不同采收期对温185和新新2核桃品质的影响

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.10.13

浙江农业学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (10): 2188-2198.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.10.13

不同采收期对温185和新新2核桃品质的影响

郝金莲¹^,²^,³(), 杨钰琪¹^,², 王茹¹^,², 杨梦思¹^,², 廖晨宇¹^,², 陈虹¹, 虎海防⁴^,^*()

1.新疆农业大学林学与园艺学院,新疆乌鲁木齐 830052
2.新疆佳木果树学国家长期科研基地新疆阿克苏 843100
3.新疆林果树种选育与栽培重点实验室,新疆乌鲁木齐 830062
4.新疆林业科学院,新疆乌鲁木齐 830062

收稿日期:2021-05-22 出版日期:2022-10-25 发布日期:2022-10-26
通讯作者: 虎海防
作者简介:*虎海防,E-mail: 43784936@qq.com
郝金莲(1996—),女,甘肃武威人,硕士研究生,研究方向为森林培育技术与应用。E-mail: 2575206105@qq.com
基金资助:
2021年自治区公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金(2021-17)

Effects of different harvest time on quality of walnut varieties Wen 185 and Xinxin 2

HAO Jinlian¹^,²^,³(), YANG Yuqi¹^,², WANG Ru¹^,², YANG Mengsi¹^,², LIAO Chenyu¹^,², CHEN Hong¹, HU Haifang⁴^,^*()

1. School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
2. Xinjiang Jiakutan Stroke National Long-Term Scientific Research Base, Aksu 843100, Xinjiang, China
3. Xinjiang Forest Fruit Strong Breeding and Cultivation Key Laboratory, Urumqi 830062, China
4. Xinjiang Academy of Forestry Sciences, Urumqi 830062, China

Received:2021-05-22 Online:2022-10-25 Published:2022-10-26
Contact: HU Haifang

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对新疆阿克苏地区温宿县核桃产区普遍存在采收时间过早、过晚,造成核桃品质参差不齐现象。本文以核桃青果开裂率为标准研究不同采收时期温185和新新2核桃外在品质和内在变化,确定不同青果开裂率下其较适宜的采收期。温185于2020年8月16日至9月5日,新新2于2020年9月15日至10月5日,每隔5 d进行采样,每次采样以青果开裂率为准(温185:0%、5%、20%、50%、95%;新新2:0%、5%、50%、70%、90%),并测定两种样品的鲜果三径、干果三径、鲜果重、干果重、壳厚、出仁率、含水率、黑斑率、脂肪含量、蛋白质含量、总糖含量、单宁含量、矿质元素含量。结果表明,随着采收期的延后,温185和新新2的鲜果三径、干果三径、鲜果重、干果重、出仁率均呈增加趋势,壳厚、含水率和果壳黑斑率均呈下降趋势。温185的坚果外观品质于8月31日至9月5日达到较高水平,新新2的坚果外观品质于9月30日至10月5日达到较高水平。随着采收期延后,温185脂肪含量、蛋白质含量呈上升状态,单宁和总糖含量呈下降趋势,这4项指标于9月5日达到较高水平。矿质元素含量P、Ca、Zn、Na、K、Fe总体呈上升趋势,Cu呈下降状态,且峰值均在9月5日。新新2脂肪含量、蛋白质含量、矿质元素含量(除Cu)呈增加趋势,单宁含量和总糖含量呈下降趋势,峰值均在9月25日至10月5日。核桃过早采收会显著降低核桃坚果的外观品质和内在品质。所以当温185青果开裂率达到50%至95%(8月31日至9月5日),新新2青果开裂率达到70%至90%(9月30日至10月5日),为两种核桃的适宜采收期。

关键词: 核桃, 采收期, 青果开裂率, 果实品质

Abstract:

Considering the premature and late harvesting time in walnut producing areas of Wensu County, Aksu, Xinjiang, the uneven quality of walnuts is caused. In this paper, the cracking rate of walnut green peel was taken as the standard to study different harvest periods and measure external quality and internal change of walnut varieties Wen 185 and Xinxin 2, for determining suitable harvest time of walnut under different cracking rates. Samples were taken every 5 days, Wen 185 was taken from August 16th to September 5th, 2020, Xinxin 2 was from September 15th to October 5th, 2020, and each sampling was based on cracking rate (Wen 185: 0%, 5%, 20%, 50%, 95%; Xinxin 2: 0%, 5%, 50%, 70%, 90%), and the three diameters of fresh fruit and dry fruit, fresh fruit weight, dry fruit weight, shell thickness, kernel rate, moisture content, black spot rate, the contents of fat, protein, total sugar, tannin and trace elements of the two samples were determined. The results showed with the harvest time delay, Wen 185’s and Xinxin 2’s three diameters of fresh fruit and dry fruit, fresh fruit weight, dry fruit weight and kernel rates all increased, while shell thickness, moisture contents and shell black spot rates decreased. The appearance quality of Wen 185 nuts reached a high level from August 31st to September 5th, while the appearance quality of Xinxin 2 reached a high level from September 30th to October 5th. With the harvest time delay, fat and protein contents of Wen185 increased, while tannin and total sugar contents decreased. On September 5th, they reached the higher levels. Mineral element contents such as P, Ca, Zn, Na, K and Fe was on an upward trend, Cu was descending, and the peaks were on September 5th. Fat content, protein content, mineral element content (except Cu) from Xinxin 2 were on the upward trend. The content of tannin and total sugar decreased, and the peak values were from September 25th to October 5th. Early harvesting of walnuts will significantly reduce the appearance and internal qualities of nuts. Therefore, when cracking rate of Wen 185 green fruit reached 50%-95%, from August 31st to September 5th, and Xinxin 2 green fruit reached 70%-90%, from September 30th to October 5th were the suitable harvest times for the two kinds of walnuts.

Key words: walnuts, harvest time, green fruit cracking rate, fruit quality

中图分类号:

S664.1

郝金莲, 杨钰琪, 王茹, 杨梦思, 廖晨宇, 陈虹, 虎海防. 不同采收期对温185和新新2核桃品质的影响[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2022, 34(10): 2188-2198.

HAO Jinlian, YANG Yuqi, WANG Ru, YANG Mengsi, LIAO Chenyu, CHEN Hong, HU Haifang. Effects of different harvest time on quality of walnut varieties Wen 185 and Xinxin 2[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2022, 34(10): 2188-2198.

图/表 12

参考文献 33

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品种 Variety	采收期 Harvest time	青果开裂率(Y) Green fruit cracking rate/%	鲜果重(X₁) Fresh fruit weight/g	鲜果三径均值(X₂) Three diameter average values of fresh fruit/mm	干果重(X₃) Dry fruit weight/g	干果三径均值(X₄) Three diameter average values of dry fruit/mm	壳厚(X₅) Shell thickness/ mm	含水率(X₆) Water content/%	黑斑率 (X₇) Black spot ratio/%
温185	08-16	0	83.38	47.30	13.58	34.21	1.57	45	6.67
Wen185	08-21	5	74.15	47.40	12.75	36.33	1.45	44	36.67
	08-26	20	70.68	49.05	12.88	36.85	1.50	42	33.33
	08-31	50	51.25	53.50	10.30	37.77	1.46	37	16.67
	09-05	95	84.80	54.25	14.38	38.33	1.44	35	43.33
新新2	09-15	0	55.04	47.00	12.74	35.57	1.66	39	86.67
Xinxin2	09-20	5	56.93	48.95	13.34	36.13	1.59	38	63.33
	09-25	50	56.34	48.19	13.99	36.32	1.75	36	46.67
	09-30	70	56.21	49.69	13.86	36.65	1.57	35	20.00
	10-05	90	56.71	49.94	13.79	36.43	1.57	34	16.67

品种 Variety	采收期 Harvest time	青果开裂率(Y) Green fruit cracking rate/%	鲜果重(X₁) Fresh fruit weight/g	鲜果三径均值(X₂) Three diameter average values of fresh fruit/mm	干果重(X₃) Dry fruit weight/g	干果三径均值(X₄) Three diameter average values of dry fruit/mm	壳厚(X₅) Shell thickness/ mm	含水率(X₆) Water content/%	黑斑率 (X₇) Black spot ratio/%
温185	08-16	0	83.38	47.30	13.58	34.21	1.57	45	6.67
Wen185	08-21	5	74.15	47.40	12.75	36.33	1.45	44	36.67
	08-26	20	70.68	49.05	12.88	36.85	1.50	42	33.33
	08-31	50	51.25	53.50	10.30	37.77	1.46	37	16.67
	09-05	95	84.80	54.25	14.38	38.33	1.44	35	43.33
新新2	09-15	0	55.04	47.00	12.74	35.57	1.66	39	86.67
Xinxin2	09-20	5	56.93	48.95	13.34	36.13	1.59	38	63.33
	09-25	50	56.34	48.19	13.99	36.32	1.75	36	46.67
	09-30	70	56.21	49.69	13.86	36.65	1.57	35	20.00
	10-05	90	56.71	49.94	13.79	36.43	1.57	34	16.67

品种 Variety	采收期 Harvest time	仁色 Kernel color	黑仁 Black kernel
品种 Variety	采收期 Harvest time	仁色 Kernel color	部位Part	大小Size
温185	08-16	黄白色 Yellowish white	—	—
Wen 185	08-21	浅黄色 Light yellow	—	—
	08-26	浅琥珀黄色 Light amber yellow	仁背黑 Kernel back black	小,点状分布 Small, punctate distribution
	08-31	45%褐色,55%深琥珀色 45% brown, 55% dark amber	仁背黑 Kernel back black	大,块状分布 Large, massive distribution
	09-05	琥珀色 Amber	—	—
新新2	09-15	黄白色 Yellowish white	—	—
Xinxin 2	09-20	浅黄色 Light yellow	—	—
	09-25	浅琥珀色 Light amber	仁背黑 Kernel back black	小,点状分布 Small, punctate distribution
	09-30	30%褐色,70%琥珀色 30% brown, 70% amber	仁背黑 Kernel back black	小,点状分布 Small, punctate distribution
	10-05	琥珀色 Amber	—	—

品种 Variety	采收期 Harvest time	仁色 Kernel color	黑仁 Black kernel
品种 Variety	采收期 Harvest time	仁色 Kernel color	部位Part	大小Size
温185	08-16	黄白色 Yellowish white	—	—
Wen 185	08-21	浅黄色 Light yellow	—	—
	08-26	浅琥珀黄色 Light amber yellow	仁背黑 Kernel back black	小,点状分布 Small, punctate distribution
	08-31	45%褐色,55%深琥珀色 45% brown, 55% dark amber	仁背黑 Kernel back black	大,块状分布 Large, massive distribution
	09-05	琥珀色 Amber	—	—
新新2	09-15	黄白色 Yellowish white	—	—
Xinxin 2	09-20	浅黄色 Light yellow	—	—
	09-25	浅琥珀色 Light amber	仁背黑 Kernel back black	小,点状分布 Small, punctate distribution
	09-30	30%褐色,70%琥珀色 30% brown, 70% amber	仁背黑 Kernel back black	小,点状分布 Small, punctate distribution
	10-05	琥珀色 Amber	—	—

品种 Variety	采收期 Harvest time	出仁率 Kernel rate/%
温185	08-16	55.23±0.57 d
Wen 185	08-21	57.91±0.47 c
	08-26	59.52±0.40 bc
	08-31	61.59±0.71 b
	09-05	63.84±0.46 a
新新2	09-15	52.70±0.66 d
Xinxin 2	09-20	54.01±0.55 c
	09-25	56.56±0.46 bc
	09-30	57.26±0.51 ab
	10-05	59.18±0.27 a

不同采收期对温185和新新2核桃品质的影响

Effects of different harvest time on quality of walnut varieties Wen 185 and Xinxin 2

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矿质元素 Trace element	采收期Harvest time					F统计量 F statistics	P
矿质元素 Trace element	08-16	08-21	08-26	08-31	09-05	F统计量 F statistics	P
P/(mg·kg^-1)	2 100±50	2 030±20	1 610±40	2 110±30	1 950±50	80.506	<0.001
Na/(mg·kg^-1)	551±103	579±26	302±29	400±50	701±54	21.134	<0.001
K/(mg·kg^-1)	3 630±26	3 763±61	3 800±10	3 717±42	3 837±15	14.595	<0.001
Ca/(mg·kg^-1)	309.6±54.6	299.7±7.8	315.1±5.4	316.9±10.3	312.6±20.9	0.58	0.684
Fe/(mg·kg^-1)	54±1.8	36.5±3.7	49.6±0.3	40.1±6.7	69.4±4.8	29.511	<0.001
Cu/(mg·kg^-1)	15.9±0.6	13.2±0.1	11.3±0.1	12.3±0.6	13.6±0.8	32.632	<0.001
Zn/(mg·kg^-1)	26.2±0.2	22.4±1.3	28.2±1.5	19.9±0.2	30.0±1.8	36.172	<0.001

矿质元素 Trace element	采收期Harvest time					F统计量 F statistics	P
矿质元素 Trace element	9-15	9-20	9-25	9-30	10-05	F统计量 F statistics	P
P/(mg·kg^-1)	1 670±70	1 630±50	1 720±20	1 690±40	1 730±30	2.359	0.124
Na/(mg·kg^-1)	200±19	276±38	547±53	588±18	617±83	47.041	<0.001
K/(mg·kg^-1)	3 417±15	1 417±06	3 427±25	3 621±126	3 793±31	797.925	<0.001
Ca/(mg·kg^-1)	284.1±3.9	327.4±34.9	335.5±13.6	347.2±5.7	293.0±14.3	6.846	0.006
Fe/(mg·kg^-1)	37.8±0.8	23.5±1.1	37.3±3.4	35.9±3.9	44.8±2.5	25.676	<0.001
Cu/(mg·kg^-1)	19.0±0.2	19.9±0.2	18.8±0.5	18.2±0.4	7.60±0.5	598.289	<0.001
Zn/(mg·kg^-1)	36.7±0.5	12.0±2.0	37.0±2.3	39.1±7.0	47.2±1.7	42.559	<0.001

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