跨越式膜上对行覆土装置设计与覆土性能研究

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230730

浙江农业学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (5): 1173-1184.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20230730

跨越式膜上对行覆土装置设计与覆土性能研究

刘泉东¹^,²(), 孙伟¹^,^*(), 张华¹, 刘小龙¹, 李辉¹, 王虎存¹

1.甘肃农业大学机电工程学院,甘肃兰州 730070
2.陇西县职业技术学校农机分校,甘肃陇西 748100

收稿日期:2023-06-05 出版日期:2024-05-25 发布日期:2024-05-29
作者简介:刘泉东(1995—),男,甘肃榆中人,硕士,主要从事农业机械装配研究。E-mail: l18368913176@163.com
通讯作者: * 孙伟,E-mail: sunw@gsau.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(52165028);国家自然科学基金(51765004);甘肃省科技重大专项(22ZD6 NA046);甘肃省教育厅产业支撑计划(2022CYZC-42)

Design and performance study of leaping-over type soil covering device on film

LIU Quandong¹^,²(), SUN Wei¹^,^*(), ZHANG Hua¹, LIU Xiaolong¹, LI Hui¹, WANG Hucun¹

1. School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
2. Agricultural Machinery Branch of Longxi County Vocational and Technical School, Longxi 748100, Gansu, China

Received:2023-06-05 Online:2024-05-25 Published:2024-05-29

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对西北寒旱区马铃薯全膜覆盖种行覆土栽培农艺要求,研制一种跨越式膜上对行覆土装置。解析跨越式提土装置和侧向对行覆土装置作业机理,确定了各个部件的核心作业参数。运用离散单元法(DEM)进行了对行覆土仿真试验,结合Box-Behnken 试验设计原理,采用三因素三水平响应曲面法,建立了覆土宽度和覆土厚度的回归模型,优化得到跨越式膜上对行覆土装置的最优作业参数组合为螺旋输土器转速135 r·min^-1,覆土器开口长度100 mm,覆土器离地高度为233 mm。田间试验表明,设计的跨越式对行覆土装置满足马铃薯种植农艺要求,马铃薯幼苗自然出苗率达到92.5%,同时烧苗率为7%。

关键词: 马铃薯, 对行覆土, 侧向输土, 全膜覆盖

Abstract:

According to the agronomic requirements of potato cultivation with full film mulching and soil covering on film in the cold and dry regions of Northwest China, a leaping-over type soil covering device was designed. The discrete element method (DEM) was used to conduct soil cover simulation experiments. Based on the Box-Behnken experimental design principle, a regression model for soil cover width and soil cover thickness was established using the three factor and three level response surface method. The optimal operating parameter combination for the leaping-over soil covering device was optimized as follows: the rotational speed of the screw conveyor was 135 r·min^-1, the opening length of the soil cover was 100 mm, and the height of the soil cover from the ground was 233 mm. Field experiments have shown that the natural seedling emergence rate of potato reached 92.5%, and the seedling burning rate was 7%.

Key words: potato, soil covering on the seeding row, lateral soil transport, whole film mulching

中图分类号:

S223.2

刘泉东, 孙伟, 张华, 刘小龙, 李辉, 王虎存. 跨越式膜上对行覆土装置设计与覆土性能研究[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2024, 36(5): 1173-1184.

LIU Quandong, SUN Wei, ZHANG Hua, LIU Xiaolong, LI Hui, WANG Hucun. Design and performance study of leaping-over type soil covering device on film[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2024, 36(5): 1173-1184.

图/表 17

图1 马铃薯全膜覆盖种行覆土栽培模式 1,马铃薯块茎;2,马铃薯垄体;3,马铃薯秧;4,种行覆土;5,集雨微槽。

Fig.1 Cultivation mode of potato mulched with full film and soil covering on seed row 1, Potato tuber; 2, Potato ridge; 3, Potato seedling; 4, Soil covering on seed row; 5, Rainwater collecting micro-groove.

图2 马铃薯全膜覆盖种行覆土种植机结构简图 1,勺链式马铃薯播种装置;2,肥箱;3,机架;4,集雨槽开沟器;5,开沟器;6,地轮;7,跨越式提土装置;8,覆膜机构;9,侧向对行覆土装置;10,种箱。

Fig.2 Structure diagram of potato mulched with full film and soil covering on seed row 1, Scoop chain potato sowing device; 2, Fertilizer box; 3, Frame; 4, Rainwater collecting tank ditcher; 5, Ditcher; 6, Ground wheel; 7, Leaping-type soil lifting device; 8, Film mulching device; 9, Lateral soil covering device; 10, Seed box.

图3 跨越式膜上对行覆土装置示意图 1,机架;2,地轮;3,开沟起土铲;4,垄体;5,覆膜机构;6,膜边覆土;7,种行覆土;8,地膜;9,侧向输土装置;10,提土机构;11,减速器;12,输入轴;13,起土铲深度调节机构。

Fig.3 Schematic diagram of leaping-over type soil covering device 1, Frame; 2, Ground wheel; 3, Trenching shovel; 4, Ridge body; 5, Film covering device; 6, Soil covering on the edge; 7, Soil covering on the film; 8, Plastic film; 9, Lateral soil conveying device; 10, Soil lifting device; 11, Reducer; 12, Input shaft; 13, Depth adjustment device of soil lifting shovel.

图4 接触开沟起土铲土壤颗粒受力分析图 1,垄沟;2.土壤颗粒;3.开沟起土铲。N为土壤颗粒分别受到铲面的支持力, f为摩擦力,N;mg为土壤颗粒重力,N;v为机组前进速度,m·s-1;a为开沟起土铲安装倾角,°;μ为土壤与开沟起土铲的摩擦系数;α1为开沟起土铲铲刃斜角。

Fig.4 Stress analysis of soil particles in contact with soil lifting and trenching shovel 1, Ridges and ditches; 2, Soil particles; 3, Trenching shovel. N is the supporting force of soil particles on the shovel surface, f is the friction force, N; mg is the gravity of soil particles, N; v is the forward velocity of the planter, m·s-1; a is the installation inclination angle of the trenching shovel, °; μ is the friction coefficient between the soil and the trenching shovel; α1 is the slope angle of the trenching and lifting shovel blade.

图5 跨越式提土装置工作原理示意图 1,土壤;2,开沟起土铲;3,从动轮;4,刮板;5,升运带。B为刮板宽度,m;h为刮板高度,m;v'为升运带线速度,m·s-1;γ土壤提升机构安装倾角,kg·m-3;e为刮土板安装距离,mm;δ为开沟起土铲与刮板最低点的垂直距离,mm。

Fig.5 Schematic diagram of working principle of leaping-over type soil lifting device 1, Soil; 2, Trenching shovel; 3, Driven wheel; 4, Scraper; 5, Lifting belt. B is the scraper width, m; h is the scraper height, m; v’ is the scraper chain speed, m·s-1; γ is the installation inclination of soil lifting device, kg·m-3; e is the installation distance of the scraper, mm; δ is the vertical distance between the earth scraper and the lowest point of the scraper, mm.

图6 侧向对行覆土装置工作示意图 1,提土机构;2,刮板;3,输土器;4,螺旋输土轴;5,螺旋输土器。D为螺旋输土器螺旋叶片直径,mm;d为螺旋输土轴直径,mm;S为螺距,mm。

Fig.6 Schematic diagram of lateral soil covering device 1, Soil lifting device; 2, Scraper; 3, Soil feeder; 4, Screw soil conveying shaft; 5. Screw soil conveying device. D is the diameter of spiral blade of spiral soil conveyor, mm; d is the diameter of screw soil conveying shaft, mm; S is the pitch, mm.

图7 土壤颗粒填充图 1,护罩;2,挡土板;3,螺旋输土轴;4,螺旋输土器;5,刮板;6,土壤颗粒;7,主动轮。r为覆土器半径mm;b为覆土器内部土壤厚度,mm;c为覆土器内部土壤宽度,mm;β为覆土厚度对应的圆心角的一半,mm。

Fig.7 Filling diagram of soil particles 1, Shield; 2, Retaining plate; 3, Screw soil conveying shaft; 4, Screw soil feeder; 5, Scraper; 6, Soil particles; 7. Driven wheel. r is the radius of soil covering device, mm; b is the thickness of the soil inside the soil cover, mm; c is the width of the soil inside the soil cover, mm; β is half of the central angle corresponding to the covering thickness, mm.

图8 侧向对行覆土装置土壤颗粒运动分析图 1,轴承座;2,土壤颗粒;3,螺旋输土器;4,膜边覆土;5,地膜;6,种行覆土。V1土壤颗粒轴向速度,m·s-1;V2土壤颗粒周向速度,m·s-1;α推运器的螺旋升角;φ摩擦角;t为覆土器开口长度,mm。

Fig.8 Analysis diagram of soil particle movement of lateral soil covering device 1, Bearing seat; 2, Soil particles; 3, Screw soil conveying device; 4, Soil covering on edge; 5, Plastic film; 6, Soil covering on seeding row. V1 is the axial velocity of soil particles, m·s-1; V2 is the circumferential velocity of soil particles, m·s-1; α is the spiral rise angle of the pusher; φ is the friction angle, t is the opening length of the soil covering device, mm.

表1 仿真材料参数和接触参数

Table 1 Simulation material parameters and contact parameters

项目 Project	类别 Category	泊松比 Poisson’s ratio	剪切模量 Shear modulus/Pa	密度 Density/(kg·m^-3)
材料参数	土壤Soil	0.40	1×10⁶	1 300
Material parameters	钢Steel	0.28	3.5×10¹⁰	7 850
	地膜Film	0.49	6.1×10⁶	1 000
项目 Project	类别 Category	恢复系数 Restitution coefficient	静摩擦系数 Static friction coefficient	动摩擦系数 Dynamic friction coefficient
接触参数	颗粒-颗粒Particle to particle	0.21	0.68	0.27
Contact parameters	颗粒-钢Particle to Steel	0.54	0.31	0.13
	颗粒-地膜Granular to film	0.30	0.42	0.34

表2 覆土试验因素与水平

Table 2 Factors and levels of soil covering test

水平 Level	A螺旋输土器转速 A Rotating speed of spiral soil conveyor/(r·min^-1)	B覆土器开口长度 B Opening length of soil cover/mm	C覆土器离地高度 C Height of soil cover from the ground/mm
-1	120	80	200
0	150	100	250
1	180	120	300

表3 响应曲面分析结果

Table 3 Response surface analysis results

处理 Treatment	A	B	C	覆土宽度 Soil covering width/mm	覆土厚度 Soil covering thickness/mm
1	150	120	300	261.70	43.0
2	150	100	250	245.64	50.7
3	120	120	250	204.70	45.3
4	120	100	300	249.96	43.7
5	150	100	250	245.64	50.7
6	150	80	200	201.95	49.1
7	150	120	200	218.13	52.2
8	180	100	200	222.80	50.5
9	150	100	250	245.64	50.7
10	180	80	250	249.01	53.0
11	180	120	250	245.00	51.5
12	120	100	200	212.20	54.2
13	180	100	300	276.12	43.3
14	120	80	250	233.60	48.8
15	150	80	300	258.20	50.3
16	150	100	250	245.64	50.7
17	150	100	250	245.64	50.7

表4 覆土宽度和覆土厚度方差分析

Table 4 Regression variance analysis of soil covering width and thickness

项目 Project	变异来源 Source of variation	方差和 Variance sum	自由度 Freedom	均方 Mean square	F	P	显著性 Significance
覆土宽度	模型Model	5 646.07	3	1 882.02	22.51	<0.000 1	^**
Soil covering width/mm	A	1 068.84	1	1 068.84	12.78	0.003 4	^**
	B	21.88	1	21.88	0.261 7	0.617 6
		C	4 555.35	1	4 555.35	54.48	<0.000 1^**
	残差Residual	1 087.00	13	83.62	22.51	<0.000 1
	失拟Lack of fit	1 087.00	9	120.78	12.78	0.003 4
	误差Error	0.000 0	4	0.000 0
	总和Sum	6 733.06	16
覆土厚度	模型Model	98.10	3	32.70	4.81	0.018 2	*
Soil covering thickness/mm	A	4.96	1	4.96	0.729 4	0.408 5	*
	B	10.58	1	10.58	1.56	0.234 3
	C	82.56	1	82.56	12.14	0.004 0	*
	残差Residual	88.42	13	6.80
	失拟Lack of fit	88.42	9	9.82
	误差Error	0.000 0	4	0.000 0
	总和Sum	186.52	16

图9 覆土宽度、覆土厚度单因素结果分析 A、B为螺旋输土器转速、覆土器离地高度分别对种行覆土厚度、种行覆土宽度的影响。

Fig.9 Analysis of single factor results of soil covering width and thickness A, B are the effects of the rotation speed of the screw conveyor and the height of the cover from the ground on the cover thickness and the cover width of the seed row.

表5 覆土量预测值与仿真值

Table 5 Predicted and simulated values of soil covering

序号 No.	A	B	C	预测值Predictive value		仿真值Simulation value
序号 No.	A	B	C	覆土宽度 Soil covering width/mm	覆土厚度 Soil covering thickness/mm	覆土宽度 Soil covering width/mm	覆土厚度 Soil covering thickness/mm
1	169	100	250	246.24	49.82	251.70	48.00
2	169	100	210	227.15	52.39	228.20	51.70
3	155	100	280	255.16	47.52	254.25	45.10
4	135	100	233	225.00	50.00	226.20	52.00

图10 膜上种行覆土模拟过程 1为跨越式起土提土装置,2为侧向对行覆土装置,3为种行覆土,4为膜边覆土,图A~F为不同时间覆土图。

Fig.10 Simulation process of planting rows and covering soil on the film 1 is a crossing type soil lifting device, 2 is a lateral opposite row soil covering device, 3 is a seed row soil covering device, 4 is a membrane edge soil covering device, and Fig. A-F are soil covering figures at different time.

图11 覆土田间试验 A,覆土田间试验;B,覆土试验结果;C,马铃薯出苗图。

Fig.11 Field test of covering soil A, The field experiment with soil covering; B, The results of the soil covering experiment; C, The emergence of potatoes.

表6 试验结果

Table 6 Experimental results

试验指标 Test indicators	跨越式覆土装置性能参数 Performance parameters of spanning soil covering device	国家标准 National standard
种行覆土宽度合格率Qualified rate of soil covering width in planting rows/%	92	≥90
种行覆土厚度合格率Qualified rate of soil covering thickness in planting rows/%	91	≥90
地膜采光面破损程度Degree of damage to the lighting surface of the plastic film/(mm·m^-2)	49.2	≤55
自然出苗率Natural seedling emergence rate/%	92.5	—
烧苗率Seedling burning rate/%	7	—

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跨越式膜上对行覆土装置设计与覆土性能研究

Design and performance study of leaping-over type soil covering device on film

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