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25 June 2024, Volume 36 Issue 6 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Crop Science
Animal Science
Horticultural Science
Plant Protection
Environmental Science
Food Science
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Contents 2024, 36(6):  0-0.  Abstract ( 57 )   PDF (72177KB) ( 295 )   Related Articles | Metrics

Crop Science

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Identification and expression analysis under saline-alkali stress of ZF-HD gene family in sorghum WU Guojiang, ZHOU Wei, LI Yanxiao, HOU Jie, YANG Zhiqiang, ZHOU Yaxing 2024, 36(6):  1217-1231.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230861 Abstract ( 250 )   HTML ( 36 )   PDF (7781KB) ( 504 )   ZF-HD (zinc finger-homeodomain), a transcription factor family only in plants, plays important role in plant growth and development and stress response. In order to analyze the composition and potential biological functions of ZF-HD family genes in sorghum genome (SbZF-HD), the SbZF-HD genes and their encoded amino acid sequence were analyzed by bioinformatics analysis combined with sorghum transcriptome data. The results showed that a total of 14 SbZF-HD genes were unevenly distributed on 8 chromosomes of sorghum, and the gene structures were different. The motif composition of the deduced amino acids was similar, and the advanced structure of the protein was dominated by random coils. The phylogenetic tree analysis of ZF-HD protein showed that SbZF-HD was closely related to ZF-HD of maize and far from ZF-HD of Arabidopsis thaliana. The SbZF-HD promoter region contains multiple hormone regulatory elements, stress response elements and light response elements. Tissue expression analysis showed that SbZF-HD genes had tissue expression specificity, and the expression level were higher in root, leaf and seed. Transcriptome analysis showed that SbZF-HD2, SbZF-HD7, SbZF-HD8 and SbZF-HD12 genes showed opposite expression trends in two brewing sorghum materials with different saline-alkali tolerance under saline-alkali stress, which might play an important role in the saline-alkali tolerance mechanism of sorghum. In summary, the SbZF-HD family members might be the key genes under the regulation of saline-alkali stress in sorghum. This study provided genetic resources for sorghum saline-alkali tolerance transgenic breeding. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of purine alkaloids and catechin components of wild Camellia tachangensis in Pu’an County and Panzhou County, Guizhou Province, China YANG Chun, YANG Daixing, SU Shengfeng, LIANG Sihui, LI Yan, GUO Yan, QIAO Dahe, MI Xiaozeng, CHEN Zhengwu 2024, 36(6):  1232-1244.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230972 Abstract ( 145 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF (6054KB) ( 321 )   The objective of this study was not only to explore the biochemical differences between wild Camellia tachangensis in Pu’an County and Panzhou County, but also to provide the scientific basis for the protection, development and utilization of wild C. tachangensis in Guizhou. A total of 40 C. tachangensis germplasm resources from Pu’an County and Panzhou County were used as materials, the contents of theobromine, theophylline, theacrine, caffeine,gallic acid, epigallocatechin (EGC), catechin (C), epicatechin (EC), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), gallocatechin gallate (GCG) and epigallocatechin gallate (ECG) were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Cluster analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used to classify C. tachangensis germplasm resources from two regions and select key differential compounds. The results showed that the main purine alkaloids in C. tachangensis from Pu’an and Panzhou were caffeine and theacrine, respectively. ECG and EC were the prominent components of catechin in C. tachangensis.The contents of theacrine, caffeine, gallic acid, C and EC in C. tachangensis from two regions were significantly different. The contents of caffeine and gallic acid in C. tachangensis form Pu’an were average to 28.53 mg·g-1 and 0.29 mg·g-1, which were significantly higher than those from Panzhou. The contents of theacrine, C and EC in C. tachangensis from Panzhou were average to 22.88 mg·g-1, 2.37 mg·g-1 and 36.83 mg·g-1, which were extremely significantly higher than those from Pu’an. The correlation analysis showed that there were strong correlation between 11 biochemical components, with 14 pairs showing significant or extremely significant positive correlations, 16 pairs showing significant or extremely significant negative correlations. Based on the hierarchical clustering of 11 biochemical components, 40 C. tachangensis germplasm resources could be divided into 3 groups. All 30 C. tachangensis germplasm resources from Panzhou were composed group Ⅰ and the main biochemical characteristics were high content of theacrine and C, and low content of caffeine; 10 C. tachangensis germplasm resources from Pu’an were separated into 2 categories, GT-PA-03 and other 6 germplasm resources constituted group Ⅱ,the main biochemical characteristics were high content of caffeine, EC, ECG, and low content of theacrine, gallic acid, EGC, C, EGCG; GT-PA-01, GT-PA-02 and GT-PA-09 were composed group Ⅲ and the main biochemical characteristics were high content of gallic acid, EGC and EGCG. OPLS-DA results showed that caffeine, theacrine and gallic acid were the key biochemical factors to distinguish C. tachangensis germplasm resources from Pu’an and Panzhou. A series of specific genetic resources were screened out from the 40 C. tachangensis germplasm resources, which included three high theacrine (>25.0 mg·g-1) germplasm resources, two high GCG (>15.0 mg·g-1) germplasm resources, three high ECG (>80.0 mg·g-1) germplasm resources, three high EC (>50.0 mg·g-1) germplasm resources. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimization and antioxidant activity of liquid medium of extracellular polysaccharides from Sanghuangporus sanghuang JM-1 CAO Naixin, LUO Yanglan, YAN Yong, XIE Xiuchao, ZHANG Wenlong 2024, 36(6):  1245-1255.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230204 Abstract ( 149 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (3933KB) ( 390 )   In order to optimize the liquid fermentation medium formula of Sanghuangporus sanghuang JM-1 extracellular polysaccharide and explore its antioxidant activity in vitro, JM-1 was purified and identified by tissue separation method. The liquid medium condition of extracellular polysaccharides from S.sanghuang JM-1 fermentation was optimized by Box-Behnken response surface methods. And the antioxidant activity of the produced extracellular polysaccharides was determined in vitro. The results showed that the optimized liquid medium formula was cornmeal 5.4 g·L-1, glucose 17.0 g·L-1, peptone 5.8 g·L-1, vitamin B1 (VB1) 10.0 mg·L-1, KH2PO4 3.0 g·L-1, MgSO4·7H2O 5.0 g·L-1. Under the experimental conditions, the content of extracellular polysaccharide was 5.918 g·L-1, which was increased by 13.63% than the basal medium. The extracellular polysaccharide produced by JM-1 had the reducing capacity and the scavenging ability of DPPH free radical and hydroxyl radical. At the mass concentration of 5 mg·mL-1, the reduction ability was 3.187 mmol·L-1, and the scavenging rate were 63.9% and 54.3% for DPPH free radical and hydroxyl radical, respectively. This study provided scientific reference for the development and utilization of Sanghuangporus sp. resources. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Meta-analysis of effects of regulated deficit irrigation on yield and quality of alfalfa XU Liting, QI Guangping, KANG Yanxia, YIN Minhua, MA Yanlin, JIA Qiong, WANG Jinghai, JIANG Yuanbo 2024, 36(6):  1256-1269.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230072 Abstract ( 147 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (1558KB) ( 457 )   To explore the response of alfalfa yield and quality to regulated deficit irrigation under different influencing factors and provide theoretical basis for alfalfa planting, the comprehensive effect was quantitatively studied in the present study, as well as the main influencing factors under regulated deficit irrigation with full irrigation as the control by integrating published relevant field test data and using meta-analysis method. The results showed that, compared with the full irrigation, the yield of alfalfa under regulated deficit irrigation decreased by 19.3% (95% confidence interval:-22.5%-16.0%), but the quality was significantly (P<0.01) improved. The crude protein content was increased by 14.5% (95% confidence interval: 12.4%-16.6%), while the acid detergent fiber content and neutral detergent fiber content were decreased by 10.8% (95% confidence interval:-12.3%--9.2%) and 13.2% (95% confidence interval:-14.4%--11.9%), respectively. Given the yield and quality effects, annual average temperature of 0-5 ℃ and>10-15 ℃, annual precipitation of <200 mm and >400-800 mm, the regulated deficit irrigation would be conducive for the alfalfa yield and quality with planting density of >20-25 kg·hm-2. In different agricultural production areas, the regulated deficit irrigation with drip irrigation, regulated deficit at different growth period, and a regulated deficit degree of 75%-85% (based on the field capacity) would maintain sound production effect of alfalfa. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Animal Science

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CRISP3 gene SNP identification and its impact on reproductive traits in Kela pigs XIANG Jin, WANG Chunyuan, WU Yan, TAN Yuancheng, YANG Suan, ZHANG Yiyu 2024, 36(6):  1270-1278.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230951 Abstract ( 127 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (1110KB) ( 377 )   To analyze the impact of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci in the Cysteine Rich Secretory Protein 3 (CRISP3) gene on reproductive traits of Kele pigs, Sanger sequencing was used to detect SNP mutations in the CRISP3 gene of 250 healthy and prolific Kele sows. SPSS 22.0 software was utilized to analyze the association between SNP loci and six reproductive traits in Kele pigs, including total number of piglets born, primary litter weight, average birth weight, weaning litter weight, number of weaned piglets, and average weaning weight. The result showed that in the CRISP3 gene of Kele pigs, three SNP mutations were identified in the fourth intron (g.43796318T>C, g.43796424T>A, and g.43796425G>T), each having three genotypes. The dominant genotypes for g.43796318T>C and g.43796424T>A were TT, with the dominant alleles being T, while the dominant genotype for g.43796425G>T was GG, with the dominant allele being G. The χ2 test revealed that the genotype distribution of g.43796318T>C was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P>0.05), whereas the genotype distributions of g.43796424T>A and g.43796425G>T significantly (P<0.01) deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. All three SNP loci exhibited moderate polymorphism with polymorphism information content (PIC) ranging from 0.25 to 0.50. Linkage disequilibrium analysis showed strong linkage disequilibrium between g.43796424T>A and g.43796425G>T. The association analysis demonstrated that the TT and CC genotypes of g.43796318T>C were significantly (P<0.05) higher in primary litter weight and average birth weight than those of the TC genotype. The TA genotype of g.43796424T>A had significantly (P<0.05) higher number of piglets born alive, primary litter weight, and number of weaned piglets compared to the TT and AA genotypes. The GT genotype of g.43796425G>T showed significantly (P<0.05) higher number of piglets born alive, primary litter weight, and number of weaned piglets than those of the GG and TT genotypes. In the diplotype analysis, individuals with the H2H4 (CCTAGT) diplotype had significantly (P<0.05) higher number of piglets born alive, primary litter weight, number of weaned piglets, and weaning litter weight compared to individuals with the H1H2 (TCTAGT) diplotype and H2H2 (CCAATT) diplotype. The H2H2 (CCAATT) individuals had significantly (P<0.05) higher average birth weight than individuals of other diplotypes except for H4H4 (CCTTGG), and its average weaning weight was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of other diplotypes. The three mutation sites in intron 4 of CRISP3 gene were significantly associated with 6 reproductive traits of Kole pigs, which could be used as candidate molecular markers for selection of reproductive traits in Kole pigs. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of different contents of Camphora longepaniculata leaves in diets on intestinal pH, cecal fermentation and cecal microbiota of meat rabbits LIU Wenwen, HU Lianqing, ZHOU Wanhai, WEI Qin, FENG Ruizhang, ZHAO Xin, CHE Litao, CHEN Jinyu 2024, 36(6):  1279-1289.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230347 Abstract ( 135 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (1799KB) ( 336 )   In order to investigate the effects of different amounts of Camphora longepaniculata leaves in the diet on the intestinal pH, cecal fermentation and microbiota of meat rabbits, a total of 120 30-day-old New Zealand rabbits were fed with diets containing 0 (group A), 3% (group B), 6% (group C), or 12% (group D) C. longepaniculata leaves. After 60 days, the pH in the intestinal tracts of meat rabbits was determined, and the volatile fatty acid contents and microbial diversity in the cecum were assessed by gas chromatography and high-throughput techniques, respectively. The results showed that the addition of C. longepaniculata leaves had no significant effect on intestinal pH and cecal volatile fatty acid content. Different amounts of C. longepaniculata leaves in the diet had significant (P<0.05) effects on the number of bacterial and fungal operation taxonomic units (OTUs) in the cecum. The number of bacterial OTUs in group B was significantly lower than that in group C and group D, and the number of fungal OTUs in the group C was significantly higher than that in the other groups. Compared with the group A, the relative abundance of Bacteroidota in group B and C was significantly elevated, while the relative abundance of Verrucomicrobiota in group C and D, and Synergistota in group D was significantly decreased at the phylum level. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Anaerostipes, Bacteroides, Muribaculaceae unclassified, Marvinbryantia, Phascolarctobacterium, Blautia, Akkermansia and Synergistes in group B, and Ruminococcus in group D was significantly higher than that in group A. In conclusion, addition of C. longepaniculata leaves into dites had no adverse effects on the intestinal pH, cecal fermentation and microbiota, and the addition of optimal amount of C. longepaniculata leaves (3%) could enhance the abundance of microflora in the cecum and promote the growth of probiotics. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Horticultural Science

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Cloning of light regulator LjCOP1 in Lonicera japonica and its expression characteristics WAN Yan, ZHOU Xiaochun, FANG Hailing, LIN Yi, QI Xiwu, YU Xu, CHEN Zequn, LIANG Chengyuan 2024, 36(6):  1290-1299.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230896 Abstract ( 144 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF (3099KB) ( 342 )   Light is one of the most important environmental factors to regulate growth, development and metabolism of plants, and COP1 (Constitutively photomorphogenic1) is a molecular switch for light signal transduction. In this study, LjCOP1 gene was cloned from honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica Thunb.) based on the honeysuckle transcriptome database, and analyzed for its bioinformatics and expression pattern. The results showed that LjCOP1 contains 13 exons and 12 introns, with a coding sequence (CDS) length of 2 034 bp encoding 677 amino acid residues. Multiple sequence comparison showed that LjCOP1 is highly conserved with other plant COP1 sequences, and all of them contain special structural domains such as ring zinc finger binding domain, coiled-coil domain and WD40 repeats. Protein structure prediction based on SWISS-MODEL showed that LjCOP1 was highly conserved with AtCOP1 of Arabidopsis thaliana at the level of protein tertiary structure. The analysis of promoter cis-acting progenitor showed that pLjCOP1 contained a large number of hormone-responsive, light-responsive, and stress-responsive elements. Phylogenetic analysis showed that LjCOP1 and LsCOP1 in lettuce genes were closely related. Furthermore, expression pattern analysis showed that LjCOP1 was expressed in different parts of honeysuckle and during the period of flower development, and was highly expressed in leaves. Compared with the dark condition, the highest gene abundance of LjCOP1 was found in white light, and responded more strongly to dark-to-blue light. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of NaCl on rooting, in-situ distribution of IAA and related enzyme activities of cherry rootstock seedlings GAO Lanyun, LIU Hao, LI Ai, ZHANG Tingting, YANG Lifang, GAO Ying 2024, 36(6):  1300-1308.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230812 Abstract ( 106 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (10921KB) ( 326 )   In order to clarify the effect of NaCl on the rooting of cherry rootstock, this experiment took the Gisela 6 tissue culture seedling as the material, and firstly studied the index of adventitious root occurrence in the tissue culture seedling treated with different concentrations of NaCl. Then, the anatomical structure, enzyme activity and in-situ distribution of IAA under 10 mmol·L-1and 80 mmol·L-1NaCl were further studied according to rooting indexes. The results showed that the rooting rate and rooting index of cherry tissue seedlings were the highest under the treatment of 10 mmol·L-1NaCl, and were significantly higher than other treatments, which were 58% and 13.43, respectively. Under this treatment the rooting speed was the fastest, the cambium thickened at 2 d, the root primodia formed at 6 d, and the adventitious roots broke through the epidermis at 10 d. SOD activity of each treatment reached the peak at 6 d. The activity changes of POD, PPO and IAAO were different among all treatments, while the activity of CK showed an increasing trend. Compared with CK, the activity of IAAO in 10 mmol·L-1 treatment peaked at 2 d. Using immune colloidal gold technique to analysis the in-situ distribution of IAA, we found under 10 mmol·L-1 NaCl treatment the IAA mainly distributed in cambium at 2 d, in root primordium at 6 d, and in the adventitious root vascular tissue at 10 d. In conclusion, 10 mmol·L-1NaCl treatment can promote adventitious roots of cherry tissue culture seedlings, and provide a reference for further research on the occurrence and regulation mechanism of adventitious roots. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of two plant growth regulators on the fruit quality of ‘Centennial Seedless’ grapes ZHU Xuehui, XIE Hui, HAN Shouan, WANG Min, BAI Shijian, MA Yunlong, WANG Yanmeng, MAI Sile, PAN Mingqi, ZHANG Wen 2024, 36(6):  1309-1319.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230960 Abstract ( 177 )   HTML ( 16 )   PDF (1617KB) ( 457 )   To investigate the impact of different plant growth regulators on the quality and aroma of grape fruits, and screen the optimal treatment that enhances fruit quality and increases aroma content. 9-year-old ‘Centennial Seedless’ grapes from the Urumqi region were used as the experimental material. 9 different plant growth regulator treatments, including gibberellin (GA3) (30, 50, 70 mg·L-1) combined with forchlorfeuron (CPPU) (0, 1, 2 mg·L-1) were applied during the fruit enlargemen period, with water as the control. The longitudinal and transverse diameters, grain weight, soluble solids content, vitamin C (VC) content, phenolic substances content, and protective enzyme substance activity of mature fruits were measured. Additionally, we used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to analyze the aroma compounds. The results showed that the different treatments had significant effect on improving fruit quality. Compared to the control, the fruit quality indicators such as longitudinal and transverse diameters, grain weight, fruit shape index were significantly (P<0.05) improved after 70 mg·L-1 GA3+1 mg·L-1 CPPU treatment, increasing by 33.93%, 10.06%, 56.18%, 19.02%, respectively, and soluble solids content increased by 5.79 percentage points, titratable acid content decreased by 0.14 percentage points, and the sugar-acid ratio increased by 69.44%. Furthermore, the combined treatment of GA3 and CPPU significantly increased the content of phenolic substances such as polyphenols, anthocyanins, and flavonols in the fruits. A total of 74 aroma compounds were detected in the fruits. Among them, the rose-scented compounds, including β-damascenone, geraniol, myrcene, citronellol, α-terpineol and (+)-limonene, showed the greatest increase in content; Compared with the control, β-damascenone content increased by 47.00% after 50 mg·L-1 GA3+2 mg·L-1 CPPU treatment, The contents of geraniol, myrcene, citronellol, α-terpineol were increased by 16.67%, 18.05%, 50.65% and 1 043.46%, respectively, after 70 mg·L-1 GA3+2 mg·L-1 CPPU treatment, (+)-limonene content treated with 50 mg·L-1 GA3+1 mg·L-1 CPPU was 6.57 times higher than that of the control. The results indicated that the ‘Centennial Seedless’ grapes treated with 70 mg·L-1 GA3+1 mg·L-1 CPPU significantly improved fruit quality, while the significant increase in aroma compound content was observed in the treatment with 70 mg·L-1 GA3+2 mg·L-1 CPPU. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Biological characterization of flowering and pollination of Prunus salicina Lindl.cv. ‘Fengtangli’ DENG Lijun, WANG Tie, HU Juan, YAO Yuan, SUN Guochao, XIONG Bo, LIAO Ling, WANG Zhihui 2024, 36(6):  1320-1328.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230998 Abstract ( 145 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (10282KB) ( 349 )   To investigate the biological characteristics of flowering and pollination of Prunus salicina Lindl.cv.‘Fengtangli’ and provide a theoretical foundation for floral management and pollinizers allocation in the field, ‘Fengtangli’ and its pollinating cultivars ‘Siyueli’, ‘Fenghuangli’, and ‘Yinhongli’ were utilized as the materials. The flowering phenology, pollen quantity, pollen viability of ‘Fengtangli’ and its pollinating cultivars, and stigma receptivity of ‘Fengtangli’, as well as the fruit set rate of ‘Fengtangli’ with different pollination combinations and different exogenous treatments were investigated. The results showed that the flowering period of the four test cultivars were consistent and overlapped with each other. The pollen quantity ranged from 504.76 to 1 622.64 grains. The pollen germination rate ranged from 34.47% to 51.22%, and the pollen viability was ranked as ‘Fenghuangli’>‘Siyueli’>‘Yinhongli’>‘Fengtangli’. The stigma receptivity of ‘Fengtangli’ was the strongest on the day of flowering. The highest fruit set rate was recorded in ‘Fenghuangli’ pollinated flowers (49.56%), while the lowest fruit set rate was observed in self-pollination (12.20%), indicating that ‘Fengtangli’ and ‘Fenghuangli’ had the highest pollination compatibility and ‘Fengtangli’ was self-compatible. In conclusion, the suitable pollinizers for ‘Fenghuangli’ in this experiment were: ‘Fenghuangli’>‘Siyueli’>‘Yinhongli’>‘Fengtangli’. In addition, spraying boron during flowering could effectively improve the fruit set rate of ‘Fengtangli’. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Plant Protection

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Investigation on virus disease in ‘Niuwei’ yam and removal of virus with stem culture CHENG Yuan, XU Shengsheng, DUAN Yanbi, XU Xinlei, GUO Fenggen, WANG Shiyu, LONG Wenhong 2024, 36(6):  1329-1338.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230860 Abstract ( 116 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (1678KB) ( 342 )   To investigate the virus carried by Yunnan’s special variety of ‘Niuwei’ yam and its harmful effects, clarify the effectiveness of viral inhibitors, heat treatment, and low temperature treatment on removing virus from yam, with a view to obtaining better methods for devirusing. The study investigated the incidence of yam virus disease and plant symptoms in ‘Niuwei’ yam, and detected the type of virus using molecular biological detection method, and examined the detoxification effect of different treatments on yam mosaic virus. The results showed that ‘Niuwei’ yam carried yam mosaic virus, and obvious yellowing spots could be seen on its leaves. The incidence rate was 41.67%-43.33%. RT-PCR results showed that treatments with 60 mol·L-1 moroxydine hydrochloride or 60 mol·L-1 ribavirin could reduce the survival rate and growth of the yam but effectively remove the yam mosaic virus. High-temperature treatments (12 h at 45 ℃, 24 h at 40 ℃, 24 h at 45 ℃) combined with apical bud culture effectively removed yam mosaic virus. The treatment for 24 h at 40 ℃ significantly reduced the growth of yam, while treatments for 12 h at 45 ℃ and 24 h at 45 ℃ significantly reduced both the growth and survival rate of yam. Low-temperature treatment (24 h at 0 ℃ and 24 h at 5 ℃) combined with apical bud culture significantly reduced the survival rate and growth of yam but were effective in removing the yam mosaic virus. Considering the survival rate, growth, and detoxification effect, 60 mol·L-1 moroxydine hydrochloride treatment or 40 ℃ high-temperature treatment for 24 h was recommended. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Environmental Science

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Effects of intercropping of maize varieties on soil aggregate composition and stability Reihanguli KADIR, LIU Wenli, ZHOU Yinuo, XU Chong, MA Xin, WU Jinggui, LI Jianming 2024, 36(6):  1339-1346.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230473 Abstract ( 125 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (800KB) ( 347 )   In order to elucidate the effects of intercropping of maize varieties on soil aggregate composition and stability, a two-year field experiment was conducted. The root mass density (RMD), root length density (RLD), and soil aggregate indexs [>0.25 mm aggregates content (R>0.25), mean weight diameter (MWD), geometric mean diameter (GMD)] under different treatments [T1, one cultivar monoculture; T2, two-cultivar intercropping; T3, three-cultivar intercropping; T4, four-cultivar intercropping] were determined. It was shown that compared to monoculture, intercropping of maize varieties increased RMD, RLD, MWD, GMD and R>0.25. Compared with the T1 treatment, the RMD under T2, T3, T4 treatments was significantly (P<0.05) increased by 232%, 657%, 702%, respectively; the RLD was significantly increased by 515%, 1 508%, 1 531%, respectively; the R>0.25 determined by dry sieving method was significantly increased by 0.65, 0.89, 1.02 percentage points; the MWD determined by dry sieving method was significantly increased by 7.2%, 10.7%, 15.7%, respectively; the GMD determined by dry sieving method was significantly increased by 13.1%, 21.1%, 31.9%, respectively; the R>0.25 determined by wet sieving method was significantly increased by 4.34, 9.42, 11.81 percentage points; the MWD determined by wet sieving method was significantly increased by 19.6%, 41.2%, 54.9%, respectively; the GMD determined by wet sieving method was significantly increased by 27.0%, 64.9%, 87.8%, respectively. In conclusion, intercropping of maize varieties could enhance the particle size distribution of soil aggregates and their stability by increasing root characteristics, such as root mass density and root length density. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of straw returning and tillage method on soil aggregates and carbon, nitrogen content in double-season rice XIONG Rui, OUYANG Ning, OU Xi, ZHONG Kangyu, ZHOU Wentao, WANG Hongrui, LONG Pan, XU Ying, FU Zhiqiang 2024, 36(6):  1347-1356.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230320 Abstract ( 130 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF (1419KB) ( 359 )   To assess the impact of straw returning in conjunction with different tillage techniques on soil macroaggregate composition, soil organic carbon content, and total nitrogen content in double-season rice in southern China, a split-plot field experiment was conducted in Hunan Province. The primary plots were divided into straw returning (S1) and no straw returning (S0), while the subplots were assigned to no-tillage (NT), shallow rotary tillage (RT), and deep tillage (TT). The results showed that, compared to the other treatments, the S1+TT treatment significantly (P<0.05) enhanced the soil macroaggregate mass fraction by 1.70%-9.03% and 4.48%-30.53%, respectively, in the 0-10 cm soil layer for the early rice and the late rice. The mean mass diameter and geometric mean diameter of soil aggregates in the 10-20 cm soil layer under S1+TT treatment were significantly higher than the other treatments except S0+TT by 7.23%-18.67% and 4.35%-10.77%, respectively, for the early rice, and 5.06%-23.88% and 4.94%-23.19%, respectively, for the late rice. Furthermore, the total nitrogen content in the 10-20 cm soil layer of early rice (excluding S1+NT) and the 0-10 cm soil layer of late rice was significantly elevated by 13.04%-23.81% and 10.14%-40.74%, respectively, under the S1+TT treatment, and the soil organic carbon content in the 10-20 cm soil layer of both early and late rice, as well as the 0-10 cm soil layer of early rice, was significantly increased by 4.36%-26.70%, 3.83%-21.71%, and 3.86%-10.92%, respectively. In conclusion, deep tillage in combination with straw returning could enhance the stability of soil aggregates and increase the contents of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen, thereby promoting the stabilization of soil aggregate structure in the tillage layer and improving soil quality. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Food Science

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Ultrasound-assisted enzymolytic extraction of chlorohemin from yak blood powder: response surface optimization and quality characterization ZHANG Jin, WU Xiaoli, TIAN Yuwei, ZHAO Ke, LI Huanhuan, Dase , Cirendajie , CHEN Lihong, TANG Honggang 2024, 36(6):  1357-1367.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230926 Abstract ( 122 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (2962KB) ( 365 )   The objective of this work was to extract, optimize, and evaluate the chlorohemin from yak blood powder using ultrasonic-assisted enzymolytic technology. The ultrasound-assisted enzymolytic time, enzyme/substrate concentration, and ultrasound specific power were the independent variables, and the purity was the response variable. The Box-Behnken response surface design was also used to optimize the extraction process. Furthermore, the purity, yield, color, and chemical structure of the extracted chlorohemin with response surface optimization were characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer, colorimeter, and Fourier transform-infrared spectrometer, respectively. The results showed that ultrasound-assisted enzymolytic time, enzyme/substrate concentration, and ultrasound specific power had significant effects on the purity of chlorohemin extract (P<0.05). The optimal extraction conditions were determined as ultrasound-assisted enzymatic time 4 h, enzyme/substrate concentration 17 U·mg-1, and ultrasound specific power 800 W·L-1 after response surface optimization. The purity of extracted chlorohemin under these conditions was 14.89%, the extraction yield was 63.30%. Compared with the chlorohemin extracted through normal enzymolysis (without ultrasound-assisted treatment) under the same conditions, the yield and purity were increased by 1.29 and 1.07 times (P<0.05), respectively. Moreover, there was not significant difference in chemical structure between these two samples. However, the color of extracted chlorohemin with ultrasound-assisted enzymolysis and response surface optimization was closer to the standard substance of chlorohemin. The ultrasound-assisted treatment (4 h at 800 W·L-1 ultrasound specific power) could significantly improve the purity and yield of chlorohemin extraction from yak blood powder without changing its physicochemical properties. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Biosystems Engineering

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Comparison of simulation accuracy of leaf age models for horticultural crops driven by light and temperature factors CHENG Chen, DONG Chaoyang, ZHENG Shenghong, ZHOU Yubo, ZHONG Ning, LI Wenming, ZHU Yangchun, DING Fenghua, FENG Liping, LI Zhenfa 2024, 36(6):  1368-1378.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20231311 Abstract ( 150 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (1374KB) ( 443 )   The purpose of this study was to improve the simulation accuracy of a universal leaf age model driven by light-temperature factors for horticultural crops. In order to achieve this, cucumber, celery, spinach, coriander, tulip, and tea were selected as experimental materials and 7 years (2016-2022) staged sowing experiment was conducted. Based on the relationship between crop growth and key weather factors (radiation and temperature), 4 modeling methods (accumulated temperature difference method, accumulated temperature method, physiological development time method, and accumulated product of thermal effectiveness and photosynthetically active radiation method), 6 approaches (mean value, mean of extreme values, median, stepwise regression, BP neural network, and Elman neural network) and 2 integration logics (direct and stepwise) were employed to integrate the simulation results, aiming to optimize the accuracy of the model used to construct the leaf age simulation model for horticultural crops. Results showed that: 1) The models under both integration logics exhibited high simulation accuracy, with the stepwise integration logic performing better than the direct integration logic. The differences in mean absolute error (MAE), mean relative error (MRE), root mean square error (RMSE), and normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) were 0.31 d, 0.33%, 0.40 d, and 0.46% respectively. 2) The optimal time scale for the models under both integration logics was hourly, while tea was the optimal crop type, and the Elman neural network integration simulation model was the optimal modeling method. The findings of this study can provide theoretical basis and technical support for intelligent production management and visualization of horticultural crops. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of phenotypic parameters of rapeseed silique based on machine vision and YOLOv5 CHEN Wei, ZHU Yihang, GU Qing, LIN Baogang, ZHANG Xiaobin 2024, 36(6):  1379-1388.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230786 Abstract ( 141 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (7340KB) ( 303 )   To obtain the phenotypes of rapeseed siliques more efficiently and accurately, a machine vision-based method for analyzing the phenotypes of rapeseed siliques was proposed using image processing technology and deep learning algorithms. Siliques of rapeseed cultivar Yingchun No. 1 were used as materials. The need to acquire morphological phenotypes of siliques is considered for rapeseed breeding. Image processing technology was used to extract the morphological phenotypes of the rapeseed siliques, including pedicel length, silique length, silique width, chord length, arc length, and area. YOLOv5 was used to perform nondestructive silique grain counting. Measurements and verifications were made on the siliques and calibration objects. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the phenotypic indexes of siliques assessed by image analysis and the actual measured values. The R2was more than 0.96, the root mean square error (RMSE) was less than 3 mm, the mean absolute error (MAE) was less than 2.80 mm, and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) was less than 4%. The calibration object diameter had a maximum RMSE of 0.3 mm, the MAE was less than 0.28 mm, and the MAPE was less than 2.00%. The area index had a maximum RMSE of 12.09 mm2, the MAE was less than 11.56 mm2, and the MAPE was less than 5%. There was no significant difference between the number of grains identified by YOLOv5 and the actual value (P>0.05), R2was 0.99, RMSE was 0.68, MAE was 0.27, and MAPE was 1%. The method for analyzing the phenotypes of rapeseed siliques proposed in this study is easy to operate and labor-saving. It can effectively reduce the manual measurement error, improve the reliability of obtaining phenotypic information, and increase the efficiency of rapeseed breeding work. It also provides particular guidance for the quantitative analysis of rapeseed phenotypic information. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Design and experimentation of cotton sowing monitoring system JIAO Bingyan, SHI Zenglu, ZHANG Xuejun, ZHANG Haitao, YU Yongliang, WANG Duijin 2024, 36(6):  1389-1399.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230772 Abstract ( 109 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (5931KB) ( 220 )   A monitoring system is designed to accurately monitor the seed extraction status of the hole sowers in Xinjiang cotton fields due to seed leakage caused by poor seed extraction and seed discharge of the hole sowers. The system used a STM32 microcontroller as the main controller, a laser sensor and a Hall sensor as the monitoring elements to obtain the seed extraction information of the hole sower, calculated the number of qualified holes and the empty hole rate and transmit them to the human-machine interaction display, and uploaded the seed extraction data to a remote server in real time through a GPRS communication module. A test bench was built to monitor the seed picking information of cotton, and the stability and accuracy of the system were verified through field trials. The results of the bench test showed that the monitoring accuracy of the number of qualified holes was not less than 98.09% and the number of empty holes was not less than 95.69% when the speed of the hole sower was 30-45 r·min-1, and the accuracy of the monitoring system fully met the working requirements. The field test results showed that the monitoring accuracy of the number of qualified holes was 95.06% when the tractor was traveling at 2.5-3.8 km·h-1, which was 3.03 percentage points lower than that of the bench test; the monitoring accuracy of the number of empty holes was 91.89%, which was 3.80 percentage points lower than that of the bench test. The sample data from the system monitoring and manual monitoring were subjected to F-test, and the F-value of the number of qualified holes and empty holes between the system monitoring and manual actual measurement was< F0.975 (7.15), with a P0.05 value>0.05, indicating that there was no significant difference between the data from the system monitoring and manual monitoring. The monitoring system has high stability and accuracy in the field operation process, and can meet the requirements of monitoring the seeding status of cotton precision sowing, which is of great significance to the increase of cotton yield and income. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Discrete element parameter calibration and testing of interaction between yellow lateritic red soil and trenching components XIONG Houquan, JIANG Jie 2024, 36(6):  1400-1412.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230887 Abstract ( 89 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (11956KB) ( 257 )   To solve the problem of missing interaction parameters between sugarcane planting machinery and planting soil, yellow lateritic red soil, one of the main sugarcane planting soil species in southern Yunnan, was selected for discrete element parameter calibration. Firstly, take the soil angle of repose as the response value, use the Box-Behnken optimization method of Design-Expert software to obtain the regression model of the soil angle of repose. With the measured angle of repose as the optimization goal, the relative errors between the simulated value and the measured value for different layers of soil are 1.76% and 2.54% respectively. Secondly, the range of contact parameters is measured through three physical tests, and the relative error of optimization for different layers is 1.61% and 2.29% respectively with the static sliding friction angle as the response value. The results indicate that the error between the simulated and measured values is relatively small, which can provide reference for the simulation parameters of the interaction between yellow lateritic red soil and soil contact components (65Mn steel). Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A lightweight tea buds terminal detection model based on YOLOv5s ZHU Mingmin, ZHANG Guoping, TAN Jianjun, SUN Lingjiao, ZHU Li, JIAO Jie 2024, 36(6):  1413-1424.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230822 Abstract ( 130 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (9068KB) ( 346 )   Rapid and accurate identification of tea buds in tea garden environments is one of the key technologies for achieving intelligent tea picking. However, the complexity of the tea buds detection model leads to problems such as large model parameters, computational complexity, and model size, which limits the deployment of this model in embedded devices of tea picking robots. In view of this, this article proposes a lightweight tea buds terminal detection model based on YOLOv5s. Firstly, the lightweight network GhostNet is used to replace the Backbone network in YOLOv5s, and the Neck network is reconstructed to reduce the parameters, computation and memory consumption of the model. The improved model reduces 47.64%, 49.36% and 45.51% respectively. Secondly, by introducing a coordinated attention(CA) mechanism to suppress image background information, the model’s feature extraction ability for tea buds is enhanced. Next, multi-scale context (MSC) module is introduced into the Neck network to effectively fuse shallow image features and deep semantic features, which helps the network model extract effective recognition information. Then, the boundary box regression Loss function CIOU is replaced by EIOU to accelerate the Rate of convergence of the Loss function and improve the positioning accuracy of the tea buds boundary box. The experiment result shows that compared with the original YOLOv5s model, the improved model reduces the parameter count, computational complexity, and model memory usage by 3 Mb, 7.3 Gb, and 6.37 Mb, respectively, and improves detection accuracy by 0.3%. Finally, the model was transplanted to the Raspberry Pi platform through model transformation. After environmental deployment and inference engine acceleration, the lightweight model achieved the goal of detecting tea buds on Raspberry Pi with limited resources and computing power. It also improved the recognition accuracy of tea buds to a certain extent, providing theoretical research and technical support for the intelligent picking of tea buds. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental study on morphological and mechanical properties of tea tree shoot tips FU Tong, ZHENG Hang, XUE Xianglei, YE Yunxiang, YU Guohong, GE Qing 2024, 36(6):  1425-1435.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230692 Abstract ( 108 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (5195KB) ( 336 )   This study was conducted to investigate the morphological distribution of tea tree shoots and the deformation pattern of harvesting area, and the statistical and mechanical characteristics of shoot morphological parameters were tested. Firstly, six types of tea tree varieties, including Longjing 43, Zhongcha 108 and Baiye 1, were used as test objects to analyze the morphological characteristics of shoot tip distribution and harvesting requirements of tea trees during the harvesting period. Secondly, the physical parameters of the shoot tips, including the distance from the growth base of each leaf to the tip of the shoot, the diameter and width of the stem and the water content of the shoot tips, etc., were analyzed. Finally, experiments on the shear and bending mechanical properties of the shoot tips of tea trees were conducted. The results showed that the leaf tip distance and the equivalent diameter of each stem segment were normally distributed. The distribution of leaf apical spacing at the first, second and third leaf positions of the six tea tree samples ranged from 16 to 22 mm, 25 to 35 mm and 40 to 60 mm, in that order. The equivalent diameters of the first, second and third stem segments of short tips were concentrated in the ranges of 1.2-1.4, 1.4-1.6, 1.6-2.0 mm, respectively, and the water content gradually decreased and remained roughly between 78% and 86%. With the change of leaf position from top to bottom, the bending stiffness and shear stress of the stem gradually increased, and there were differences among different tea tree species, but the change trend was similar; there was a sudden pressure change interval during the bending test of tea tip stem under pressure, and the mechanical characteristics of the stem picked from the young tip during the downward pressure were quantitatively analyzed with Longjing 43 as the research object. The study provides a theoretical basis for further understanding of the physical characteristics of tea tree shoot tips and optimizing the design of tea picking devices. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Agricultural Economy and Development

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Study on farmers’ willingness to property right adjustment in land consolidation based on expected utility theory WU Shiman, MENG Shengxiang, LU Xinhai, LI Zhuofan 2024, 36(6):  1436-1446.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230525 Abstract ( 132 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (1605KB) ( 264 )   Based on the expected utility theory, the internal mechanism of farmers’ willingness to property right adjustment in land consolidation was analyzed. Based on the questionnaire of farmers in Longzhou County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, the Logistic model was used to analyze the effects of expected benefits and expected losses on farmers’ willingness to property right adjustment under uncertain conditions, to provide a decision-making reference for guiding farmers to respond positively to property right adjustment. It was shown that the farmers’ cognition was the basis of their willingness to support. In the study area, only about 20% of farmers had a good understanding of the property right adjustment policy. More than 80% of them passively obtained realtive information through the “top-down” approach, but close to 90% of them agreed with the policy, indicating that the implementation of the policy had a broad public opinion foundation. In terms of expected benefits, factors such as increase cultivated land area, improve agricultural infrastructure conditions, increase the utilization rate of agricultural mechanines, and enhace operation scale had significant (P<0.1 at least) positive effects on farmers’ willingness to property right adjustment. In terms of expected losses, the factors of decrease cultivated land quality and unfair distribution of cultivated land had significant (P<0.05 at least) negative effects on farmers’ willingness to property right adjustment. Accordingly, suggestions were put forward: strengthen the effective participation of farmers in the whole process of property right adjustment and effectively protect their land rights and interests; improve the legal construction and institutionalized management of property right adjustment, promote the property right adjustment to gain the support and trust of farmers; give full play to the role of property right adjustment in promoting the moderate scale operation of farmland, and promote farmers to share the dividends of modern agricultural development. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Review

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Application of salt tolerance genes in wheat salt tolerance genetic engineering QI Xueli, LI Ying, DUAN Junzhi 2024, 36(6):  1447-1457.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230991 Abstract ( 162 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (900KB) ( 359 )   Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important food crop. Salt damage seriously affects the growth and development of wheat, and reduces the grain yield and quality. It is an effective measure to improve the salt tolerance of wheat by genetic engineering. Salt-tolerant genes mainly include regulatory genes (transcription factor genes, protein kinase genes, etc.) and functional genes. The application of transcription factor genes, protein kinase genes and functional genes in wheat salt tolerance genetic engineering was reviewed, and the future development direction was also prospected. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Formation, detection and control of advanced glycation end products and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in heated foods LU Shengmin, HUANG Zixin, LI Xiaoqiong, ZHENG Meiyu, HAN Yongbin 2024, 36(6):  1458-1468.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230564 Abstract ( 162 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (1365KB) ( 272 )   The Maillard reaction during food processing contributes to the formation of a number of heat-induced toxicants, including advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(5-HMF), which are associated with a variety of health risks. Accumulation and circulation of food-derived AGEs in the body are associated with the development of diabetic complications, meanwhile it could induce oxidative stress, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. The metabolite of 5-HMF, 5-sulfooxymethylfurfural (5-SMF), is potentially genotoxic and carcinogenic. Therefore, how to control the formation of these hazards in thermally processed foods has become a focus of attention in the food industry. In the present study, the formation mechanisms of AGEs and 5-HMF were reviewed in view of the two pathways of Maillard reaction and caramelization, and their detection methods in the last five years were summarized as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each method, to lay the foundation for the establishment of the universal detection method for the AGEs and 5-HMF. On the above basis, the inhibition strategies adopted in recent years were reviewed from three aspects of cutting down the supplies of precursors, blocking the transformation of intermediates, and removing the generated AGEs and 5-HMF, to provide theoretical basis for the control of AGEs and 5-HMF in food to safeguard the quality of heated foods. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics