application of livestock and poultry excrement in the planting industry, provide technical methods for indirect monitoring of the content of quinolones in the breeding process, and guide the rational use of antibiotics by breeding enterprises.

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Analysis of genetic structure and conservation effect of Guyuan chicken based on SNP chip

ZHANG Haiyang, HUANG Xuan, ZHOU Wei, XIANG Xin, MA Yufang, YIN Zhaozheng

2024, 36(7): 1530-1536. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230185

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In order to understand the conservation effect of Gujun chicken and provide reference and help for better protection and utilization of Gujun chicken, an important local germplasm resource. Blood samples of 30 roosters and 30 hens were randomly collected from Guyuan chicken population, and the conservation of Guyuan chicken was analyzed by “Jingxin No.1” 55K chip technology. The results showed that the effective population size was 8.9, the proportion of polymorphic markers was 0.828, the expected heterozygosity was 0.360, and the observed heterozygosity was 0.359, which indicated that the genetic variation of the population was small and the uniformity was high; and the G matrix showed that there was a trend of inbreeding in the population; Among the 1 431 runs of homozygosity (ROH), the number of individuals with ROH between 50 Mb and 100 Mb was the largest, accounting for 36.67%, and the average inbreeding coefficient was 0.11. According to the results of genetic relationship analysis and cluster analysis, the 30 roosters were divided into 10 families, of which 25 hens were divided into different families, and the kinship coefficients between the other 5 hens and the tested cocks were all less than 0.1, so they were classified as “others”. To sum up, the genetic variation of the conserved Guyuan chicken population was small and the breeding degree was high, in order to reduce the inbreeding increment of the population, it was necessary to consider the genetic relationship before mating in the later conservation process.

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The temporal characteristic of plankton community and their relationship with shrimp growth in the co-cultural farming of rice and redclaw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus)

TANG Jinyu, HUANG Fuyong, DAI Yangxin, LOU Bao, GUO Shuirong

2024, 36(7): 1537-1547. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230738

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In this study, the temporal characteristics and biodiversity of plankton community from June to September 2022 were examined by high-throughput 18S rRNA gene sequencing in 6 co-cultural systems of rice and redclaw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) in Haining City, Zhejiang Province. Further, the relationship between dominant species/diversity indices and growth traits was analyzed by Pearson’s correlation coefficient and exhibited the results with a heatmap. Results showed that no significant difference was found in growth traits including body length, carapace width, final body weight, growth rate, specific growth rate and condition factor of C. quadricarinatus among different co-cultural systems. However, the body length, carapace width and final body weight were gradually increasing while specific growth rate was decreasing with the extension of co-cultural time. The biodiversity of plankton community was initially improved by the introduction of C. quadricarinatus but was negatively influenced by its culturing succession. Cryptomonas, Chlamydomonas, Chlorella and Mesocyclops were the dominant species in the co-cultural systems of rice and redclaw crayfish. The relative abundance of the main species (top 50 species of plankton) belonging to phytoplankton and zooplankton exhibited a conflicting variation, with an upward tendency in phytoplankton while a downward tendency in zooplankton. The plankton community could be classified into four types according to the sampling period, indicating that seasonal variation was the main factor driving changes in the plankton community. Moreover, the predation of C. quadricarinatus was also related with the change of plankton community. The condition factor was negatively correlated with Chlorella, indicating that water quality played a significant impact on the growth and health condition of C. quadricarinatus. Thus, it is important to balance the substantial demand of nutrition in paddy and good water quality in the aquaculture areas in co-cultural farming of rice and redclaw crayfish.

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Effects of bagging on oil cell development and volatile component in Jinsha pomelo pericarp

WEN Ting, JIN Sanpeng, LIU Dechun, HU Wei, KUANG Liuqing, SONG Jie, ZHU Chang, LIU Yong, YANG Li

2024, 36(7): 1548-1557. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230791

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Using Jinsha pomelo as the experimental material and no bagging as the control, different light transmittance paper bags were used for bagging treatment of 80 days after blooming, the development status of oil cells and changes in volatile component content in mature fruit peels after bagging were analyzed at different developmental time. The results showed that there was no significant change in the morphology, structure, and diameter of oil cells after bagging, but the types and relative content of volatile substances changed. There were 44, 45, and 44 volatile compounds detected in non bagged, single-layer white paper bags, and double-layer red and black paper bags, respectively, all of which were mainly terpenes with relative contents ranging from 75.77% to 80.58%. The types of terpenes in the two bagging treatments were less than those in the non bagging treatment. There were a total of 11 types of terpenes in the three treatments, with D-limonene having the highest relative content. However, the double-layer paper bag treatment had higher levels of D-limonene than the non bagging and single-layer paper bag treatments; The types and relative contents of alcohol substances in the two bagging treatments were higher than those in the non bagging treatment, and the three were mainly composed of nerol and geraniol; All three treatments contained two detected aldehydes, with citral as the main component, with single-layer paper bags having the highest relative content; The relative content of ketones was inversely proportional to the light intensity. Gingerol was the main ingredient without bagging, and naringin was the main ingredient in single-layer and double-layer paper bags; The relative content of acetate geranyl ester is the highest in esters of three treatments, and there was little difference among all treatments; Only trace amounts of isocyanate epoxide were detected in single-layer paper bag treatment.

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Effect of low-temperature stress on proline metabolism and ascorbic acid-glutathione cycle during germination of three Pueraria lobata germplasm lines

ZENG Hongxue, QU Xinghong

2024, 36(7): 1558-1568. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230863

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To investigate the effects of different temperature on proline metabolism and ascorbic acid-glutathione (AsA-GSH) circulatory system during germination of Pueraria lobata seeds, three lines of P. lobata collected from Australian (AUS), and Jiangsu Province (JS), Hunan Province (HN) in China, were subjected to germination tests by using the paper interval method to study the changes in proline content, key enzymes activities of proline metabolism, and contents of non-enzymatic antioxidants and activities of enzymatic antioxidants in the metabolism of AsA-GSH cycle under different treatments (CK, 25 ℃; LT, 15 ℃; LTI1, 10 ℃; LTI2, seed soaking by 0.1% H₂O₂+10 ℃). The results showed that compared to the CK, low temperature stress increased contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and decreased proline dehydrogenase (ProDH) activity. Application of H₂O₂ increased the contents of proline, ascorbic acid (AsA), dehydro ascorbic acid (DHA), glutathione (GSH), glutathione disulfide (GSSG), and activities of Δ¹-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid synthase (P5CS), ornithine aminotransferase (OAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR), hence improved the low-temperature resistance of P. lobata. Based on the membership function analysis, the three P. lobata germplasm lines were ranked as HN>AUS>JS in order of cold-tolerance.

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Genetic diversity of cowpea landraces in Zhejiang Province, China

WANG Baogen, CHEN Xiaoyang, WU Jian, LI Xiao, WANG Ying, WANG Jian, WU Xiaohua, LU Zhongfu, SUN Yuyan, DONG Wenqi, LI Guojing, WU Xinyi

2024, 36(7): 1569-1582. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231064

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Zhejiang is one of the main cowpea producing areas in China. To systematically sort out and identify the cowpea landraces in Zhejiang Province, 220 cowpea accessions collected in Zhejiang Province in multi-years were evaluated on 21 important traits in the field. The results showed that these landraces had large phenotypic variation, and they could be divided into four clusters according to their phenotype data, of which, Cluster Ⅲ displayed the similar phenotypes with the current released cultivars, indicating that these accessions had high values for cowpea breeding. Using the cowpea specific core single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the genotypes of 220 landraces were also identified and their DNA fingerprinting was constructed. Based on their genotype data, these accessions were also divided into four subpopulations, and subpopulation Ⅲ showed the longest pods. In summary, the genetic diversity of Zhejiang cowpea landraces was evaluated from different perspectives, and the results would provide a scientific basis for cowpea germplasm enhancement and new cultivars development.

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Identification and functional analysis of CLE gene family in Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo

ZHU Yan, DING Lan, CHEN Yiqian, HUANG Xiujing, JIANG Weiwei, CHEN Donghong

2024, 36(7): 1583-1590. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231020

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CLE peptide are a class of small secreted proteins that widely participate in plant development and cell-to-cell communication, playing a key regulatory role in maintaining the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells. In order to study the function of CLE family member in Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo, RNA was extracted from the leaves, roots, stems, buds and fruits of D. officinale and reverse transcribed into cDNA, and the expression of CLE family genes in each tissue was detected by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The results showed that 17 CLE members were identified in D. officinale, all of which conserved 12-amino acid CLE motifs. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR performed on roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits showed that these CLE members had different tissue expression profiles, particularly CLE19635 with specifical expression in flower buds and fruits, and CLE22175 with specifical expression in fruits. In vitro synthesis of CLE peptides for treatment of Arabidopsis thaliana revealed that CLE peptides impacted the growth of A. thaliana roots, CLE05351 promoted root elongation, CLE18468 had no obvious effect, but the other CLE peptides all inhibited root elongation. mPS-PI staining did not find that the cell pattern of root-tip meristem was affected by CLE peptides. In addition, T₂ homozygotes of A. thaliana overexpressing CLE02038 showed a short root phenotype, which was consistent with the result of CLE peptides treatment. The results laid a foundation for the further exploring the role of CLE family in the epiphytic root of D. officinale and its signal regulation network, and provided potential target genes for breeding of ideal root systems in D. officinale.

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The diversity of tea germplasm resources and genetic relationship of ‘Tieguanyin’-derived varieties in Anxi, Fujian, China

ZHU Yanyu, YU Wentao, GAO Shuilian, LYU Shuiyuan, WANG Pan, JIN Wanmin, GUI Wenjing, LIN Yi, YE Naixing

2024, 36(7): 1591-1601. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231037

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In order to better protect, evaluate and utilize Anxi tea germplasm resources, the genetic diversity of Anxi tea germplasm resources and the genetic relationship of ‘Tieguanyin’-derived varieties were analyzed by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) molecular marker technique. Principal coordinate analysis, hierarchical clustering tree analysis, population structure analysis and genetic distance analysis were carried out.The DNA fingerprinting of ‘Tieguanyin’ and its derived varieties were also constructed, and their genetic similarity coefficients were calculated. The results showed that a total of 53 high polymorphic loci suitable for genotyping of Anxi tea germplasm resources were screened out. The average observed heterozygosity was 0.322, and the average expected heterozygosity was 0.281, indicating that Anxi tea plant germplasm resources had rich genetic diversity. The genetic distance between tea populations in the four townships of Anxi was 0.068-0.269. The tested samples could be divided into two groups. Group I mainly included tea plant germplasm resources from Xiping, Huqiu and Hushang, with frequent exchanges among germplasm resources. Group Ⅱ was mainly composed of wild-type landrace tea germplasm resources in Futian, and the tea plant germplasm resources in Futian were relatively concentrated and independent. DNA fingerprinting could accurately identify ‘Tieguanyin’ and its derived varieties. ‘Tieguanyin’-derived varieties had rich diversity, among which ‘Tieguanyin’ had a large genetic similarity coefficient with ‘Jinmudan’, ‘Zimeigui’ and ‘Xinxuan 211’. In summary, the diversity of tea plant germplasm resources in Anxi County was rich, ‘Jinmudan’, ‘Zimeigui’ and ‘Xinxuan 211’ had higher genetic similarity with ‘Tieguanyin’.

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Effects of flower thinning on yield and quality components of Zi Yan tea plants

LI Hui, TAN Xiaoqin, TANG Qian, YANG Yang, CHEN Wei

2024, 36(7): 1602-1615. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230332

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In this study, we investigated the effects of different bud loadings and chemical concentrations on the yield and quality components of tea plants using the tea variety Zi Yan as the test material. The results showed that the decrease in flower bud loading could promote the growth of shoots of Zi Yan tea plants, with the highest new shoot yield at 1/2 bud loading, 363.31 kg·hm^-2, 591.38 kg·hm^-2 and 396.76 kg·hm^-2 in summer, autumn and the following spring respectively, which is 28.55%, 49.17% and 125.85% significantly higher than that of the control, respectively. In addition, the reduction of bud loading could also increase the water extract and tea polyphenol content of new tips of Zi Yan tea plants, and facilitate the accumulation of catechins. Ethephon can effectively remove the flowers (buds) of tea plants and maintain them throughout the flowering period, and 1 000 mg·L^-1 of ethephon can significantly increasing the yield of tea plants, amounting to 264.75 kg·hm^-2 in spring. A certain concentration of polyconazole could not effectively reduce the number of flowering of Zi Yan tea plants, and it was observed that it delayed the flowering and new growth process of the tea plants, but did not affect its yield; In addition, polyconazole could significantly increase the free amino acid and anthocyanin content in spring Zi Yan tea plants, with a significant increase of 29.55% in anthocyanin content at a concentration of 150 mg·L^-1 compared with the control.

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Evaluation of resistance to foot rot and analysis of disease resistance related indexes of 60 sweet potato germplasm resources

HAN Qingyu, CHENG Linrun, LI Yuehong, QIU Zhiling, HOU Meng, LOU Binggan

2024, 36(7): 1616-1625. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231410

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Foot rot of sweet potato is the main disease of sweet potato in Zhejiang Province in recent years, which seriously affects the yield and quality of sweet potato. The purpose of this study was to explore sweet potato varieties with high resistance and to explore the characteristics of resistance-related physiological indexes and resistance-related genes, so as to provide scientific basis for the improvement of sweet potato varieties. The resistance to foot rot of 60 sweet potato germplasm resources was determined by wound inoculation method. The representative resistant and susceptible sweet potato varieties were selected to infect the Phomopsis destruens and the differences in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and the expression levels of resistance-related genes were analyzed. The results showed that among the 60 sweet potato germplasm resources, 3 varieties were highly resistant to the disease, including Xu D1-26, Xu D10-139, and J7-44. Meanwhile, 10 resistant, 18 susceptible and 29 highly susceptible varieties were identified, respectively. Moreover, the resistance level of sweet potato to foot rot was related to the antioxidant capacity, membrane lipid peroxidation level and jasmonic acid signaling pathway regulation of sweet potato. We found that the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) in highly resistant varieties were significantly increased compared to highly susceptible varieties. By 120 hours post inoculation (hpi), the activities of POD and SOD in highly resistant varieties were 1.81 times and 3.75 times higher than those in highly susceptible varieties, and the activity of CAT in highly resistant varieties was 2.93 times higher by 48 hpi. However, the MDA content of highly resistant varieties was significantly lower than that of highly susceptible varieties. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that expression levels of the resistance-related genes IbWRKY1, IbBBX24 and IbNAC1 were up-regulated by 2.72, 3.15 and 1.91 times in highly resistant varieties compared with highly susceptible varieties at 168 hpi.

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Analysis of the correlation between the occurrence of the flesh scallion disease of Myrica rubra and nutritional elements

YAN Hongyuan, YU Zheping, ZHANG Shuwen, NI Xiaopeng, LI Xiangnan, LIANG Senmiao

2024, 36(7): 1626-1633. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230802

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Flesh scallion disease is a physiological disease with a high incidence rate on Myrica rubra, which has a great impact on yield and fruit quality at maturity, and its pathogenesis has not been reported yet. This study used 15-year Dongkui as the test material, selected 2 experimental points for sampling and investigation, and systematically analyzed the changes in nutrient content in the fruits and leaves of Myrica rubra at different disease levels of flesh scallion disease. With the increase of the onset level of flesh scallion disease (level 0-3), the content of N, K, Mg, Fe in fruits and Ca, Fe, B in leaves increased gradually, and the increase of N and K content in fruits was more significant, and the content reached 15.6 g·kg^-1 and 19.2 g·kg^-1 in the most serious level 3, respectively. The increase of Ca and Fe content in leaves was more significant, reaching 8 825.0 mg·kg^-1 and 181.4 mg·kg^-1, respectively, in the onset level 3, while the P content in leaves showed a gradual decreasing trend with the increase of the onset level, and the content was 0.31 g·kg^-1 at the onset level 3. The malondialdehyde content in the pulp was the highest of 124.2 μg·g^-1 at disease level 0, and the proline content tended to increase gradually with disease level and the difference was significant, reaching 119.1 μg·g^-1 at disease level 3. To sum up, this study preliminarily explored the pathogenesis of Myrica rubra cv. Dongkui by dividing the disease incidence level, and analyzing the differences of nutrient elements in corresponding fruits and leaves.

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Effects of biochar and biochar-based fertilizers on soil quality and plant growth

FU Zhiqiang, LIU Zhen, MA Chunhua, WEN Mengling, XI Ruchun

2024, 36(7): 1634-1645. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230750

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Biochar can improve soil structure and properties when applied as a soil amendment. The biochar-based fertilizers made by mixing biochar with nutrients has the advantages of delayed nutrient release and reduced nutrient leaching, which is an environmentally friendly fertilizer with great application potential in agriculture. Studies have shown that the application of biochar and biochar-based fertilizers can effectively improve the physical and chemical properties of soil, increase the abundance of soil microorganisms, and promote plant growth. In the present study, the research progress of biochar and biochar-based fertilizers in agriculture in terms of their effects on soil physical and chemical properties, soil microbial communities, plant growth and nutrient uptake was reviewed, and prospects for the application of biochar and biochar-based fertilizers in agriculture were proposed.

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Effects of passivators on contents of heavy metals in soil and morel fruiting body

XIAO Yinrun, MA Jiping, WANG Yunping, WANG Suzhen, ZHONG Guoxiang, XIONG Xiaowen, ZHANG Cheng

2024, 36(7): 1646-1656. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230574

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In the present study, a field experiment was performed to investigate the effects of addition of 0.5 kg·m^-2 passivator (quicklime, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, or organic fertilizer) on the contents of available heavy metals in soil the the contents of heavy metals in the morel (Morchella sextelata) fruiting body, with no addition of passivators as the control (CK). The results showed that the dry weight of morel fruiting body was significantly (P<0.05) increased by 1.04 times, 1.46 times and 44% with the addition of quicklime, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, or organic fertilizer, respectively, than the control. The soil pH value was singificantly increased with the addition of quicklime, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer compared with the control. The addition of quicklime significantly reduced the available content of Pb and Fe in the soil and the content of Cr and Cu in the morel fruiting body, and significantly increased the available Cr content in the soil and Mn content in the morel fruiting body. Futhermore, with the addition of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, the contents of soil available Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn in the soil were significantly decreased, yet the contents of Cu, Zn, Fe,Mn in the morel fruiting body were significantly increased, as well as the Cr content significantly reduced. The addition of organic fertilizer significantly decreased the contents of available Cd, Pb, Fe in the soil and the content of Cd, Cr, Mn in the morel fruiting body, however, the contents of available Zn, Mn in the soil and Zn content in the morel fruiting body were significantly increased. In conclusion, quicklime, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, and organic fertilizer demonstrated effective passivating potential on heavy metals in soil and could decrease the accumulation of nonessential heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr) in the morel fruiting body.

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Effects of chemical fertilizer reduction combined with microbial fertilizer application on yield, quality, and soil properties of broccoli

HU Tiejun

2024, 36(7): 1657-1665. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230430

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In order to explore a suitable fertilization method, which could both reduce the input of chemical fertilizers and increase the efficiency of broccoli production, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different fertilization modes on the yield, quality, fertilizer utilization efficiency, and soil nutrients and enzymes activities of broccoli. There were four treatments: CK, no fertilizer applied; W1, conventional fertilization mode; W2, chemical fertilizer reduction by 10% (compared with the W1 treatment, the same as below)+microbial fertilizer 1 200 kg·hm^-2; W3, chemical fertilizer reduction by 20%+microbial fertilizer 1 500 kg·hm^-2; W4, chemical fertilizer reduction by 30%+microbial fertilizer 1 800 kg·hm^-2. The results showed that compared with the conventional fertilization mode, application of appropriate reduction of chemical fertilizer combined with microbial fertilizer could improve the biological traits and yield of broccoli, improve its quality, increase the utilization efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizers, and enhance the soil nutrients content and enzymes activities. The subordinate function method was used to comprehensively evaluate the characteristics and quality of broccoli under different fertilization modes, and the W3 treatment exhibited the best performance, as well as the highest economic benefit, which could be promoted in agricultural production.

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Residues and dietary risk assessment of fluopyram in Dendrobium officinale

WANG Xiaomei, LUO Yuqin, ZHAO Xueping, LU Lanfei, FANG Nan, WANG Xiangyun, JIANG Jinhua, HE Hongmei, ZHANG Changpeng, WANG Qiang

2024, 36(7): 1666-1676. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230479

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A method was established for the simultaneous determination of fluopyram and its metabolite 2-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide (BZM) in both fresh and dried Dendrobium officinale. Pot experiment was conducted to investigate the residue behaviors of fluopyram and BZM in D. officinale, and the long-term dietary risk of fluopyram was evaluated. The established determination method was as follows: the samples were extracted with acetonitrile, purified with octadecyl bonded silica gel (C₁₈), primary secondary amine (PSA) and PestiCarb (PC), and detected by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The result showed that fluopyram and BZM had linearities that ranged from 0.001 to 0.1 mg·L^-1, with correlation coefficient≥ 0.998 1. The recoveries of fluopyram and BZM in D. officinale at three spiked levels (0.01, 0.1, 15 mg·kg^-1) were 85.71%-97.98%, 94.14%-112.21%, respectively, with relative standard deviations of 0.39%-5.93%, 1.22%-6.73%, respectively. When fluopyram was applied at recommended does (375.3 g·hm^-2, based on the available ingredient) or double recommended does to D. officinale, the dissipation dynamics of fluopyram fitted the first-order kinetics equation, and the half-life of fluopyram in D. officinale was 19.20-28.76 d, indicating that fluopyram fell under the category of easily degradable pesticides. The residues of fluopyram and BZM in D. officinale did not exceed 1.98, 0.09 mg·kg^-1 after 75 days of application under the experiment contions. Calculation results showed that the national estimated daily intake of fluopyram was 0.380 6 mg for the general population under the given conditions, and the corresponding dietary risk quotient was 60.41%, which indicated that applying 41.7% fluopyram suspension concentrate (SC) at the recommended dosage on D. officinale would not pose an unacceptable risk to human health.

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Residue changes of 4 kinds of fungicides in the preliminary processing of Bletilla striata

SHI Guiyuan, HUANG Wenyuan, DUAN Tingting, LI Ming, GUO Yiqing, ZHANG Ying

2024, 36(7): 1677-1685. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231046

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To identify the changes and processing factors of carbendazim, triadimefon, tebuconazole and difenoconazole residues during preliminary processing of Bletilla striata. The three preliminary processing processes (washing, boiling and drying) of B. striata were simulated under laboratory conditions, the ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was used to detect the pesticide residue concentrations at each stage of the preliminary processing of B. striata, and the processing factors were calculated. The results showed that there were great differences in the effects of different processing techniques on the residual concentrations of the four fungicides in B. striata. The washing process reduced the concentration of pesticide residues by 4.6% to 57.8%, and the processing factor ranged from 0.42 to 0.95. Adding 2% starch, 2% salt, and 2% baking soda to clean water could increase the pesticides removal rate by 1.4 to 7.3 times. The boiling process could reduced the concentration of pesticide residues by 38.6% to 67.8%, and the processing factor ranged from 0.32 to 0.61. The oven drying process, due to the concentration effect, the pesticide residue concentration increased by 2.1 to 3.2 times, and the processing factor ranged from 2.08 to 3.23. The whole process of washing with 2% salt solution, boiling for 4 min, oven drying at 60 ℃ had a greater degradation effect on the four fungicides than oven drying concentration effect, which could reduce the residual risk of the four fungicides in dry B. striata products, the processing factor of whole process ranged from 0.34 to 0.67. Therefore, it was feasible to evaluate the safety of four fungicide residues in dried B. striata after this preliminary processing by using four fungicide residues in fresh Bletilla striata. The research results could provide basic data reference for the safety risk assessment of B. striata products.

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Research on the cultivation path and countermeasures of modern family farm management talents: taking Zhejiang Province as an example

LUO Limin, QIU Fei, SONG Lili, LIU Qiang, SHEN Xi

2024, 36(7): 1686-1693. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20240185

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The rapid development of modern family farms in China requires a large number of high-level compound farm management talents to achieve the development goals of efficiency, green, and specialization. The article takes Zhejiang Province as an example to study and analyze the typical practices and existing problems in cultivating new professional farmers such as modern family farmers. Based on the experience of talent cultivation from abroad, it proposes a path for cultivating modern family farmers, which involves coordinating non-academic education and academic education, customizing professional training plans, carrying out special education actions, providing high-quality resources such as courses, projects, and platforms with precision, and improving the quality evaluation and supervision system of education. At the national level, it is proposed to strengthen inter-ministerial collaboration, continuously invest special funds, and improve policies to promote the return of college students to their hometowns for employment.

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Impact of digital village construction on rural revitalization and development: based on empirical evidence from 1 804 counties in China

LIU Ying, LAI Kaifeng

2024, 36(7): 1694-1708. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231007

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Digital village is an important strategic direction for rural revitalization and a key content for promoting agricultural and rural modernization. In the present study, the contribution of digital village construction to rural revitalization at the theoretical level was described firstly. Then, based on the panel data of 1 804 counties in China from 2018 to 2020, the impact of digital rural construction on rural revitalization was analyzed by calculating the rural revitalization index via the self-constructed rural vitalization evaluation system and the pairing with the released Report on the digital countryside index at county level (2020). The results showed that the digital village construction had a significant promoting effect on rural revitalization. The digitization of rural economy and rural life had a significant effect on promoting rural revitalization, while the digitization of rural infrastructure and rural governance did not show the desired effect. Digital village construction significantly promoted thriving businesses, social etiquette and civility and prosperity. In counties with high levels of digital villages, the construction of digital village had a significant contributing effect on rural revitalization. The effect of digital villages driving rural revitalization was more significant in counties with lower public budget expenditures. The above findings indicated that the rural revitalization at the current stage should be closely integrated with the opportunity of digital village construction, and should be focused on promoting the digital transformation of rural economy and enhancing the convenience of rural residents’ digital life. The government should increase investment in the construction of digital villages, especially the support for the lagged areas.

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