Can poverty alleviation through agricultural e-commerce improve smallholder’s sustainable livelihood?: from perspective of agricultural product sales

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.03.24

Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis ›› 2022, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (3): 636-651.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2022.03.24

• Agricultural Economy and Development • Previous Articles Next Articles

Can poverty alleviation through agricultural e-commerce improve smallholder’s sustainable livelihood?: from perspective of agricultural product sales

WANG Cuicui¹(), XIA Chunping¹^,^*(), CAI Yi²

1. College of Economics & Management, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
2. College of Economics & Management,South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China

Received:2021-03-09 Online:2022-03-25 Published:2022-03-30
Contact: XIA Chunping

Abstract

Abstract:

In the present study, an evaluation system of smallholder’s sustainable livelihood was constructed from 3 aspects (development capacity, economic capacity and social capacity), 16 indicators, and was used to evaluate the performance of poverty alleviation through agricultural e-commerce. The weights of indicators in the constructed system were determined via combination weighting approach. Based on relative references and survey data of 252 smallholders (including both out-of-poor smallholders and poor smallholders) in Hubei Province, China, the sustainable livelihood of all samples was measured. The influencing factors on smallholder’s sustainable livelihood during poverty-alleviation through agricultural e-commerce were explored via 5 regression methods, including OLS, 2SLS, LIML, IVGMM and IV-Tobit, and the relationship and hierarchical structure of these influencing factors were revealed by ISM model. It was found that the sustainable livelihood of samples was general, with relatively higher development capacity and economic capacity and relatively lower social capacity. But, all these capacities were in need of improvement. Whether to participate in agricultural e-commerce, whether there are village cadres among relatives, public service, government support and industrial base had significant (P<0.1) impact on smallholder’s sustainable livelihood. Among them, whether to participate in agricultural e-commerce and whether there are village cadres among relatives were the surface direct influencing factors, government support and industrial base were the indirect influencing factors, and the public service was the bottom factor. The logical hierarchy of these factors could be summarized as “single drive, double path”.

Key words: agricultural e-commerce, poverty alleviation through e-commerce, farmers’ sustainable livelihood

CLC Number:

F323

WANG Cuicui, XIA Chunping, CAI Yi. Can poverty alleviation through agricultural e-commerce improve smallholder’s sustainable livelihood?: from perspective of agricultural product sales[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2022, 34(3): 636-651.

Figures/Tables 11

References 55

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评价目标 Evaluation objective	一级指标 First level indicators	二级指标 Second level indicators	三级指标 Third level indicators	含义与测算方法 Meanings and measurements
A:农户可持续生计 Sustainable livelihood of smallholder	B₁:发展能力 Development capacity (0.323)	C₁:人力资本 Human capital (0.323)	D₁:家中学历最高者学历 Highest education(0.164)	1,小学以下;2,小学;3,初中;4,高中/中专;5,大专及以上 1, Under primary; 2, Primary; 3, Junior middle; 4, Senior middle;5, Junior college or above
			D₂:家庭人数 Household size(0.020)	家庭总人口数 Total household size
			D₃:家庭电商劳动力评估 E-commerce labor force evaluation(0.117)	经赋值计算加总得来 Based on the summation of assignment
			D₄:家庭成员健康情况 Health(0.022)	1,存在大病;2,健康较差;3,一般;4,基本健康;5,全员健康 1, Serious illness; 2, Poor; 3, Average; 4, Good; 5, All family members keep healthy
	B₂:经济能力 Economic capacity(0.110)	C₂:自然资本 Natural capital (0.029)	D₅:耕地面积 Cultivated area(0.017)	家庭总耕地面积 Cultivated area/hm²
			D₆:耕地质量 Cultivated land quality (0.007)	1,下等;2,中下等;3,一般;4,中上等;5,上等 1, Inferior; 2, Below average; 3, Average; 4, Middle class; 5, Superior
			D₇:灌溉条件 Irrigation(0.006)	1,不便利;2,比较不便利;3,一般;4,比较便利;5,非常便利 1, Inconvenient; 2, Not convenient; 3, Average; 4, Convenient; 5, Very convenient
		C₃:物质资本 Physical capital(0.019)	D₈:住房面积 Living area(0.004)	家庭住房面积/hm² Family housing area/hm²
			D₉:住房结构 Housing structure(0.002)^*	1,混凝土;2,混砖;3,砖木;4,土木 1, Concrete; 2, Mixed brick; 3, Brick and wood; 4, Civil engineering
			D₁₀:互联网设备条件 Internet appliances(0.007)	手机、电脑和网络配备情况:1,无配备;2,配备不足;3,一般;4,比较齐全;5,非常齐全 The equipment of mobile phones, computers and network: 1, No equipment; 2, Insufficient; 3, Average; 4, Complete; 5, Very complete
评价目标 Evaluation objective	一级指标 First level indicators	二级指标 Second level indicators	三级指标 Third level indicators	含义与测算方法 Meanings and measurements
			D₁₁:农业生产经营条件 Agricultural production and management(0.006)	农用机械和农用运输车辆配备情况:1,无配备;2,配备不足;3,一般;4,比较齐全;5,非常齐全 The equipment of agricultural machinery and agricultural transport vehicles: 1, No equipment; 2, Insufficient; 3, Average; 4, Complete; 5, Very complete
		C₄:金融资本 Financial capital (0.061)	D₁₂:家庭纯收入 Family net income(0.035)	家庭前一年纯收入 Net income of family in previous year/10⁴ yuan
			D₁₃:借贷款途径 Loan channels(0.027)	0,无;1,民间或银行;2,两种渠道都有 0, No;1, Private loans or bank loans; 2, Both
	B₃:社交能力 Social capacity (0.567)	C₅:社会资本 Social capital (0.567)	D₁₄:专业生产组织参与情况 Enrollment in cooperative (0.312)	是否加入农民专业合作社:1,是;0,否 Whether to join farmers’ professional cooperatives: 1, Yes; 0, No
			D₁₅:电商组织参与情况 Enrollment in e-commerce organization(0.169)	是否加入电商协会:1,是,0,否 Whether to join the Internet business association: 1, Yes; 0, No
			D₁₆:信任程度 Trust(0.086)	对电商技术推广员、村干部、邻里高学历人士、赚钱能手的信任程度 The degree of trust in e-commerce technology promoters, village cadres, highly educated neighbors, and money-making experts

评价目标 Evaluation objective	一级指标 First level indicators	二级指标 Second level indicators	三级指标 Third level indicators	含义与测算方法 Meanings and measurements
A:农户可持续生计 Sustainable livelihood of smallholder	B₁:发展能力 Development capacity (0.323)	C₁:人力资本 Human capital (0.323)	D₁:家中学历最高者学历 Highest education(0.164)	1,小学以下;2,小学;3,初中;4,高中/中专;5,大专及以上 1, Under primary; 2, Primary; 3, Junior middle; 4, Senior middle;5, Junior college or above
			D₂:家庭人数 Household size(0.020)	家庭总人口数 Total household size
			D₃:家庭电商劳动力评估 E-commerce labor force evaluation(0.117)	经赋值计算加总得来 Based on the summation of assignment
			D₄:家庭成员健康情况 Health(0.022)	1,存在大病;2,健康较差;3,一般;4,基本健康;5,全员健康 1, Serious illness; 2, Poor; 3, Average; 4, Good; 5, All family members keep healthy
	B₂:经济能力 Economic capacity(0.110)	C₂:自然资本 Natural capital (0.029)	D₅:耕地面积 Cultivated area(0.017)	家庭总耕地面积 Cultivated area/hm²
			D₆:耕地质量 Cultivated land quality (0.007)	1,下等;2,中下等;3,一般;4,中上等;5,上等 1, Inferior; 2, Below average; 3, Average; 4, Middle class; 5, Superior
			D₇:灌溉条件 Irrigation(0.006)	1,不便利;2,比较不便利;3,一般;4,比较便利;5,非常便利 1, Inconvenient; 2, Not convenient; 3, Average; 4, Convenient; 5, Very convenient
		C₃:物质资本 Physical capital(0.019)	D₈:住房面积 Living area(0.004)	家庭住房面积/hm² Family housing area/hm²
			D₉:住房结构 Housing structure(0.002)^*	1,混凝土;2,混砖;3,砖木;4,土木 1, Concrete; 2, Mixed brick; 3, Brick and wood; 4, Civil engineering
			D₁₀:互联网设备条件 Internet appliances(0.007)	手机、电脑和网络配备情况:1,无配备;2,配备不足;3,一般;4,比较齐全;5,非常齐全 The equipment of mobile phones, computers and network: 1, No equipment; 2, Insufficient; 3, Average; 4, Complete; 5, Very complete
评价目标 Evaluation objective	一级指标 First level indicators	二级指标 Second level indicators	三级指标 Third level indicators	含义与测算方法 Meanings and measurements
			D₁₁:农业生产经营条件 Agricultural production and management(0.006)	农用机械和农用运输车辆配备情况:1,无配备;2,配备不足;3,一般;4,比较齐全;5,非常齐全 The equipment of agricultural machinery and agricultural transport vehicles: 1, No equipment; 2, Insufficient; 3, Average; 4, Complete; 5, Very complete
		C₄:金融资本 Financial capital (0.061)	D₁₂:家庭纯收入 Family net income(0.035)	家庭前一年纯收入 Net income of family in previous year/10⁴ yuan
			D₁₃:借贷款途径 Loan channels(0.027)	0,无;1,民间或银行;2,两种渠道都有 0, No;1, Private loans or bank loans; 2, Both
	B₃:社交能力 Social capacity (0.567)	C₅:社会资本 Social capital (0.567)	D₁₄:专业生产组织参与情况 Enrollment in cooperative (0.312)	是否加入农民专业合作社:1,是;0,否 Whether to join farmers’ professional cooperatives: 1, Yes; 0, No
			D₁₅:电商组织参与情况 Enrollment in e-commerce organization(0.169)	是否加入电商协会:1,是,0,否 Whether to join the Internet business association: 1, Yes; 0, No
			D₁₆:信任程度 Trust(0.086)	对电商技术推广员、村干部、邻里高学历人士、赚钱能手的信任程度 The degree of trust in e-commerce technology promoters, village cadres, highly educated neighbors, and money-making experts

一级指标 First level indicators	二级指标 Second level indicators	指标含义和测算 Meanings and measurements	权重 Weight	均值 Mean	标准差 Standard deviation
公共服务 Public service	农村电商服务站覆盖情况 Coverage of rural e-commerce service station	村内是否有农村电商服务站:1,是;0,否 Is there a rural e-commerce service station in village: Yes, 1; No, 0	0.825	0.583	0.494
	快递物流便利程度 Convenience of logistics	1,无分布;2,只有一个;3,均匀分布;4,零星分布;5,集中分布 1, None; 2, Only one; 3, Evenly distributed; 4, Sporadic distribution; 5, Centralized distribution	0.127	3.100	0.999
	田地距路口距离 Distance of field to road^*	1,<0.5 km;2,0.5~1 km;3,1~2 km;4,2~5 km;5,≥5 km	0.048	1.798	0.867
政府支持 Government support	政府对电商经营主体的补贴程度 Government’s subsidies to e-commerce operators	1,没有补贴;2,不大;3,一般;4,较大;5,力度很大 1, None; 2, A few subsidies; 3, Average; 4, Relatively large subsidy; 5, Large subsidy	0.456	2.468	1.084
	政府对电商的宣传程度 Government’s publicity on e-commerce	1,没有宣传;2,不大;3,一般;4,较大;5,力度很大 1, None; 2, Less publicity; 3, Average; 4, Relatively large publicity; 5, Great publicity	0.195	2.425	0.965
	政府对电商创业的支持力度 Government’s support for e-commerce entrepreneurship	1,没有;2,不大;3,一般;4,较大;5,力度很大 1, None; 2, Less support; 3, Average; 4, Relatively strong support; 5, Strong support	0.349	2.325	0.974
电商氛围 E-commerce atmosphere	亲戚朋友参与网络购物和销售 Participation in online shopping and sales among relatives	1,没听说;2,较少;3,一般;4,较多;5,很多 1, None; 2, Less; 3, Medium; 4, Relatively large; 5, Large	0.360	2.865	1.021
	村民中有人进行网络购物或销售 Participation in online shopping and sales among villagers	1,没听说;2,较少;3,一般;4,较多;5,很多 1, None; 2, Less; 3, Medium; 4, Relatively large; 5, Large	0.438	2.806	0.981
	治安环境 Public security	1,非常差,2,较差,3,一般,4,较好,5,很好 1, Very bad; 2, Relatively bad; 3, General; 4, Good; 5, Very good	0.202	3.270	0.957
产业基础 Industrial base	区域知名企业 Local well-known enterprises	您对本地知名企业的看法:1,不了解;2,认为其带动能力较弱;3,一般;4,有几个企业且有带动效应;5,数量很多且带动效应强 Your opinion on local well-known businesses: 1, Not known at all; 2, Weak driving effect; 3, General; 4, Several enterprises and some driving effect; 5, Many enterprises and strong driving effect	0.525	1.917	0.993
	区域知名品牌或产品 Local famous brand or product	您对本地知名品牌或产品的看法:1,不了解;2,认为其效益较弱;3,一般;4,有一定效益;5,知名度高,效益好 Your opinion on local famous brand or product: 1, Not known at all; 2, Weak benefit; 3, General; 4, Some benefit; 5, Well-known and high benefit	0.475	2.008	0.994

一级指标 First level indicators	二级指标 Second level indicators	指标含义和测算 Meanings and measurements	权重 Weight	均值 Mean	标准差 Standard deviation
公共服务 Public service	农村电商服务站覆盖情况 Coverage of rural e-commerce service station	村内是否有农村电商服务站:1,是;0,否 Is there a rural e-commerce service station in village: Yes, 1; No, 0	0.825	0.583	0.494
	快递物流便利程度 Convenience of logistics	1,无分布;2,只有一个;3,均匀分布;4,零星分布;5,集中分布 1, None; 2, Only one; 3, Evenly distributed; 4, Sporadic distribution; 5, Centralized distribution	0.127	3.100	0.999
	田地距路口距离 Distance of field to road^*	1,<0.5 km;2,0.5~1 km;3,1~2 km;4,2~5 km;5,≥5 km	0.048	1.798	0.867
政府支持 Government support	政府对电商经营主体的补贴程度 Government’s subsidies to e-commerce operators	1,没有补贴;2,不大;3,一般;4,较大;5,力度很大 1, None; 2, A few subsidies; 3, Average; 4, Relatively large subsidy; 5, Large subsidy	0.456	2.468	1.084
	政府对电商的宣传程度 Government’s publicity on e-commerce	1,没有宣传;2,不大;3,一般;4,较大;5,力度很大 1, None; 2, Less publicity; 3, Average; 4, Relatively large publicity; 5, Great publicity	0.195	2.425	0.965
	政府对电商创业的支持力度 Government’s support for e-commerce entrepreneurship	1,没有;2,不大;3,一般;4,较大;5,力度很大 1, None; 2, Less support; 3, Average; 4, Relatively strong support; 5, Strong support	0.349	2.325	0.974
电商氛围 E-commerce atmosphere	亲戚朋友参与网络购物和销售 Participation in online shopping and sales among relatives	1,没听说;2,较少;3,一般;4,较多;5,很多 1, None; 2, Less; 3, Medium; 4, Relatively large; 5, Large	0.360	2.865	1.021
	村民中有人进行网络购物或销售 Participation in online shopping and sales among villagers	1,没听说;2,较少;3,一般;4,较多;5,很多 1, None; 2, Less; 3, Medium; 4, Relatively large; 5, Large	0.438	2.806	0.981
	治安环境 Public security	1,非常差,2,较差,3,一般,4,较好,5,很好 1, Very bad; 2, Relatively bad; 3, General; 4, Good; 5, Very good	0.202	3.270	0.957
产业基础 Industrial base	区域知名企业 Local well-known enterprises	您对本地知名企业的看法:1,不了解;2,认为其带动能力较弱;3,一般;4,有几个企业且有带动效应;5,数量很多且带动效应强 Your opinion on local well-known businesses: 1, Not known at all; 2, Weak driving effect; 3, General; 4, Several enterprises and some driving effect; 5, Many enterprises and strong driving effect	0.525	1.917	0.993
	区域知名品牌或产品 Local famous brand or product	您对本地知名品牌或产品的看法:1,不了解;2,认为其效益较弱;3,一般;4,有一定效益;5,知名度高,效益好 Your opinion on local famous brand or product: 1, Not known at all; 2, Weak benefit; 3, General; 4, Some benefit; 5, Well-known and high benefit	0.475	2.008	0.994

变量 Variable	最小值 Minimum	最大值 Maximum	平均值 Mean	标准差 Standard deviation
Y:农户可持续生计Sustainable livelihood of smallholder	0.067	0.946	0.338	0.190
X₁:是否参与农业电商(1,是;0,否)	0	1	0.361	0.481
Whether to participate in agricultural e-commerce (1, Participated; 0, Not participated)
X₂:公共服务Public service	0	1	0.535	0.403
X₃:政府支持Government support	0	0.932	0.368	0.221
X₄:电商氛围E-commerce atmosphere	0.061	0.941	0.443	0.239
X₅:产业基础Industrial base	0	0.883	0.253	0.240
X₆:户主电商意识E-commerce awareness	0	0.922	0.471	0.263
X₇:户主年龄Age^*	20(0)	61(1)	43.710(0.431)	9.886(0.240)
X₈:户主健康(1,很差;2,较差;3,一般;4,良好;5,优秀)	2(0)	5(1)	3.976(0.659)	0.906(0.302)
Health (1, Very poor; 2, Poor; 3, Average; 4, Good; 5, Very good)
X₉:户主学历(1,小学及以下;2,初中;3,高中/中专;4,大专及以上)	1(0)	4(1)	2.202(0.401)	0.995(0.332)
Education (1, Primary school and below; 2, Junior middle; 3, Senior middle; 4, Junior college or above)
X₁₀:亲戚中有无村干部(1,是;0,否)	0	1	0.083	0.277
Are there any village cadres among relatives (1, Yes; 0, No)
X₁₁:是否参与电商培训(1,是;0,否)	0	1	0.183	0.387
Participation in e-commerce training (1, Participated; 0, Not participated)
X₁₂:农业电商销售的便捷性(1,便捷;0,不便捷)	0	1	0.325	0.470
Convenience of agricultural e-commerce sales(1, Convenient; 0, Inconvenient)

Can poverty alleviation through agricultural e-commerce improve smallholder’s sustainable livelihood?: from perspective of agricultural product sales

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指标 Index	可持续生计 Sustainable livelihood	发展能力 Development capacity	经济能力 Economic capacity	社交能力 Social capacity
均值Mean	0.338	0.416	0.504	0.261
极大值Maximum	0.946	0.955	0.855	1.000
极小值Minimum	0.067	0.029	0.096	0
标准差Standard deviation	0.190	0.233	0.150	0.285

样本组别 Category	可持续生计 Sustainable livelihood	发展能力 Development capacity	经济能力 Economic capacity	社交能力 Social capacity
未参与组Not participated	0.244	0.366	0.481	0.129
参与组Participated	0.503	0.503	0.544	0.495

变量 Variable	模型1 Model 1	模型2 Model 2	模型3 Model 3	模型4 Model 4	模型5 Model 5
X₁	0.066^**(0.026)	0.162^***(0.063)	0.162^***(0.063)	0.162^***(0.063)	0.162^***(0.058)
X₂	0.046^**(0.020)	0.041^*(0.021)	0.041^*(0.021)	0.041^*(0.021)	0.041^*(0.022)
X₃	0.215^***(0.054)	0.152^**(0.071)	0.152^**(0.071)	0.152^**(0.071)	0.152^**(0.071)
X₄	0.115^**(0.050)	0.072(0.056)	0.072(0.056)	0.072(0.056)	0.072(0.049)
X₅	0.124^***(0.034)	0.098^**(0.038)	0.098^**(0.038)	0.098^**(0.038)	0.098^**(0.041)
X₆	0.042(0.036)	0.027(0.037)	0.027(0.037)	0.027(0.037)	0.027(0.038)
X₇	-0.032(0.034)	-0.035(0.034)	-0.035(0.034)	-0.035(0.034)	-0.035(0.034)
X₈	0.042^*(0.023)	0.035(0.025)	0.035(0.025)	0.035(0.025)	0.035(0.025)
X₉	0.046(0.030)	0.051(0.032)	0.051(0.032)	0.051(0.032)	0.051(0.030)
X₁₀	0.062^**(0.028)	0.062^**(0.030)	0.062^**(0.030)	0.062^**(0.030)	0.062^**(0.028)
X₁₁	0.052^**(0.025)	0.026(0.028)	0.026(0.028)	0.026(0.028)	0.026(0.027)
常数项Constant	0.061^**(0.031)	0.094^**(0.037)	0.094^**(0.037)	0.094^**(0.037)	0.094^**(0.034)

变量 Variable	脱贫户Out-of-poor smallholders		贫困户Poor smallholders
变量 Variable	OLS	2SLS	OLS	2SLS
X₁	-0.012(0.031)	0.137^*(0.077)	-0.009(0.026)	0.206^*(0.124)
X₂	0.042(0.028)	0.031(0.031)	0.138^***(0.032)	0.096^**(0.048)
X₃	0.214^***(0.071)	0.148^*(0.079)	0.139^**(0.057)	0.029(0.084)
X₄	0.036(0.068)	0.004(0.069)	0.083(0.068)	0.022(0.080)
X₅	0.187^***(0.042)	0.156^***(0.045)	0.107^***(0.032)	0.101^**(0.042)
X₆	0.147^***(0.045)	0.101^*(0.054)	0.075^*(0.042)	0.015(0.061)
X₇	0.048(0.049)	0.069(0.054)	0.004(0.037)	0.025(0.057)
X₈	0.033(0.030)	0.011(0.034)	0.036(0.024)	0.018(0.033)
X₉	0.017(0.039)	0.007(0.043)	0.024(0.030)	0.031(0.043)
X₁₀	0.029(0.037)	0.025(0.047)	0.017(0.024)	0.019(0.048)
X₁₁	0.080^*(0.041)	0.023(0.047)	0.096^**(0.037)	0.025(0.063)
常数项Constant	0.053(0.033)	0.094^**(0.042)	0.060^**(0.029)	0.110^**(0.044)

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