梨火疫病防治用药对意大利蜜蜂的急性毒性与风险评价

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20221158

浙江农业学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (9): 2160-2168.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.20221158

梨火疫病防治用药对意大利蜜蜂的急性毒性与风险评价

班学(), 马翔宇, 张飞鹏, 张王斌()

塔里木大学农学院,新疆阿拉尔 843300

收稿日期:2022-08-05 出版日期:2023-09-25 发布日期:2023-10-09
作者简介:班学(1997—),男,江苏连云港人,硕士研究生,研究方向为生物多样性与害虫综合防治。E-mail:726422187@qq.com
通讯作者: 张王斌,E-mail:zwbzky@163.com
基金资助:
兵团重点领域科技攻关计划(2018AB038);兵团重点领域科技攻关计划(1221015)

Acute toxicity and risk assessment of pesticides aginst pear fire blight on Italian honeybees

BAN Xue(), MA Xiangyu, ZHANG Feipeng, ZHANG Wangbin()

College of Agriculture, Tarim University, Alar 843300, Xinjiang, China

Received:2022-08-05 Online:2023-09-25 Published:2023-10-09

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为明确梨火疫病防治用药对意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera ligustica)的生态风险,参照GB/T 31270.10—2014《化学农药环境安全评价试验准则第10部分:蜜蜂急性毒性试验》在室内采用连续摄入法和接触法测定7种杀菌剂对意大利蜜蜂的急性毒性,并引入危害熵值(HQ)就其生态风险作初步评价。急性毒性试验结果表明,45%中生菌素原药、85%春雷霉素原药和4%春雷霉素水剂对意大利蜜蜂的48 h致死中浓度(LC₅₀,以有效成分计,下同)和半致死剂量(LD₅₀,以单只蜜蜂、有效成分计,下同)分别为208、253、247 mg·L^-1和412、2 434、223 μg,毒性等级为低毒;0.3%四霉素水剂对意大利蜜蜂的48 h LC₅₀和LD₅₀分别为45 mg·L^-1和2.86 μg,毒性等级为中毒;3%中生菌素可溶液剂、3%噻霉酮微乳剂和47%春雷·王铜可湿性粉剂对意大利蜜蜂的48 h LC₅₀分别为110、65、107 mg·L^-1,48 h LD₅₀分别为193、22、480 μg,判定其急性经口毒性为中毒、急性接触毒性为低毒。风险评价结果表明,3%噻霉酮微乳剂和0.3%四霉素水剂的HQ分别为75.0、340.9,属于中风险;3%中生菌素可溶液剂、4%春雷霉素水剂和47%春雷·王铜可湿性粉剂的HQ分别为8.5、5.3、3.1,属于低风险。因此,库尔勒香梨生产中可优先选择中生菌素、春雷霉素、春雷·王铜这3种低风险农药来防治梨火疫病。当施用噻霉酮、四霉素时,应采取相关措施降低其对蜜蜂的毒性风险。

关键词: 意大利蜜蜂, 杀菌剂, 急性毒性, 毒力测定, 风险评价

Abstract:

In order to clarify the ecological risk of pesticides against pear fire blight on Italian honeybees (Apis mellifera ligustica), the acute toxicity of seven pesticides was determined indoors through continuous intaking and dripping experiments under the guidance of national standard GB/T 31270.10—2014 “Test guidelines on environmental safety assessment for chemical pesticides part 10: honeybee acute toxicity test”. The risk assessment was carried out according to the introduced hazard quotients (HQ). The results of the acute toxicity test showed that, the 48 h median lethal concentration (LC₅₀, recorded by active ingredients, the same as below) and median lethal dose (LD₅₀, recorded by single bee and active ingredients) of 45% zhongshengmycin TC (technical material), 85% kasugamycin TC and 4% kasugamycin AS (aqueous solution) were 208, 253, 247 mg·L^-1 and 412, 2 434, 223 μg, respectively, which indicated low toxicity. The 48 h LC₅₀ and LD₅₀ of 0.3% ehydroxide AS were 45 mg·L^-1 and 2.86 μg, respectively, which indicated moderate toxicity. In the acute oral toxicity test, the 48 h LC₅₀ of 3% zhongshengmycin SL (soluble concentrate), 3% benziothiazolinone ME (microemulsion) and 47% kasugamycin copper oxychloride WP (water powder) was 110, 65, 107 mg·L^-1, which indicated moderate toxicity; while in the acute contact toxicy test, the 48 h LD₅₀ of these pesticides was 193, 22, 480 μg, respectively, which indicated low toxicity. The HQ of 3% benziothiazolinone ME and 0.3% ehydroxide AS was 75.0 and 340.9, respectively, which indicated moderate risk, while the HQ of 3% zhongshengmycin SL, 4% kasugamycin AS and 47% kasugamycin copper oxychloride WP was 8.5, 5.3 and 3.1, respectively, which indicated low risk. Therefore, in the production of Korla pear, zhongshengmycin, kasugamycin and kasugamycin copper oxychloride were preferred to control pear fire blight. For application of ehydroxide and benziothiazolinone, relevant measures should be taken to reduce the risk of toxicity upon honeybees.

Key words: Apis mellifera ligustica, bactericide, acute toxicity, toxicity test, risk assessment

中图分类号:

班学, 马翔宇, 张飞鹏, 张王斌. 梨火疫病防治用药对意大利蜜蜂的急性毒性与风险评价[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2023, 35(9): 2160-2168.

BAN Xue, MA Xiangyu, ZHANG Feipeng, ZHANG Wangbin. Acute toxicity and risk assessment of pesticides aginst pear fire blight on Italian honeybees[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2023, 35(9): 2160-2168.

图/表 5

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供试药剂 Test reagent	急性经口试验Acute oral test			急性接触试验Acute exposure test
供试药剂 Test reagent	药剂浓度 Concentration of reagent/(mg·L^-1)	24 h平均死亡率 Average mortality within 24 h/%	48 h平均死亡率 Average mortality within 48 h/%	药剂剂量 Reagent dose/μg	24 h平均死亡率 Average mortality withn 24 h	48 h平均死亡率 Average mortality within 48 h
药剂A	500	63.3 a	83.3 a	875.0	66.7 a	86.7 a
Reagent A	250	46.7 b	56.7 b	437.5	50.0 b	63.3 b
	125	33.3 c	46.7 b	350.0	36.7 b	53.3 b
	62.5	23.3 c	33.3 c	291.7	16.7 c	33.3 c
	31.25	6.7 d	16.7 d	218.8	6.7 c	16.7 d
	0	0 d	0 d	0	0 c	0 d
药剂B	400	60.0 a	66.7 a	3 500	63.3 a	70.0 a
Reagent B	200	40.0 b	43.3 b	3 000	46.7 b	63.3 ab
	100	30.0 bc	40.0 b	2 500	40.0 bc	53.3 b
	50	16.7 cd	33.3 bc	2 000	33.3 cd	40.0 c
	25	13.3 d	16.7 c	1 500	23.3 d	30.0 c
	0	0 d	0 c	0	0 d	0 c
药剂C	300	66.7 a	76.7 a	300	63.3 a	76.7 a
Reagent C	150	46.7 b	63.3 ab	240	53.3 a	56.7 b
	75	33.3 c	53.3 bc	180	40.0 b	46.7 b
	37.5	26.7 c	40.0 c	120	26.7 c	33.3 c
	18.75	13.3 d	20.0 d	60	13.3 d	23.3 c
	0	0 d	0 d	0	0 d	0 c
药剂D	400	60.0 a	73.3 a	400	66.7 a	73.3 a
Reagent D	200	46.7 ab	56.7 b	200	53.3 b	56.7 b
	100	33.3 bc	40.0 c	100	23.3 c	36.7 c
	50	23.3 cd	30.0 c	50	10.0 d	20.0 d
	28.5	6.7 d	13.3 d	25	3.3 d	6.7 e
	0	0 d	0 d	0	0 d	0 e
药剂E	300	73.3 a	90.0 a	75.00	76.7 a	93.3 a
Reagent E	150	56.7 b	70.0 b	37.50	63.3 b	83.3 a
	75	43.3 c	63.3 b	18.75	46.7 c	56.7 b
	37.5	26.7 d	43.3 c	9.38	26.7 d	33.3 c
	18.75	23.3 d	30.0 c	6.00	6.7 e	10.0 d
	0	0 d	0 c	0	0 e	0 d
药剂F	250	63.3 a	80.0 a	800	73.3 a	86.7 a
Reagent F	125	43.3 b	56.7 b	600	50.0 b	56.7 b
	62.5	33.3 b	46.7 b	400	36.7 c	43.3 c
	31.25	16.7 c	30.0 c	200	16.7 d	26.7 d
	20.8	13.3 c	23.3 c	100	3.3 e	6.7 e
	0	0 c	0 c	0	0 e	0 e
药剂G	120	73.3 a	90.0 a	6.0	70.0 a	90.0 a
Reagent G	60	56.7 b	66.7 b	3.0	53.3 b	66.7 b
	30	36.7 c	50.0 b	2.0	33.3 c	30.0 c
	15	16.7 d	26.7 c	1.5	23.3 c	26.7 cd
	7.5	3.3 d	10.0 c	1.0	6.7 d	10.0 d
	0	0 d	0 c	0	0 d	0 d

供试药剂 Test reagent	急性经口试验Acute oral test			急性接触试验Acute exposure test
供试药剂 Test reagent	药剂浓度 Concentration of reagent/(mg·L^-1)	24 h平均死亡率 Average mortality within 24 h/%	48 h平均死亡率 Average mortality within 48 h/%	药剂剂量 Reagent dose/μg	24 h平均死亡率 Average mortality withn 24 h	48 h平均死亡率 Average mortality within 48 h
药剂A	500	63.3 a	83.3 a	875.0	66.7 a	86.7 a
Reagent A	250	46.7 b	56.7 b	437.5	50.0 b	63.3 b
	125	33.3 c	46.7 b	350.0	36.7 b	53.3 b
	62.5	23.3 c	33.3 c	291.7	16.7 c	33.3 c
	31.25	6.7 d	16.7 d	218.8	6.7 c	16.7 d
	0	0 d	0 d	0	0 c	0 d
药剂B	400	60.0 a	66.7 a	3 500	63.3 a	70.0 a
Reagent B	200	40.0 b	43.3 b	3 000	46.7 b	63.3 ab
	100	30.0 bc	40.0 b	2 500	40.0 bc	53.3 b
	50	16.7 cd	33.3 bc	2 000	33.3 cd	40.0 c
	25	13.3 d	16.7 c	1 500	23.3 d	30.0 c
	0	0 d	0 c	0	0 d	0 c
药剂C	300	66.7 a	76.7 a	300	63.3 a	76.7 a
Reagent C	150	46.7 b	63.3 ab	240	53.3 a	56.7 b
	75	33.3 c	53.3 bc	180	40.0 b	46.7 b
	37.5	26.7 c	40.0 c	120	26.7 c	33.3 c
	18.75	13.3 d	20.0 d	60	13.3 d	23.3 c
	0	0 d	0 d	0	0 d	0 c
药剂D	400	60.0 a	73.3 a	400	66.7 a	73.3 a
Reagent D	200	46.7 ab	56.7 b	200	53.3 b	56.7 b
	100	33.3 bc	40.0 c	100	23.3 c	36.7 c
	50	23.3 cd	30.0 c	50	10.0 d	20.0 d
	28.5	6.7 d	13.3 d	25	3.3 d	6.7 e
	0	0 d	0 d	0	0 d	0 e
药剂E	300	73.3 a	90.0 a	75.00	76.7 a	93.3 a
Reagent E	150	56.7 b	70.0 b	37.50	63.3 b	83.3 a
	75	43.3 c	63.3 b	18.75	46.7 c	56.7 b
	37.5	26.7 d	43.3 c	9.38	26.7 d	33.3 c
	18.75	23.3 d	30.0 c	6.00	6.7 e	10.0 d
	0	0 d	0 c	0	0 e	0 d
药剂F	250	63.3 a	80.0 a	800	73.3 a	86.7 a
Reagent F	125	43.3 b	56.7 b	600	50.0 b	56.7 b
	62.5	33.3 b	46.7 b	400	36.7 c	43.3 c
	31.25	16.7 c	30.0 c	200	16.7 d	26.7 d
	20.8	13.3 c	23.3 c	100	3.3 e	6.7 e
	0	0 c	0 c	0	0 e	0 e
药剂G	120	73.3 a	90.0 a	6.0	70.0 a	90.0 a
Reagent G	60	56.7 b	66.7 b	3.0	53.3 b	66.7 b
	30	36.7 c	50.0 b	2.0	33.3 c	30.0 c
	15	16.7 d	26.7 c	1.5	23.3 c	26.7 cd
	7.5	3.3 d	10.0 c	1.0	6.7 d	10.0 d
	0	0 d	0 c	0	0 d	0 d

供试药剂 Test reagent	t/h	回归方程 Regression equation	R²	LC₅₀/(mg·L^-1)	毒性等级 Toxicity level
药剂A	24	y=2.963x-1.007	0.916	340(263~475)	低毒Low toxicity
Reagent A	48	y=3.585x-0.745	0.942	208(147~278)	低毒Low toxicity
药剂B	24	y=3.408x-1.036	0.909	304(234~447)	低毒Low toxicity
Reagent B	48	y=2.958x-0.724	0.854	253 (174~380)	低毒Low toxicity
药剂C	24	y=4.675x-0.891	0.942	191(144~272)	中毒Moderate toxicity
Reagent C	48	y=4.642x-0.509	0.852	110(59~160)	中毒Moderate toxicity
药剂D	24	y=2.694x-0.939	0.765	349(263~529)	低毒Low toxicity
Reagent D	48	y=3.122x-0.77	0.854	247(179~340)	低毒Low toxicity
药剂E	24	y=4.722x-0.685	0.936	145(100~205)	中毒Moderate toxicity
Reagent E	48	y=5.982x-0.391	0.882	65 (17~101)	中毒Moderate toxicity
药剂F	24	y=5.807x-0.91	0.923	175(136~248)	中毒Moderate toxicity
Reagent F	48	y=6.395x-0.682	0.927	107(73~147)	中毒Moderate toxicity
药剂G	24	y=16.721x-1.146	0.905	69(55~87)	中毒Moderate toxicity
Reagent G	48	y=20.515x-0.932	0.908	45(34~58)	中毒Moderate toxicity

供试药剂 Test reagent	t/h	回归方程 Regression equation	R²	LC₅₀/(mg·L^-1)	毒性等级 Toxicity level
药剂A	24	y=2.963x-1.007	0.916	340(263~475)	低毒Low toxicity
Reagent A	48	y=3.585x-0.745	0.942	208(147~278)	低毒Low toxicity
药剂B	24	y=3.408x-1.036	0.909	304(234~447)	低毒Low toxicity
Reagent B	48	y=2.958x-0.724	0.854	253 (174~380)	低毒Low toxicity
药剂C	24	y=4.675x-0.891	0.942	191(144~272)	中毒Moderate toxicity
Reagent C	48	y=4.642x-0.509	0.852	110(59~160)	中毒Moderate toxicity
药剂D	24	y=2.694x-0.939	0.765	349(263~529)	低毒Low toxicity
Reagent D	48	y=3.122x-0.77	0.854	247(179~340)	低毒Low toxicity
药剂E	24	y=4.722x-0.685	0.936	145(100~205)	中毒Moderate toxicity
Reagent E	48	y=5.982x-0.391	0.882	65 (17~101)	中毒Moderate toxicity
药剂F	24	y=5.807x-0.91	0.923	175(136~248)	中毒Moderate toxicity
Reagent F	48	y=6.395x-0.682	0.927	107(73~147)	中毒Moderate toxicity
药剂G	24	y=16.721x-1.146	0.905	69(55~87)	中毒Moderate toxicity
Reagent G	48	y=20.515x-0.932	0.908	45(34~58)	中毒Moderate toxicity

供试药剂 Test pesticide	t/h	回归方程 Regression equation	R²	LD₅₀/μg	毒性等级 Toxicity level
药剂A	24	y=2.321x-1.420	0.857	612(514~773)	低毒Low toxicity
Reagent A	48	y=2.886x-1.190	0.894	412 (334~496)	低毒Low toxicity
药剂B	24	y=0.497x-1.473	0.907	2 968(2551~3866)	低毒Low toxicity
Reagent B	48	y=0.539x-1.313	0.947	2 434(1948~2868)	低毒Low toxicity
药剂C	24	y=5.925x-1.373	0.954	232(196~288)	低毒Low toxicity
Reagent C	48	y=5.824x-1.122	0.961	193(155~236)	低毒Low toxicity
药剂D	24	y=5.089x-1.367	0.927	269(221~338)	低毒Low toxicity
Reagent D	48	y=4.691x-1.048	0.931	223(176~288)	低毒Low toxicity
药剂E	24	y=24.717x-0.88	0.879	36(27~46)	低毒Low toxicity
Reagent E	48	y=38.928x-0.855	0.867	22(16~28)	低毒Low toxicity
药剂F	24	y=2.937x-1.689	0.982	575(497~677)	低毒Low toxicity
Reagent F	48	y=3.08x-1.481	0.964	480(407~563)	低毒Low toxicity
药剂G	24	y=0.323x-1.226	0.904	3.78(3.11~4.83)	中毒Moderate toxicity
Reagent G	48	y=8.032x-1.672	0.905	2.86(2.28~3.55)	中毒Moderate toxicity

梨火疫病防治用药对意大利蜜蜂的急性毒性与风险评价

Acute toxicity and risk assessment of pesticides aginst pear fire blight on Italian honeybees

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供试药剂 Test pesticide	田间推荐用量 Recommonded application rate/(g·hm^-2)	48 h LD₅₀/ μg	危害熵值 Hazard quotient	风险等级 Risk level
药剂A Reagent A	—	412	—	—
药剂B Reagent B	—	2 434	—	—
药剂C Reagent C	1 650	193	8.5	低风险 Low risk
药剂D Reagent D	1 200	223	5.3	低风险 Low risk
药剂E Reagent E	1 650	22	75.0	中风险 Moderate risk
药剂F Reagent F	1 500	480	3.1	低风险 Low risk
药剂G Reagent G	975	2.86	340.9	中风险 Moderate risk

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